Kinetika dan termodinamika komposit HAp-Fe3O4 dari cangkang tutut (Bellamya javanica) sebagai adsorben Pb(II) pada limbah akumulator: Kinetics and thermodynamics of HAp–Fe₃O₄ composite from tutut snail shell (Bellamya javanica) as Pb (II) adsorbent in battery wastewater

Muhammad Dicky  Iswara; Charlena Charlena; Komar  Sutriah

doi:10.17844/gczc9396

Authors

Muhammad Dicky Iswara Departemen Kimia, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan, IPB University
Charlena Charlena Departemen Kimia, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan, IPB University https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0941-1095
Komar Sutriah Departemen Kimia, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan, IPB University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17844/gczc9396

Keywords:

biomaterial, composite material, environmentally friendly adsorbent, green chemistry, heavy metal bioremediation

Abstract

The rapid growth of electric vehicles has led to an increased accumulation of used battery waste containing hazardous heavy metals, particularly Pb(II). Improper management of this waste can severely impact the environment and human health. Adsorption using hydroxyapatite (HAp)-based materials is an effective remediation method. Tutut shells (Bellamya javanica), a biomineral waste rich in calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), can serve as a calcium precursor for the green synthesis of HAp. This study aimed to determine the optimum conditions of pH, contact time, temperature, and initial concentration for the HAp–Fe₃O₄ composite as an adsorbent for Pb(II) ions, assess its adsorption efficiency, evaluate kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, and provide an eco-friendly, sustainable material solution for heavy metal reduction originating from battery waste. The composite was synthesized via chemical deposition, showing a porous structure with a surface area of 3002 m²/g, pore size of 2.21 nm, and pore volume of 3.32 cc/g. Optimum adsorption occurred at a pH of 6, 50 min, 25°C, and an initial concentration of 10 ppm. Kinetic studies followed a pseudo-second-order model (K₂ = 2.23 g/mg·min), indicating chemisorption, whereas thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°<0, ΔH°<0, and ΔS°>0) indicated a spontaneous exothermic process. The Freundlich isotherm model (1/n = 0.82 and K_F = 467) exhibited the best fit. Application to real battery wastewater achieved 99.23% removal efficiency, reducing Pb(II) from 2.28 ppm to 0.017 ppm, meeting the quality standard of the Indonesian Ministry of Environment Regulation No. 5 of 2014. These findings suggest that the HAp–Fe₃O₄ composite has strong potential as an effective and sustainable heavy metal adsorbent.

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