Efisiensi Teknis Usahatani Cabai Merah Indonesia
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Published:
Mar 30, 2025
Keywords:
input subsidy, raising price, red chili, stochastic frontier analysis (SFA), technical efficiency
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Abstract
The rising price of red chili is associated with the production availability at the farm level. Meanwhile, the price increase has not been sufficient to impact on farmers' income positively. Production problems can not only be explained through production factors but other factors also contribute. Technical efficiency is an analytical method that measures production factors and external factors directly. Spatial measurement may lead to policy bias. Therefore, this study aims to measure and analyze the factors that affect the level of technical efficiency of Indonesian red chili. This study applied the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) method to measure and analyze the factors affecting the technical efficiency of Indonesian red chili. All production inputs, including seeds, chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers, pesticides, labor, and harvest areas, affect the improvement of Indonesian red chili production. Inefficiency factors that can increase the level of technical efficiency of red chili are education, technology, farmer groups, planting season, land type, cropping system, and the utilization of certified seeds. While access to credit, cooperative membership, and subsidies can reduce the level of technical efficiency of Indonesian red chili. The average technical efficiency level of Indonesian red chili is 0,6525. A reassessment of subsidy policies and access to credit and development of agricultural institutions are possible policies that could be considered by the government to improve the production and technical efficiency level of Indonesian red chili.
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NurmalitaI., FariyantiA., & NoviantiT. (2025). Efisiensi Teknis Usahatani Cabai Merah Indonesia. Forum Agribisnis : Agribusiness Forum , 15(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.29244/fagb.15.1.1-11
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References
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Dijk, M. van., Morley, T., Loon, M. van., Reidsma, P., Tesfaye, K. van., & Ittersum, M. K. (2020). Reducing the Maize Yield Gap in Ethiopia: Decomposition and Policy Simulation. Agricutal System, 183, 102828. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102828.
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Iskandar, M. J., & Jamhari. (2020). Efficiency of Rice Farming in The Corporate Farming Model in Central Java. Agraris: Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development Research, 6(2), 2527–9238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/agr.6297.
Ismail, M., Fariyanti, A., & Rifin, A. (2017). Efisiensi Teknis Usahatani Kedelai pada Lahan Tadah Hujan dan Lahan Kering di Kabupaten Pidie Jaya, Aceh. Forum Agribisnis: Agribusiness Forum, 7(1), 21–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/fagb.7.1.21-34.
Ismiasih & Jamhari. (2024). Effisiensi Teknis Usahatani Bawang Merah Di Indonesia : Pendekatan Stochastic Frontier. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan, 24(2), 171–180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25181/jppt.v24i2.3307.
Juliansyah, H., Wahyuna, F., Rozalina, & Trisniarti, N. (2022). Efisiensi Produksi Cabai Besar di Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Agrisamudra, 9(2), 45–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33059/jpas.v9i2.7198.
Junaedi, M., Daryanto, H. K. S., Sinaga, B. M., & Hartoyo, S. (2016). Efisiensi dan Kesenjangan Teknologi Usahatani Padi Sawah di Pulau Jawa. Jurnal Aplikasi Statistika dan Komputasi Statistika, 8(2), 1–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34123/jurnalasks.v8i2.54.
Kamau, V., Ateka, R., Mbeche, R., & Kavoi, M.M. (2017). Assessment of Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Coffee Farming Enterprises in Muranga, Kenya. JAGST, 18(1), 12–23.
Karimov, A. A. (2014). Factors Affecting Efficiency of Cotton Producers in Rural Khorezm, Uzbekistan: Re-examining The Role of Knowledge Indicators in Technical Efficiency Improvement. Agriculture and Food Economics, 2(7), 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-014-0007-0.
[Kementan] Kementerian Pertanian. 2024. Buku Atap Hortikultura 2023. Susilawaty, Nugraheni W, editor. Jakarta (ID): Penerbit Direktorat Jenderal Hortikultura, Kementerian Pertanian.
Khandaker, M. M., Rohani, F., Dalorima, T., & Mat, N. (2017). Effects of Different Organic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Capsicum Annuum L. Var. Kulai (Red Chilli Kulai). Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 14(1), 185–192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2434.
Kodua, T. T., Onumah, E. E., & Mensah-Bonsu, A. (2022). Technical Efficiency of Improved and Local Variety Seed Maize Farms in Ghana: A Meta-Frontier Analysis. Cogent Economics and Finance, 10(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2021.2022858.
Krasachat, W. (2023). The Effect of Good Agricultural Practices on the Technical Efficiency of Chili Production in Thailand. Sustainability, 15(1), 866. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010866.
