PENGARUH PERBEDAAN WAKTU PANEN TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK KIMIA BIJI KECIPIR
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Published
27 December 2019
Keywords:
-
antioxidant, harvesting time, phenol, protein, starch, winged bean
Abstract
In Indonesia, the utilization of winged bean seeds as a food source is very limited. Currently there is inadequate information on the characteristics of the seeds, especially the chemical properties associated with its maturity. This research aimed to analyze the chemical properties of winged bean obtained from different harvesting time. Three different harvesting times were investigated, i.e. eight (K1), twelve (K2), and as six (6) weeks after the first flowering stage as a control. K1 and K2 were dried at 40°C (24 h) to mimic the conventional preparation of beans practiced in Indonesia, while K3 was unripe seeds commonly consumed fresh thus it is analyzed as fresh seeds. K1 and K2 have water content between 12.3-13.0% (wb), ash content 4.7-4.8% (db), lipid content 13.4-15.4% (db), protein content 38.9-40.7% (db), carbo-hydrate content 40.8-41.0% (db), total phenolic content 7.6 and 5.3 mg GAE/g (db), antioxidant activity (IC50) 558.3 and 511.1 µg/mL, starch content 25.6-29.1%, reducing sugar content 1.3-1.7 mg/g. Mean-while, the unripe winged bean seeds (K3) has water content of 75.5% (wb), ash content 5.0% (db), protein content 19.6% (db), carbohydrate content 68.4% (db), total phenolic content of 59.4 mg GAE/g (db), anti-oxidant activity (IC50) 485.6 µg/mL, starch content 7.2% and reducing sugar 5.4 mg/g. Based on these che-mical properties and time efficiency, harvesting winged bean at 8 weeks (K1) was sufficient to produce winged bean potential as protein source, as well as a potential functional foods with good antioxidant acti-vity, total phenolic content, low starch and reducing sugar.
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Obendorf, Ralph L, dan Kosina SM. 2011. Soluble Carbohydrates in Soybean, Soybean-Bioche-mistry, Chemistry and Physiology.201-228. Intech Europe, University Campus Step RI, Croatia. DOI: 10.5772/15110.
Ogumo EO, Kunyanga CN, Kimenju JW, Okoth MW. 2018. Effect of harvest time and duration before cooling on the post-harvest quality and shelf life stability of french bean (Phaseolus vulgasris L.). J Nutr Food Sci 8: 1-6. DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000730.
Pal M, Brahmachary RL, Ghosh M. 2010. Compara-tive studies on physicochemical and biochemi-cal characteristics of scented and non-scented strains of mung beans (Vigna radiate) of Indian origin. Legume Res 33: 1-9.
Palupi NS, Sitorus SR, Kusnandar F. 2015. Peru-bahan alergenisitas protein kacang kedelai dan kacang bogor akibat pengolahan dengan pa-nas. J Teknol Industri Pangan 26: 222-231. DOI: 10.6066/jtip.2015.26.2.222.
Panahi B, Kherzi M. 2011. Effect of harvesting time on nut quality of pistachio (Pistarica vera L.) cultivars. Sci Hortic-Amsterdam129: 730-734. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2011.05.029.
Persic M, Mikulic-Petkovsek M, Slatnar A, Solar A, Veberic R. 2018. Changes in phenolic of red-colored pellicle walnut and hazelnut kernel du-ring ripening. Food Chem 252: 349-355. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.124.
Prior RL, Wu X, Schaich K. 2005. Standardized me-thods for the determination of antioxidant capa-city and phenolics in foods and dietary supple-ments. J Agric Food Chem 53: 4290-4302. DOI: 10.1021/jf0502698.
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Siddique AB, Wright D. 2003. Effect of different time and temperature on moisture percentage and seed quality (viability and vigour) of pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.). Asian J Plant Sci 2: 978-982. DOI: 10.3923/ajps.2003.978.982.
Singh M, Dubey RK, Koley TK, Maurya A, Singh PM, Singh B. 2019. Valorization of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L) DC) by eva-luation of its antioxidant activity through chemo-metric analysis. S Afr J Bot 121: 114-120. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.10.026.
Triwitono P, Marsono Y, Murdiati A, Marseno DW. 2017. Isolasi dan karakterisasi sifat pati kacang hijau (Vigna radiata L.) beberapa varietas lokal Indonesia. Agritech 37: 192-198. DOI: 10.2214 6/agritech.10659.
Wahyuni S. 2010. Karakterisasi Senyawa Bioaktif Isoflavon dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Ekstrak Tempe Berbahan Baku Buncis dan Kecipir [Tesis]. Surakarta: Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sebelas Maret.
