SEISMIC OCEANOGRAPHY IN BANGGAI WATERS, MALUKU SEA: THERMOHALINE STRUCTURE AND INDONESIAN THROUGHFLOW: OSEANOGRAFI SEISMIK DI PERAIRAN BANGGAI, LAUT MALUKU: STRUKTUR THERMOHALINE DAN ARUS LINTAS INDONESIA

Fajri Dwihastasi  Justitianto; Henry Munandar Manik; Agus Saleh Atmadipoera; Susilohadi Susilohadi; Indra Jaya

doi:10.24319/jtpk.17.386-400

Authors

Fajri Dwihastasi Justitianto Study Program of Marine Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
Henry Munandar Manik Department of Marine Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4418-5815
Agus Saleh Atmadipoera Department of Marine Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
Susilohadi Susilohadi National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Cisitu Sangkuriang, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
Indra Jaya Department of Marine Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24319/jtpk.17.386-400

Keywords:

acoustic impedance, CTD, oceanography seismic, seismic reflection, seismogram

Abstract

Seismic oceanography (SO) utilizes multichannel seismic (MCS) acoustic reflectivity data to investigate thermohaline structures and the Indonesian throughflow (ITF) in the Banggai Waters, Maluku. This study applies seismic oceanography methods to characterize thermohaline structures and the ITF in the Banggai Waters, offering a new perspective beyond conventional CTD observations. Using seismic data and seismic inversion methods allows for a more detailed mapping of seawater properties compared to Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) data, which requires numerous CTD deployment points and interpolation between CTD sampling points. Seismic reflection data obtained from an air gun and hydrophone along a 107-km-long track with 36 channels clearly show the upper and lower boundaries of the thermocline, which were confirmed by four CTD stations with a strong correlation coefficient of 0.95 and an error of 0.26. Oceanographic seismic cross-sections reveal the presence of reflectors at depths of 20 m and 260 m, which correspond to the upper and lower boundaries of the thermocline. The mean absolute error (MAE) values for in situ oceanographic data and seismic inversion results indicate good agreement, with an MAE of 0.25 for sea surface temperature and 0.055 for salinity. This study demonstrates that marine seismic data can be used to investigate the characteristics of the water column in the waters off Banggai, Maluku.

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