Krasniqi, N., Blancard, S., Gjokaj, E., & Aalmo, G. O. (2023). Modelling Technical Efficiency of Horticulture Farming in Kosovo: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis. Bio-based and Applied Economics, 12(3), 183–195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/bae-14693.
Kusno, K., Hanuuf, S., Pardian, P., & Suminartika, E. (2020). Prospek Pengembangan Usahatani Cabai Merah (Capsicum annum L.) di Desa Sukalaksana Kecamatan Banyuresmi Jawa Barat. Agricore, 5(1), 94–103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18699/letters2020-6-01.
Mariyono, J. (2017). Agro-Ecological and Socio-Economic Aspects of Crop Protection in Chili-Based Agribusiness in Central Java. Agriekonomika, 6(2), 120–132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21107/agriekonomika.v6i2.2294.
Ogunbo, M. M., Ayinde, I. A., Afolami, C. A., & Banmeke, T. O. A. (2015). Technical Efficiency of Pepper Production Under Tropical Conditions. International Journal Vegetable Science, 21(1), 21–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2013.814187.
Paltasingh, K. R., & Goyari, P. (2018). Impact of Farmer Education on Farm Productivity under Varying Technologies: Case of Paddy Growers in India. Agriculture Food Economy, 6(7), 1–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-018-0101-9.
[Pusdatin]. Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian. 2024. Analisis Kinerja Perdagangan Cabai Merah. Jakarta (ID): Penerbit Pusdatin.
Sasaki, H., Katayama, N., & Okubo, S. (2021). Are Agricultural Support Policies Harmful to The Environment? Evidence from Japanese Farm-Level Policy Simulation. Agriculture and Resource and Economics Review, 50, 485–511. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/age.2021.16.
Solihin, E., Sudirja, R., Damayani, M., & Kamaludin, N. N. (2018). Hubungan Serapan N, P, dan K Tanaman Cabai terhadap Residunya di dalam Tanah yang Diberi Pupuk Cair Organik dengan NPK. Jurnal Agrikultura, 29(2), 105–110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/agrikultura.v29i2.20807.
Sukmawati, D., Dasipah, E., & Nurdin, A. (2023). Changes in Subsidized Fertilizer Policy on Factors of Production and Farm Income of Red Chili (Capsicum Annuum L) in Cianjur
Regency. GIJTM (Greenation International Journal Tour & Management, 1(3), 246–252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.38035/gijtm.v1i3.
Suprehatin. (2019). Characteristics of Farmer Adopters of High Value Horticultural Crops in Indonesia. Journal Manajemen & Agribisnis, 16(2), 181–190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17358/jma.16.2.181.
Torres, M. A. O., Kallas, Z., Herrera, S. I. O., & Guesmi, B. (2019). Is Technical Efficiency Affected by Farmers’ Preference for Mitigation and Adaptation Actions against Climate Change? A Case Study in Northwest Mexico. Sustainability, 11(12), 12-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10023291.
Trac, N. T., Nga, S. T. T., & Thanh, D. N. (2019). Assessing the Production Efficiency of Chili Farmers in Tra Vinh Province. Scientific Journal of Tra Vinh University, 1(36), 51–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35382/18594816.1.36.2019.316.
Tsiboe, F., Asravor, J., Owusu, V., & Mensah-Bonsu, A. (2022). Production Technology, Efficiency, and Productivity of Cereal Farms: Prospects for Enhancing Farm Performance in Ghana. Agricultural Resource Economy Review, 51(3), 579–609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/age.2022.16.
Utari, S. S., Rachmina, D., & Tinaprilla, N. (2023). Efisiensi Teknis Usaha Tani Bawang Merah di Provinsi Aceh. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 28(1), 114–122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18343/jipi.28.1.114.
Widowati, I., Dhamira, A., Anggrasari, H., & Seleky, R. N. (2023). Climatic Factors Production: One Climate Change and Its Effect on Chili Step Forward Combating Climate Change. Di dalam: BIO Web of Conferences: 2nd ICAFE 2023, 69, 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20236904001.
Widyantari, I. N., Loppies, S. H., Maulany, G. J., & Wiranto, R. (2023). The Use of The Stochastic Frontier Method for Measuring The Performance of Rice Farming in The Frontier, Remote, and Underdeveloped Areas in Merauke Regency, South Papua Province, Indonesia. AGRIC Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian, 35(2), 181–192. DOI:
Ariyani, E., & Rifin, A. (2017). Analisis Usahatani Kakao pada Dua Pola Tanam Polikultur. Forum Agribisnis: Agribusiness Forum, 7(2), 169–186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/fagb.7.2.173-190.
Asfaw, D. M. (2021). Analysis of Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Tomato Producers in Asaita District, Afar National Regional State, Ethiopia. PLoS One, 16(9), 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257366.