Wawire M, Oey I, Mathooko FM, Njoroge CK, Shi-tanda D, Sila D, Hendrickx M. 2012. Effect of harvest age and thermal processing on poly-γ-glutamate folates and minerals in African cow-pea leaves (Vigna unguiculata). J Food Com-pos Anal 25: 160-165. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2011. 11.003.
Wijaya C, Leonardus BSK, Jeremia MH. 2015. Pe-ningkatan akseptabilitas susu kecipir (Psopho-carpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) dengan adisi bahan penstabil dan jus jahe. J Aplikasi Teknol Pangan 4: 112-123. DOI: 10.17728/jatp.1.
Yea CS, Ebrahimpour A, Hamid AA, Bakar J, Mu-hammad K, Saari N. 2014. Winged bean (Pso-phocarpus tetragonolobus (L). DC) seeds as an underutilised plant source of bifunctional pro-teolysate and biopeptides. Food Funct 5: 1007-1016. DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60667h.
Yea CS, Salleh A, Sulaiman NF, Abidin NZ, Hanafi MA, Zarei M, Saari N. 2018. Blood pressure lo-wering efficacy of winged bean seed hydroly-sate in spontaneously hypertensive rats, pep-tide characterization and toxicity study in Spra-gue-Dawley rats. Food Funct 9: 1-42. DOI: 10.1039/C7FO01769C.
Zakaria FR, Prangdimurti E, Puspawati GAKD, Tha-hir R, Suismono. 2011. Diet berbasis sorgum (Sorghum bicolor L Moench) memperbaiki proli-ferasi limfosit limfa dan kapasitas antioksidan hati tikus. J Pangan 20: 209-222.
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Aldillah R. 2015. Proyeksi produksi dan konsumsi kedelai Indonesia. J Ekonomi Kuantitatif Terap-an 8: 9-23.
[AOAC] Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Official Method 2003.06. 2012. Crude Fat in Feeds, Cereal Grains and Forages. Chapter 4. 43. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC Inter-national 19th ed., AOAC International Gaithers-burg, MD, USA.
[AOAC] Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Official Method 950.48. 2012. Protein (Crude) in Nuts and Nut Products: Improved Kjeldahl Me-thod. Chapter 40. 2. Official Methods of Analy-sis of AOAC International 19th ed., AOAC Inter-national Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
Başkan KS, Tütem E, Akyüz E, Özen S, Apak R. 2016. Spectrophotometric total reducing sugars assay based on cupric reduction. Talanta 147: 162-168. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.049.
[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. 2017. https://www.bps. go.id. [19 Maret 2017].
[BSN] Badan Standarisasi Nasional. 1992. SNI 01-2891-1992 Cara Uji Makanan dan Minuman. Jakarta: Badan Standarisasi Nasional.
Budijanto S, Sitanggang AB, Wita M. 2011.Karakte-risasi sifat fisiko-kimia dan fungsional isolat pro-tein biji kecipir (Psophocarpus tetragonolubus L.). J Teknol Industri Pangan 22: 130-136.
Clegg KM. 1956. The application of the anthrone reagent to the estimation of starch in cereals. J Sci Food Agric 7: 41-44. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.274 0070108.
Dai Z. 2010. Activities of enzymes involved in starch synthesis in wheat grains differencing in starch content. Russ J Plant Physl+ 57:74-78. DOI: 10.1134/S1021443710010103.
Handayani T, Kusmana, Lukman L Hidayat IM. 2015. Karakterisasi morfologi dan evaluasi da-ya hasil sayuran polong kecipir (Psophocarpus tetragonolubus (L) DC). J Hort 25: 126-132. DOI: 10.21082/jhort.v25n2.2015.p126-132.
Hodzic Z, Pasalic H, Memisevic A, Srabovic M, Saletovic M, Poljakovic M. 2009. The influence of total phenols content on antioxidant capacity in the whole grain extracts. Eur J Sci Res 28: 471-477.
Horax R, Hettiarachchy N, Kannan A, Chen P. 2010. Proximate composition and amino acid and mineral contents of Mormordica charantia L. pericarp and seeds at different maturity stages. Food Chem 122: 1111-1115. DOI: 10.1016/j. foodchem.2010.03.093.
Jeon SH, Ki IS, Park SK, Jung KY, Kim SW, Cho YS. 2017. Dependence of sorghum bicolor anti-oxidant activity on harvest time. ScienceAsia 43: 155-162. DOI: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-18 74.2017.43.155.
