Proximate composition and infra-red spectra profiles of Gracilaria sp. from five harvest locations: Proximate composition and infra-red spectra profiles of Gracilaria sp. from five harvest locations

Hanifah Nuryani Lioe; Sukma Budi Prasetyati; Nancy Dewi Yuliana; Azis Boing Sitanggang; Aef Permadi

doi:10.17844/85qbhc79

Authors

Hanifah Nuryani Lioe Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1364-0798
Sukma Budi Prasetyati Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, IPB University
Nancy Dewi Yuliana Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, IPB University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0249-3753
Azis Boing Sitanggang Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, IPB University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1378-5367
Aef Permadi Prodi Teknologi Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan, Sekolah Tinggi Perikanan, Politeknik Ahli Usaha Perikanan https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0417-7608

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17844/85qbhc79

Keywords:

functional groups, OPLS-DA, PCA, red algae, seaweed

Abstract

Gracilaria sp., a member of the red algae, is the third most widely cultivated seaweed in Indonesia, particularly across ten provinces spanning South Sulawesi to West Java. The chemical characteristics of seaweed are mostly influenced by the harvest location. This study aimed to characterize the proximate composition of Gracilaria and classify it based on infrared (IR) spectral profiles. Samples were collected from five major producing provinces representing 68% of the total national production in 2021: West Java (JB), Central Java (JT), East Kalimantan (KT), South Sulawesi (SS), and West Nusa Tenggara (NB). Multivariate statistical analysis (PCA and OPLS-DA) was applied to the IR spectral datasets derived from five locations with five replicates per site. The moisture and ash contents of Gracilaria were significantly different, ranging from 8.64 to 19.79% (wb) and 35.04 to 44.33% (db). In contrast, the lipid, protein, and carbohydrate contents did not differ significantly, ranging from 0.51 to 1.25, 8.75–10.40, and 54.83–46.21% (db), respectively. PCA and OPLS-DA grouped the samples into three clusters: group I (JB and JT, Java Sea), group II (KT, Makassar Strait), and group III (SS and NB, Flores Sea). The OPLS-DA analysis results showed that wavenumbers 1539 and 1,414 cm^-1 (N-H and O-H functional groups) were markers for group I; 1,035 and 791 cm^-1 (C-O) for group II; and 2,930-2,927 cm^-1(C-H) and 1646 cm^-1(C=O) for group III. These findings demonstrate that the combination of IR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis provides a robust approach for distinguishing the chemical composition and geographic origin of Gracilaria.

References

Andiska, P. W, Susanto, A. B., & Pramesti, R. (2019). Hasil kandungan agar ekstraksi non-alkali Gracilaria sp. yang tumbuh di lingkungan berbeda. Journal of Marine Research, 8(4), 387-392. https://doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v8i4.24860.

[AOAC] Association of analytical chemist publisher. (2005). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International (18th ed). The Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Inc.

Apriansyah, Atmadipoera, A. S., Natih, N. M. N., Nugroho, D., Zuraida, R., Hartanto, M. T., & Syahdan, M. (2024). Water mass exchange in triangle seas of the Java-Makassar-Flores (JMF): A modelling study. Continental Shelf Research, 275, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2024.105225.

Bajad, R. B., Kamble, M. G., Gawai, S. R., Syed, I., & Roy, M. (2024). Analysis of physicochemical, functional, and antioxidant properties of four different Indian seaweed species. Future Foods, 10, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2024.100435.

Banik, U., Mohiuddin, M., Wahab, M. A., Rahman, M. M., Nahiduzzaman, M., Sarker, S., Wong, L., Asaduzzaman, M. (2023). Compartive performance of different farming systems and associated influence of ecological factors on Gracilaria sp. seaweed at the south-east coast of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Aquaculture, 574, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739675.

[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024a). Provinsi Jawa Tengah dalam angka 2024. Badan Pusat Statistik.

[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024b). Provinsi Jawa Barat dalam angka 2024. Badan Pusat Statistik.

[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024c). Provinsi Kalimantan Timur dalam angka 2024. Badan Pusat Statistik.

[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024d). Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat dalam angka 2024. Badan Pusat Statistik.

[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024e). Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dalam angka 2024. Badan Pusat Statistik.

[BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. (2015). SNI-2690:2015. Rumput laut kering. Jakarta: Badan Standardisasi Nasional.

