Formulasi dan karakterisasi paper soap antibakteri dengan penambahan nanokitosan dari cangkang kepiting bakau Formulation and characterization of antibacterial paper soap with the addition of nanochitosan from mangrove crab shells
Article Sidebar
Accepted
5 August 2024
Published
16 August 2024
Keywords:
-
E. coli, free alkali, pH, moisture content, S. aureus
Abstract
Innovations in the production of soap products continue to be developed, such as paper soap with the addition of nanochitosan, which has antibacterial benefits. This study aimed to obtain nanosized chitosan and determine the best formula for antibacterial paper soap with the addition of mangrove crab shell nanochitosan (Scylla sp.) through physicochemical and microbiological characterization. The manufacture of nanochitosan was using ionic gelation. The formulation of antibacterial paper soap with the addition of nanochitosan (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1%). The results showed that Scylla sp. shell nanochitosan had a size of 67.07 nm. Paper soap with the addition of Scylla sp. nanochitosan (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1%) produced pH value of 9.18-9.27, water content 18.25-32.00% and free alkali 18.25-32.00%. All paper soap concentrations had a fine texture, jasmine aroma, and beige color. The gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus in paper soap produces a clear zone (3.5-14 mm and gram-negative bacteria are able to inhibit Echerichia coli 4.50-11.50 mm. Antibacterial paper soap with a nanochitosan concentration of 0.5% was the best formulation for inhibiting the growth of gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) and a concentration of 0.75% for gram-negative bacteria (E. coli). The antibacterial paper soap with the addition of shell nanochitosan (Scylla sp.) in this study met the soap criteria according to the SNI standards.
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Alqahtani, F.Y., Aleanizy, F.S., Tahir, E.E., Alquadeib, B.T., Alsarra, I.A., Alanazi, J.S., & Abdelhady, H.G. (2019). Preparation, characterization, and antibacterial activity of diclofenac-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Saudi Pharm Journal, 27(1), 82-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2018.08.001
Amor, I.B., Hemmami, H., Laouini, S.E., Temam, H.B., Zaoui, H., Barhoum, A. (2023). Biosynthesis MgO and ZnO nanoparticles using chitosan extracted from pimelia payraudi latreille for antibacterial applications. World Journal Microbiol Biotechnol, 39(1), 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03464-5
Arancibia, M.Y., Alemán, A., Calvo, M.M., López-Caballero, M.E., Montero, P., & Gómez-Guillén, M.C. (2014). Antimicrobial and antioxidant chitosan solution senriched with active shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) waste materials. Food Hydrocoll, 35, 710-717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.08.026
Badan Standarisasi Nasional. 1994. SNI 2588:2017. Tentang Sabun Cuci Pembersih Tangan.
Badan Standarisasi Nasional. 1994. SNI 06-3532-1994. Mutu dan Cara Uji Sabun Mandi. BSN. Jakarta.
Benhabiles, M.S., Salah, R., Lounici, H., Drouiche, N., Goosen, M.F.A., & Mameri, N. (2012). Antibacterial activity of chitin, chitosan and its oligomers prepared from shrimp shell waste. Food Hydrocol, 29, 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.02.013
Casadidio, C., Peregrina, D.V., Gigliobianco, M.R., Deng, S., Censi, R., & Di Martino, P. (2019). Chitin and chitosans: characteristics, eco-friendly processes, and applications in cosmetic science. Marine Drugs, 17(6), 369-399. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17060369
Chandrasekaran, M., Kim, K.D., & Chun, S.C. (2020). Antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles: A review. Processes, 8(9). 1173-1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091173
Chao, D., Xin, M., Jingru, M., Iqbal, H.K., Lei, D., Avik, K., Xingye, A.N., Junhua, Z., Tanzina, H.U.Q, & Yonghao, N. I. (2019). Chitosan as a preservative for fruits and vegetables: a review on chemistry and antimicrobial properties. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 4(1), 11-21. https://doi.org/10.21967/jbb.v4i1.189
Chirani, M.R., Kowsari, E., Teymourian, T., & Ramakrishna, S. (2021). Environmental impact of increased soap consumption during COVID-19 pandemic: biodegradable soap production and sustainable packaging. Science of The Total Environment, 796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149013
Christensen, G.J.M., Scholz, C.F.P., Enghild, J., Rohde, H., Kilian, M., & Thurmer, A. (2016). Antagonism between Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes and its genomic basis. BMC Genom,17(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s12864-016-2489-5
Clayton, K..N., Salameh, J.W., Wereley, S.T., & Kinzer-Ursem, T.L. (2016). Physical characterization of nanoparticle size and surface modification using particle scattering diffusometry. Biomicrofluidics, 10(5), 54107. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4962992
Damayanti, W., Rochima, E., & Hasan, Z. (2016). Aplikasi kitosan sebagai antibakteri pada filet patin selama penyimpanan suhu rendah. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 19(3), 321-328. https://doi.org/: 10.17844/jphpi.2016.19.3.321
Dionísio, M., & Grenha, A. (2012). Locust bean gum: exploring its potential for biopharmaceutical applications. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 4(1), 175-188. https://doi.org/: 10.4103/0975-7406.99013.