John KMM, Luthria D. 2015. Amino acid, organic acid, and sugar profiles of 3 dry bean (Phaseo-lus vulgaris L.) varieties. J Food Sci 80: C2662-C2669. DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13115.
Kędzierski B, Kukula-Koch W, Widelski J, Głowniak K. 2016. Impact of harvest time of Aesculum hippocastanum seeds on the composition, anti-oxidant capacity and total phenolic content. Ind Crop Prod 86: 68-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.20 16.03.034.
Kementrian Pertanian. 2015. Outlook komoditas pertanian subsektor tanaman pangan kedelai. Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian.
Koley TK, Singh S, Khemariya P, Sarkar A, Kaur C, Chaurasia SNS, Naik PS. 2014. Evaluation of bioactive properties of Indian carrot (Daucus carota L.): A chemometric approach. Food Res Int 60: 76-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.12. 006.
Lee JH, Cho KM. 2012. Changes occurring in com-positional components of black soybeans main-tained at room temperature for different storage periods. Food Chem 131: 161-169. DOI: 10.101 6/j.foodchem.2011.08.052.
Lee J, Hwang YS, Chang WS, Moon JK, Choung MG. 2013. Seed maturity differentially mediates metabolic responses in black soybean. Food Chem 141: 2052-2059. DOI: 10.1016/j.food chem.2013.05.059.
Makeri M, Sahri MM, Ghazali HM, Ahmad K, Muhammad K. 2019. Polymorphism, textural and crystallization properties of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, D.C) oil-based trans-fatty acids free ternary margarine blends. LWT-Food Sci Technol 100: 158-166. DOI: 10.1 016/j.lwt.2018.09.012.
Mardiah, Zakaria FR, Prangdimurti E, Damanik R. 2015. Anti-inflammatory of purple roselle extract in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. Proc Food Sci 3: 182-189. DOI: 10.1016/j.profoo.20 15.01.020.
Mhamdi B, Wannes WA, Sriti J, Jellali I, Ksouri R, Marzouk B. 2010. Effect of harvesting time on phenolic compounds and antiradical scaveng-ing activity of Borago officinalis seed extracts. Ind Crop Prod 31: e1-e4. DOI: 10.1016/j.ind crop.2009.07.002.
Mohanty CS, Verma S, Singh V, Khan S, Gaur P, Gupta P, Nizar MA, Dikshit N, Pattanayak R, Shukla A, Niranjan A, Sahu N, Behera SK, Ra-na TS. 2013. Characterization of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolubus (L) DC) based on molecular, chemical and physiological para-meters. Am J Mol Biol 3: 187-197. DOI: 10.423 6/ajmb.2013.34025.
Mohtar WAAIW, Hamid AA, Abd-Aziz S, Muhamad SKS, Saari N. 2014. Preparation of bioactive peptides with high angiotensin converting en-zyme inhibitory activity from winged bean (Pso-phocarpus tetragonolobus (L) DC) seed. J Food Sci Technol 51: 3658-3668. DOI: 10.1007/s131 97-012-0919-1.
Mustafa RA, Abdul H, Mohamed S, Bakar A. 2010. Total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and radi-cal scavenging activity of 21 selected tropical plants. J Food Sci 75: 28-35. DOI: 10.1111/j.17 50-3841.2009.01401.x.
Obendorf, Ralph L, dan Kosina SM. 2011. Soluble Carbohydrates in Soybean, Soybean-Bioche-mistry, Chemistry and Physiology.201-228. Intech Europe, University Campus Step RI, Croatia. DOI: 10.5772/15110.
Ogumo EO, Kunyanga CN, Kimenju JW, Okoth MW. 2018. Effect of harvest time and duration before cooling on the post-harvest quality and shelf life stability of french bean (Phaseolus vulgasris L.). J Nutr Food Sci 8: 1-6. DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000730.
Pal M, Brahmachary RL, Ghosh M. 2010. Compara-tive studies on physicochemical and biochemi-cal characteristics of scented and non-scented strains of mung beans (Vigna radiate) of Indian origin. Legume Res 33: 1-9.
Palupi NS, Sitorus SR, Kusnandar F. 2015. Peru-bahan alergenisitas protein kacang kedelai dan kacang bogor akibat pengolahan dengan pa-nas. J Teknol Industri Pangan 26: 222-231. DOI: 10.6066/jtip.2015.26.2.222.
Panahi B, Kherzi M. 2011. Effect of harvesting time on nut quality of pistachio (Pistarica vera L.) cultivars. Sci Hortic-Amsterdam129: 730-734. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2011.05.029.