Budziak-Wieczorek, I., Mašán, V., Rząd, K., Gładyszewska, B., Karcz, D., Burg, P., Čížková, A., Gagoś, M., & Matwijczuk, A. (2023). Evaluation of the quality of selected white and red wines produced from Moravia Region of Czech Republic using physicochemical analysis, FTIR infrared spectroscopy and chemometric techniques. Molecules, 28, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28176326.

Cermeño M., Kleekayai, T., Benavent, M. A., Rothwell, P. H., FitzGerald, R. (2020). Current knowledge on the extraction, purification, identification, and validation of bioactive peptides from seaweed. Electrophoresis, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.202000153.

Da Costa, J. F., Merdekawati, W., & Otu, F. R. (2015). Analisis proksimat, aktivitas antioksidan Ulva lactuca. Bioteknologi. 12(2), 34-35. https://doi.org/DOI:10.13057/biotek/c120202.

Dimakopoulou-Papazoglou, D., Serrano, S., Rodríguez, I., Ploskas, N., Koutsoumanis, K., & Katsanidis, E. (2025). FTIR spectroscopy combined with machine learning for the classification of Mediterranean honey based on origin. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 144, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2025.107778.

Echave, J., Fraga-Corral, M., Garcia-Perez, P., Prieto, M. A., & Simal-Gandara, J. (2021). Seaweed protein hydrolysates and bioactive peptides: Extraction, purification, and applications. Marine Drugs, 19 (9), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19090500.

[FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization. (2023). Quarterly species analysis Seaweed trade and market potential. Food and Agriculture Organization.

Fleurence, J., Morançais, M., & Dumay, J. (2017). Seaweed proteins. In Proteins in Food Processing. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100722-8.00010-3.

Gómez-Ordonez, E., & Rupérez, P. (2011). FTIR-ATR spectroscopy as a tool for polysaccharide identification in edible brown and red seaweeds. Food Hydrocolloids, 25(6), 1514-1520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.02.009.

Insani, A. N., Hafiludin, H., & Chandra, A. B. (2022). Pemanfaatan ekstrak Gracilaria sp. dari Perairan Pamekasan sebagai antioksidan. Juvenil:Jurnal Ilmiah Kelautan dan Perikanan, 3(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.21107/juvenil.v3i1.14783.

Jönsson, M., Allahgholi, L., Sardari, R. R. R., Hreggviosson, G. O., & Karlsson, E. N. (2020). Extraction and modification of macroalgal polysaccharides for current and next-generation applications. Molecules, 25(4), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040930.

Kamble, M. T., Rudtanatip, T., Soowannayan, C., Nambunruang, B., Medhe, S. V., & Wongprasert, K. (2022). Depolymerized fractions of sulfated galactans extracted from Gracilaria fisheri and their antibacterial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio harveyi. Marine Drugs, 20(8), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20080469.

Khairy, H. M., & El-Shafay, S. M. (2013). Seasonal variations in the biochemical composition of some common seaweed species from the coast of Abu Qir Bay, Alexandria, Egypt. Oceanologia, 55(2), 435-452. https://doi:10.5697/oc.55-2.435.

[KKP] Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan. (2024). Statistik Perikanan Budidaya. Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan.

Kusumawati, R. P. H. (2022). Eksplorasi komponen bioaktif Tiram Crassostrea angulata dari estuari Batu Karas [Disertasi]. Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Lafarga, T., Acién-Fernández, F. G., & Garcia-Vaquero, M. (2020). Bioactive peptides and carbohydrates from seaweed for food applications: Natural occurrence, isolation, purification, and identification. Algal Research, 48, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2020.101909.

Ma’ruf, F. W., Ibrahim, R., Dewi, E. N., Susanto, E., Amalia, U. (2013). Profil rumput laut Caulerpa racemosa dan Gracilaria verrucosa sebagai edible food. Jurnal Saintek Perikanan, 9(1), 68-74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14710/ijfst.9.1.68-74.

Meinita, M. D. N., Akromah, N., Andriyani, N., Setijanto, Harwanto, D., & Liu, T. (2021). Molecular identification of Gracilaria species (Gracilariales, rhodophyta) obtained from the South Coast of Java Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 22(7), 3046–3056. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220759.