Asravor, J., Onumah, E. E., & Osei-Asare, Y. B. (2016). Efficiency of Chili Pepper Production in The Volta Region of Ghana. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 8(6), 99–110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD2016.0765.
[Balitbangtan] Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. 2010. Budidaya dan Pascapanen Cabai Merah. pertama. Piay SS, Tyasdjaja A, Ermawati Y, Hantoro FRP, editor. Ungaran (ID): Penerbit Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP) Jawa Tengah.
[Balitbangtan] Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. 2021. Rekomendasi Pupuk N, P, dan K untuk Tanaman Hortikultura (Per Kabupaten) Se-Indonesia. Wibowo H, Kasno A, Nurjaya, editor. Jakarta (ID): Penerbit Balitbangtan.
Bilal, H., Aman, F., Ullah, I., Awan, A. A., Ullah, S., Khan, S., Aamir, M., Khan, M. A., & Rome, B. (2019). Response of Chilli Varieties To Various Sources of Organic Fertilizers. ARPN Journal of Agriculture Biological Science, 13(12), 15–24.
Dijk, M. van., Morley, T., Loon, M. van., Reidsma, P., Tesfaye, K. van., & Ittersum, M. K. (2020). Reducing the Maize Yield Gap in Ethiopia: Decomposition and Policy Simulation. Agricutal System, 183, 102828. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102828.
[FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization. 2023. Food Agric Organ United Nations. Rome (IT): FAOSTAT. https://www.fao.org/3/nl847es/nl847es.pdf. Diakses 20 September 2024.
González-Cortés, A., Robledo-Torres, V., Luna-García, L. R., Mendoza-Villarreal, & R., Pérez-Rodríguez, M. Á. (2023). Yield and Antioxidant Quality of Habanero Chili Pepper by Supplementing Potassium with Organic Products. Horticulturae, 9, 797. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9070797.
Hong, Y., Heerink, N., Zhao, M., & Werf, W. Van. Der. (2019). Intercropping Contributes to A Higher Technical Efficiency in Smallholder Farming : Evidence from A Case Study in Gaotai County, China. Agriculture Systems, 173, 317–324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.03.007.
Iskandar, M. J., & Jamhari. (2020). Efficiency of Rice Farming in The Corporate Farming Model in Central Java. Agraris: Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development Research, 6(2), 2527–9238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/agr.6297.
Ismail, M., Fariyanti, A., & Rifin, A. (2017). Efisiensi Teknis Usahatani Kedelai pada Lahan Tadah Hujan dan Lahan Kering di Kabupaten Pidie Jaya, Aceh. Forum Agribisnis: Agribusiness Forum, 7(1), 21–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/fagb.7.1.21-34.
Ismiasih & Jamhari. (2024). Effisiensi Teknis Usahatani Bawang Merah Di Indonesia : Pendekatan Stochastic Frontier. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan, 24(2), 171–180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25181/jppt.v24i2.3307.
Juliansyah, H., Wahyuna, F., Rozalina, & Trisniarti, N. (2022). Efisiensi Produksi Cabai Besar di Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Agrisamudra, 9(2), 45–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33059/jpas.v9i2.7198.
Junaedi, M., Daryanto, H. K. S., Sinaga, B. M., & Hartoyo, S. (2016). Efisiensi dan Kesenjangan Teknologi Usahatani Padi Sawah di Pulau Jawa. Jurnal Aplikasi Statistika dan Komputasi Statistika, 8(2), 1–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34123/jurnalasks.v8i2.54.
Kamau, V., Ateka, R., Mbeche, R., & Kavoi, M.M. (2017). Assessment of Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Coffee Farming Enterprises in Muranga, Kenya. JAGST, 18(1), 12–23.
Karimov, A. A. (2014). Factors Affecting Efficiency of Cotton Producers in Rural Khorezm, Uzbekistan: Re-examining The Role of Knowledge Indicators in Technical Efficiency Improvement. Agriculture and Food Economics, 2(7), 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-014-0007-0.
[Kementan] Kementerian Pertanian. 2024. Buku Atap Hortikultura 2023. Susilawaty, Nugraheni W, editor. Jakarta (ID): Penerbit Direktorat Jenderal Hortikultura, Kementerian Pertanian.
Khandaker, M. M., Rohani, F., Dalorima, T., & Mat, N. (2017). Effects of Different Organic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Capsicum Annuum L. Var. Kulai (Red Chilli Kulai). Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 14(1), 185–192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2434.
Kodua, T. T., Onumah, E. E., & Mensah-Bonsu, A. (2022). Technical Efficiency of Improved and Local Variety Seed Maize Farms in Ghana: A Meta-Frontier Analysis. Cogent Economics and Finance, 10(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2021.2022858.