Persic M, Mikulic-Petkovsek M, Slatnar A, Solar A, Veberic R. 2018. Changes in phenolic of red-colored pellicle walnut and hazelnut kernel du-ring ripening. Food Chem 252: 349-355. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.124.
Prior RL, Wu X, Schaich K. 2005. Standardized me-thods for the determination of antioxidant capa-city and phenolics in foods and dietary supple-ments. J Agric Food Chem 53: 4290-4302. DOI: 10.1021/jf0502698.
Salazar-Aranda R, Pérez-López LA, López-Arroyo J, Alanís-Garza BA, de Torres NW. 2011. Antimic-robial and antioxidant activities of plants from Northeast of Mexico. Evid-Based Compl Alt 2011: 1-6. DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep127.
Saldivar X, Wang YJ, Chen P, Hou A. 2011. Change in chemical composition during soybean seed development. Food Chem 124: 1369-1375. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.091.
Siddique AB, Wright D. 2003. Effect of different time and temperature on moisture percentage and seed quality (viability and vigour) of pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.). Asian J Plant Sci 2: 978-982. DOI: 10.3923/ajps.2003.978.982.
Singh M, Dubey RK, Koley TK, Maurya A, Singh PM, Singh B. 2019. Valorization of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L) DC) by eva-luation of its antioxidant activity through chemo-metric analysis. S Afr J Bot 121: 114-120. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2018.10.026.
Triwitono P, Marsono Y, Murdiati A, Marseno DW. 2017. Isolasi dan karakterisasi sifat pati kacang hijau (Vigna radiata L.) beberapa varietas lokal Indonesia. Agritech 37: 192-198. DOI: 10.2214 6/agritech.10659.
Wahyuni S. 2010. Karakterisasi Senyawa Bioaktif Isoflavon dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Ekstrak Tempe Berbahan Baku Buncis dan Kecipir [Tesis]. Surakarta: Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sebelas Maret.
Wawire M, Oey I, Mathooko FM, Njoroge CK, Shi-tanda D, Sila D, Hendrickx M. 2012. Effect of harvest age and thermal processing on poly-γ-glutamate folates and minerals in African cow-pea leaves (Vigna unguiculata). J Food Com-pos Anal 25: 160-165. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2011. 11.003.
Wijaya C, Leonardus BSK, Jeremia MH. 2015. Pe-ningkatan akseptabilitas susu kecipir (Psopho-carpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) dengan adisi bahan penstabil dan jus jahe. J Aplikasi Teknol Pangan 4: 112-123. DOI: 10.17728/jatp.1.
Yea CS, Ebrahimpour A, Hamid AA, Bakar J, Mu-hammad K, Saari N. 2014. Winged bean (Pso-phocarpus tetragonolobus (L). DC) seeds as an underutilised plant source of bifunctional pro-teolysate and biopeptides. Food Funct 5: 1007-1016. DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60667h.
Yea CS, Salleh A, Sulaiman NF, Abidin NZ, Hanafi MA, Zarei M, Saari N. 2018. Blood pressure lo-wering efficacy of winged bean seed hydroly-sate in spontaneously hypertensive rats, pep-tide characterization and toxicity study in Spra-gue-Dawley rats. Food Funct 9: 1-42. DOI: 10.1039/C7FO01769C.
Zakaria FR, Prangdimurti E, Puspawati GAKD, Tha-hir R, Suismono. 2011. Diet berbasis sorgum (Sorghum bicolor L Moench) memperbaiki proli-ferasi limfosit limfa dan kapasitas antioksidan hati tikus. J Pangan 20: 209-222.
Zakaria FR, Firdaus DPR, Yuliana ND. 2016. Kon-sumsi tahu kedelai hitam untuk memperbaiki ni-lai SGOT/SGPT dan aktivitas antioksidan plas-ma penderita diabetes tipe 2. J Pangan 25: 95-104.
Zhao M, Zhang H, Yan H, Qiu L, Baskin CC. 2018. Mobilization and role of starch, protein, and fat reserves during seed germination of six wild grassland species. Front Plant Sci 9: 1-11. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00234.
Authors
SetiawanR. D., ZakariaF. R., SitanggangA. B., PrangdimurtiE., AdawiyahD. R., & ErniatiE. (2019). PENGARUH PERBEDAAN WAKTU PANEN TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK KIMIA BIJI KECIPIR. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Industri Pangan, 30(2), 133-142. https://doi.org/10.6066/jtip.2019.30.2.133
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