Mengisteab, M., Tekle, R., Gebreyohannes, D., Gebrezigabheir, Z., Tesfamariam, E. H., & Tareke, E. (2023). Proximate and mineral content of seaweeds as an alternative to vegetable in Eritrea. Food and Humanity, 1, 514–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foohum.2023.06.023.

Mohibbullah, M., Talha, M. A., Baten, M. A., Newaz, A. W., & Choi, J. S. (2023). Yield optimization, physicochemical characterizations, and antioxidant properties of food grade agar from Gracilaria tenuistipitata of Cox’s Bazar coast, Bangladesh. Food Science and Nutrition, 11(6), 2852–2863. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3265.

Munandar, A., Surilayani, D., Haryati, S., Sumantri, M. H., Aditia, R. P., & Pratama, G. (2019). Characterization flour of two seaweeds (Gracilaria spp. and Kappaphycus alvarezii) for reducing consumption of wheat flour in Indonesia. The 1st International Conference on Agriculture and Rural Development. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/383/1/012009.

Pereira, S. G., Teixeira-Guedes, C., Souza-Matos, G., Maricato, É., Nunes, C., Coimbra, M. A., Teixeira, J. A., Pereira, R. N., & Rocha, C. M. R. (2021). Influence of ohmic heating in the composition of extracts from Gracilaria vermiculophylla. Algal Research, 58, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2021.102360.

Pimentel, F. B., Alves, R. C., Harnedy, P. A., FitzGerald, R. J., & Oliveira, M. B. P. P. (2019). Macroalgal-derived protein hydrolysates and bioactive peptides: Enzymatic release and potential health enhancing properties. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 93, 106–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.09.006.

Pranata, A. W., Yuliana, N. D., Amalia, L., & Darmawan, N. (2021). Volatilomics for halal and non-halal meatball authentication using solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 14(5), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103146.

Purwaningsih, S., & Deskawati, E. (2020). Karakteristik dan aktivitas antioksidan rumput laut Gracilaria sp. Asal Banten. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan 23(3), 503-512. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v23i3.32808.

Purwaningsih, S., Ramadhan, W., Nabila, W. T., Deskawati, E., & Baabud, H. M. (2024). Dataset on the chemical composition and bioactive compound of estuarine seaweed Gracilaria from four different cultivation area in Java and Lombok Island, Indonesia. Data in Brief, 56, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2024.110825.

Rasyid, A., Ardiansyah, A., & Pangestuti, R. (2019). Nutrient composition of dried seaweed Gracilaria gracilis. Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences, 24(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.24.1.1-6.

Rodrigues, D., Freitas, A. C., Pereira, L., Rocha-Santos, T. A. P., Vasconcelos, M. W., Roriz, M., Rodríguez-Alcalá, L. M., Gomes, A. M. P., & Duarte, A. C. (2015). Chemical composition of red, brown and green macroalgae from Buarcos bay in Central West Coast of Portugal. Food Chemistry, 183, 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.057.

Sakthivel, R., & Pandima Devi, K. (2015). Evaluation of physicochemical properties, proximate and nutritional composition of Gracilaria edulis collected from Palk Bay. Food Chemistry, 174, 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.142.

Simatupang, M., Herawati, D., & Yuliana, N. D. (2023). Fingerprinting FTIR-ATR fraksi kopi robusta dan arabika serta korelasinya terhadap aktivitas antioksidan. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Industri Pangan, 34(1), 70–85. https://doi.org/10.6066/jtip.2023.34.1.70.

Tapotubun, A. M. (2018). Komposisi kimia rumput laut (Caulerpa lentillifera) dari Perairan Kei Maluku dengan metode pengeringan berbeda. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 21(1), 13-23. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v21i1.21257.

Yanuarti, R., Nurjanah, N., Anwar, E., & Pratama, G. (2017). Kandungan senyawa penangkal sinar ultra violet dari ekstrak rumput laut Eucheuma cottonii dan Turbinaria conoides. Biosfera, 34(2), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.mib.2017.34.2.467.

Yudiati, E., Ridlo, A., Nugroho, A. A., Sedjati, S., & Maslukah, L. (2020). Analisis kandungan agar, pigmen dan proksimat rumput laut Gracilaria sp. pada reservoir dan biofilter tambak udang Litopenaeus vannamei. Buletin Oseanografi Marina, 9(2), 133–140. https://doi.org/10.14710/buloma.v9i2.29453.