Dong, Y., Ng, W.K., Shen, S., Kim, S., & Tan, R.B.H. (2012). Scalable ionic gelation synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery in static mixers. Carbohydrate Polymers, 94(2), 940-945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.02.013.
Firlianty, Elita, Krismonita, Y., Rario, Bugar, N., & Najamuddin, A. (2021). Potensi tulang ikan patin (Pangasius sp.) sebagai sumber kolagen sabun mandi padat. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 24(1), 107-112. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v24i1.33235
Gupta, D.K., Kesharwani, S., Sharma, N.K., & Gupta, M.K. (2019). Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Extract of Allivum sativum (Garlic) Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 9(3), 715-725. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i3-s.2963
Hangga, G.P.D. (2019). Pemanfaatan kitosan dan karagenan pada produk sabun cair. Skripsi. Program Studi Teknologi Haril Perikanan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Honary, S., & Zahir, F. (2013). Effect of zeta potential on the properties of nano-drug delivery systems-A review (Part 1). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
,12(2), 255-264. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v12i2.19.
Iriany, Sukeksi, I., Diana V, & Taslim. (2020). Preparation and characterization of coconut oil based soap with kaolin as filler. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1542(1), 012046. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1542/1/012046
Jhaveri, J., Raichura, Z., Khan, T., Momin M., & Omri, A. (2021). Chitosan nanoparticles insight into properties, functionalization and applications in drug delivery and theranostics. Molecules, 26(2), 272-301. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020272
Kalliola, S., Repo, E., Srivastava, V., Heiskanen, J.P., Sirviö, J.A., Liimatainen, H., & Sillanpää, M. (2017). The pH sensitive properties of carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles cross-linked with calcium ions. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 153(1), 229-236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.02.025
Ke, C.L., Deng, F.S., Chuang, C.Y., & Lin, C.H. (2021). Antimicrobial actions and applications of chitosan. Polymers, 13(6), 904.-914 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13060904
Kuntom, A., Ahmad, I., Kifli, M., & Shariff, Z.M. (1999). Chemical and physical characteristics of soap made from distilled fatty acids of palm oil and palm-kernel oil. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 2(1), 325-329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11743-999-0084-5.
Leitzke, J.P., Nierri, H.J., & Miranda, N. (2021). Efficiency of commercial antiseptic soaps against pathogenic bacteria and labels analysis. Research, Society and Development, 10(2), 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i2.12241
Lucas, A.J.D.S., Oreste, E.Q., Costa, H.L.G., López, H.M., Saad, C.D.M., & Prentice, C. (2020). Extraction, physicochemical characterization, and morphological properties of chitin and chitosan from cuticles of edible insects. Food Chemistry, 1(343), 128550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128550
Luthfiyana, N., Bija, S., Anwar, E., Laksmitawati, D.E., & Risalinda, G.L. (2022). Characteristics and activity of chitosan from mud crab shells on acne bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Biodiversitas, 23(12), 6645-6651. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d231263
Luthfiyana, N., Bija, S., Anwar, E., Laksmitawati, D.E., & Risalinda, G.L. (2022). Characteristics and antibacterial activity of chitosan nano particles from mangrove crab shell (Scylla sp.) in Tarakan Waters, North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 23(8), 4018-4025. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230820.
Luthyana, N., Nurjanah, Nurilmala, M., Anwar, E., & Hidayat, T. (2016). Rasio bubur rumput laut Euchema cottonii dan Sargassum sp. sebagai formula krim tabir surya. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 19(3), 183-195. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.2016.19.3.183.
Magani, A. K., Tallei, T. E., & Kolondam, B. J. (2020). Uji antibakteri kitosan terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Jurnal Bios Logos, 10(1), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.35799/jbl.10.1.2020.27978
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Authors
Luthfiyana N., Asikin N., Khoirunnisa M., & Hidayat T. (2024). Formulasi dan karakterisasi paper soap antibakteri dengan penambahan nanokitosan dari cangkang kepiting bakau : Formulation and characterization of antibacterial paper soap with the addition of nanochitosan from mangrove crab shells . Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 27(8), 706-718. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v27i8.56046
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