Krasachat, W. (2023). The Effect of Good Agricultural Practices on the Technical Efficiency of Chili Production in Thailand. Sustainability, 15(1), 866. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010866.
Krasniqi, N., Blancard, S., Gjokaj, E., & Aalmo, G. O. (2023). Modelling Technical Efficiency of Horticulture Farming in Kosovo: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis. Bio-based and Applied Economics, 12(3), 183–195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/bae-14693.
Kusno, K., Hanuuf, S., Pardian, P., & Suminartika, E. (2020). Prospek Pengembangan Usahatani Cabai Merah (Capsicum annum L.) di Desa Sukalaksana Kecamatan Banyuresmi Jawa Barat. Agricore, 5(1), 94–103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18699/letters2020-6-01.
Mariyono, J. (2017). Agro-Ecological and Socio-Economic Aspects of Crop Protection in Chili-Based Agribusiness in Central Java. Agriekonomika, 6(2), 120–132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21107/agriekonomika.v6i2.2294.
Ogunbo, M. M., Ayinde, I. A., Afolami, C. A., & Banmeke, T. O. A. (2015). Technical Efficiency of Pepper Production Under Tropical Conditions. International Journal Vegetable Science, 21(1), 21–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2013.814187.
Paltasingh, K. R., & Goyari, P. (2018). Impact of Farmer Education on Farm Productivity under Varying Technologies: Case of Paddy Growers in India. Agriculture Food Economy, 6(7), 1–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-018-0101-9.
[Pusdatin]. Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian. 2024. Analisis Kinerja Perdagangan Cabai Merah. Jakarta (ID): Penerbit Pusdatin.
Sasaki, H., Katayama, N., & Okubo, S. (2021). Are Agricultural Support Policies Harmful to The Environment? Evidence from Japanese Farm-Level Policy Simulation. Agriculture and Resource and Economics Review, 50, 485–511. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/age.2021.16.
Solihin, E., Sudirja, R., Damayani, M., & Kamaludin, N. N. (2018). Hubungan Serapan N, P, dan K Tanaman Cabai terhadap Residunya di dalam Tanah yang Diberi Pupuk Cair Organik dengan NPK. Jurnal Agrikultura, 29(2), 105–110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/agrikultura.v29i2.20807.
Sukmawati, D., Dasipah, E., & Nurdin, A. (2023). Changes in Subsidized Fertilizer Policy on Factors of Production and Farm Income of Red Chili (Capsicum Annuum L) in Cianjur
Regency. GIJTM (Greenation International Journal Tour & Management, 1(3), 246–252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.38035/gijtm.v1i3.
Suprehatin. (2019). Characteristics of Farmer Adopters of High Value Horticultural Crops in Indonesia. Journal Manajemen & Agribisnis, 16(2), 181–190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17358/jma.16.2.181.
Torres, M. A. O., Kallas, Z., Herrera, S. I. O., & Guesmi, B. (2019). Is Technical Efficiency Affected by Farmers’ Preference for Mitigation and Adaptation Actions against Climate Change? A Case Study in Northwest Mexico. Sustainability, 11(12), 12-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10023291.
Trac, N. T., Nga, S. T. T., & Thanh, D. N. (2019). Assessing the Production Efficiency of Chili Farmers in Tra Vinh Province. Scientific Journal of Tra Vinh University, 1(36), 51–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35382/18594816.1.36.2019.316.
Tsiboe, F., Asravor, J., Owusu, V., & Mensah-Bonsu, A. (2022). Production Technology, Efficiency, and Productivity of Cereal Farms: Prospects for Enhancing Farm Performance in Ghana. Agricultural Resource Economy Review, 51(3), 579–609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/age.2022.16.
Utari, S. S., Rachmina, D., & Tinaprilla, N. (2023). Efisiensi Teknis Usaha Tani Bawang Merah di Provinsi Aceh. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 28(1), 114–122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18343/jipi.28.1.114.
Widowati, I., Dhamira, A., Anggrasari, H., & Seleky, R. N. (2023). Climatic Factors Production: One Climate Change and Its Effect on Chili Step Forward Combating Climate Change. Di dalam: BIO Web of Conferences: 2nd ICAFE 2023, 69, 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20236904001.
Widyantari, I. N., Loppies, S. H., Maulany, G. J., & Wiranto, R. (2023). The Use of The Stochastic Frontier Method for Measuring The Performance of Rice Farming in The Frontier, Remote, and Underdeveloped Areas in Merauke Regency, South Papua Province, Indonesia. AGRIC Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian, 35(2), 181–192. DOI: