AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DAN SITOTOKSISITAS EKSTRAK DAUN KEDONDONG HUTAN
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Published
28 December 2017
Keywords:
-
antibacterial activity, flavonoid, phenolic, Spondias pinnata, wild mango
Abstract
Wild mango (Spondias pinnata) leaves is a very popular herb in Southeast Sulawesi, has been used as herbal medicine at Southern and Southeastern Asia. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity and phytochemical contents of wild mango (Spondias pinnata) leaves extracts. The extraction was performed using a combination of maceration with ethanol and ultra-sonication. The antibacterial activity assay of the extracts was examined against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morga-nella morganii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhi. The cytotoxicity test was performed on Vero cells using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The extracts were able to inhibit all tested bacteria with inhibition zone ranging from 4.48 to 7.49 mm. P. aeruginosa was the most susceptible bacterium, producing inhibition zone of 7.49 mm and a MIC (minimum inhibition concentration) value of 6.25 mg/mL. The extract was not toxic to Vero cells as indicated by IC50 (inhibitory concentration of 50%) values at 347 µg/mL, or more than the toxicity limit of 50 µg/mL. Phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed that it contained steroids, tannins, and saponins. The flavonoids concentration was 23.2±0.33 mg/g and while the phenolic substance was 43.2±0.45 mg/g. The FTIR analysis showed O-H, C-H, X=C=Y, C=O, C=C, and C-O-C as the functional groups in the extracts. This result suggests that the ethanol extract of S. pinnata leaves has the potential to be used as natural preservatives in foods.
References
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Al-Matani SK, Al-Wahaibi RNS, Hossain MA. 2015. Total flavonoids content and antimicrobial activity of crude extract from leaves of Ficus sycomorus native to Sultanate of Oman. Karbala Int J Modern Sci 1: 166-171. DOI: 10.1016/j.kijoms.2015.11.007.
Amadi ES, Oyeka A, Onyeagba RA, Okoli I, Ugbogu OC. 2007. Studi on the antimicrobial effect of Spondias mombin and Baphia nittida on dental caries organism. Pak J Biol Sci 10: 393-397. DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.393.397.
Ariantari NP, Kardena IM, Dewi IAMK, Agastia IPA, Adiluhur IMP, Mahadewi SA. 2015. Pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol 80% daun Spondias pinnata terhadap volume organ ginjal mencit betina. J Farmasi Udayana 4: 17-19.
Arif M, Fareed S, Rahman MA. 2016. Stress relaxant and antioxidant activities of acid glycoside from Spondias mangifera fruit against physically and chemically challenged albino mice. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 8: 58–63. DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.171685.
Aromolaran O, Badejo OK. 2014. Efficacy of fresh leaf extracts of Spondias mombin against some clinical bacterial isolates from typhoid patients. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 4: 442-446. DOI: 10.1016/ S2222-1808(14)60603-4.
Arora B, Chaudhry N, Mittal R. 2016. Effects of varying environment on production of biologi-cally active compounds in neem. Bio-chemiae acta 1: 106-113.
Avato P, Bucci R, Tava A, Vitali C, Rosato A, Bialy Z, Jurzysta M. 2006. Antimicrobial activity of saponins from Medicago sp.: structure-activity relationship. Phytother Res 20: 454–457. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1876.
Bora NS, Kakoti BB, Gogoi B, Goswami AK. 2014. Ethno-medicinal claims, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Spondias pinnata - a review. Int J Pharmaceu Sci Res 5: 1138-1145. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.5(4).1138-45.
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Chinnaiyan SK, Subramanian MR, Kumar SV, Chandu AN, Deivasigamani K. 2013. Anti-microbial and anti-HIV activity of extracts of Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.) Alston leaves. J Pharm Res 7: 588-694. DOI: 10.1016/ j.jopr.2013.06.026.
Corthout J, Pieters L, Claeys M, Geerts S, Berghe DV, Vlietinck A. 1994.
Antibacterial and mollus-cicidal phenolic acids from Spondias mombin. Planta Med 60: 460-463. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959532.
Cowan MM. 1999. Plants products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 12: 564-582.
Daduang J, Vichitphan S, Daduang S, Hongs-prabhas P, Boonsiri. 2011. High phenolics and antioxidants of some tropical vegetables related to antibacterial and anticancer activities. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 5: 608-615. DOI: 10.5897/ AJPP10.243.
Dahiya P, Purkayastha S. 2012. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant bacteria from clinical isolates. Indian J Pharm Sci 74: 443–450. DOI: 10.4103/0250-474X. 108420.
Figueiredo AC, Barroso JG, Pedro LG, Scheffer JJC. 2008. Factors affecting secondary meta-bolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour Frag J 23: 213–226. DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1875.
Foysal, MJ, Hossain MN, Yeasmin F, Miyan SH, Rahman MM. 2012. Antibiotic susceptibility pro-filing and in-vitro antibacterial activity of some plant extracts to Escherichia coli isolated from spoiled rice and egg. Int J Biosci 2: 40-46.
Gehrke ITS, Neto AT, Pedroso M, Mostardeiro CP, DaCruz IBM, Silva UF, Ilha V, Dalcol I, Morel AF. 2013. Antimicrobial activity of Schinus lentiscifolius (Anacardiaceae). J Ethnopharm 9: 486-491. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.043.
Huq Ml, Jabbar A, Rashid MA, Hasan CM. 1999. A novel antibacterial and cardiac steroid from the roots of Nerium oleander. Fitoterapia 70: 5–9. DOI: 10.1016/S0367-326X(98)00013-6.
Hussein II, Mamman M, Abdulrasheed M. 2015. Effect of varying drying temperature on the antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera Leaf (Lam). IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci 10: 39-43.
In YW, Kim JJ, Kim HJ, Oh SW. 2013. Antimicrobial activities of acetic acid, citric acid and lactic acid against Shigella Species. J Food Safety 33: 79-85. DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12025.
Irondi AE, Anokam KK, Ndidi US. 2013. Effect of drying method on the phytochemical com-potition and antioxidant activity of Carica papaya seed. Int J Biosci 3: 154-163. DOI: 10.12692/ijb/3.10.1-7.
Ishak SA, Ismail N, Noor MAM, Ahmad H. 2005. Some physical and chemical properties of ambarella (Spondias cytherea Sonn.) at three different stages of maturity. J Food Comp Anal 18: 819–827. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2004.11.007.
Islam SMA, Ahmed KT, Manik MK, Wahid MA, Kamal CSI. 2013. A comparative study of the antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and throm-bolytic potential of the fruits and leaves of Spondias dulcis. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 3: 682-691. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60139-2.
Jain P, Hossain KR, Mishu TR, Reza HM. 2014. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Spondias pinnata Kurz. leaves. Eur J Med Plants 4: 183-195. DOI: 10.9734/EJMP/2014/7 048.
Jeyaseelan EC, Jashothan PT. 2012. In vitro control of Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) by Ricinus communis L. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2: 717–721. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60216-0.
Juliani, Yuliana ND, Budijanto S, Wijaya CH, Khatib A. 2016. Senyawa inhibitor α-Glukosidase dari kumis kucing dengan pendekatan metabolomik berbasis FTIR. J Teknol Industri Pangan 27: 7-30. DOI: 10.6066/jtip.2016.27.1.17.
Kamal S, Akhter R, Tithi NA, Wadud MA, Narjish SN, Shahriar M, Bhuiyan MA. 2015. Biological investigations of the leaf extract of Spondias pinnata. Int J Pharm Sci Res 6: 3351-3358.
Manik MK, Islam SMA, Wahid MA, Morshed MM, Kamal S, Islam MS, Ahmed KT. 2013. Investi-gation of in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and thrombolytic activity of the exocarp of Spondias pinnata (Anacardiaceae).
Can Chem Trans 1: 191-201. DOI: 10.13179/10.13179/canchemt rans.2013.01.03.0029.
Muraina IA, Adaudi AO, Mamman M, Kazeem HM, Eloff JN. 2008. Effects of geographical location on the yield and bioactivity of Anoigeissus leiocarpus. J Pharm Bioresources 5: 68-72. DOI: 10.4314/jpb.v5i2.52995.
Nasar-Abbas SM, Halkman AK. 2004. Antimicrobial effect of water extract of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) on the growth of some food borne bacteria including pathogens. Int J Food Microbiol 97: 63–69. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.04.009.
Okoth DA, Chenia HY, Koorbanally NA. 2013. Anti-bacterial and antioxidant activities of flavonoids from Lannea alata (Engl.) Engl. (Anacardia-ceae). Phytochem Letters 6: 476–481. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytol.2013.06.003.
Parhusip AJN, Jenie BSL, Rahayu WP, Yasni S. 2005. Pengaruh ekstrak andaliman (Zantho-xylum acanthopodium DC) terhadap permea-bilitas dan hidrofobisitas Bacillus cereus. J Teknol Industri Pangan 16: 24-30.
Pavia DL, Lampman GM, Kriz GS. 2001. Intro-duction to Spectroscopy 3rd Edition. 13-10. USA: Thomson Learning.
Rivai H, Nurdin H, Suyani H, Bakhtiar A. 2010. Pengaruh cara pengeringan
terhadap per-olehan ekstraktif, kadar senyawa fenolat dan aktivitas antioksidan dari daun dewa (Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC.). Majalah Obat Tradi-sional 15: 26 – 33.
Roopalatha UC, Nair VM. 2013. Phytochemical analysis of successive reextracts of the leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. Int J Pharm Pharmceu Sci 5: 629-634.
Rua J, Fernandez-Alvarez L, Gutierrez-Larraınzar M, del Valle P, de Arriaga D, Garcıa-Armesto MR. 2010. Screening of phenolic antioxidants for their inhibitory activity against foodborne Staphylococcus aureus Strains. Foodborne Pathog Dis 7: 695-705. DOI: 10.1089/fpd.200 9.0440.
Sadiq MB, Hanpithakpong W, Tarning J, Anal AK. 2015. Screening of phytochemical and in vitro evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant acti-vties of leaves, pods and bark extract of Acacia nilotoca (L.) Del. Ind Crop Prod 77: 873-882. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.09.067.
Safdar MN, Kausar T, Nadeem M. 2016. Compa-rison of ultrasound and maceration techniques for the extraction of polyphenols from the mango peel. J Food Process Pres 41: e13028. DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13028.
Sharmeen R, Hossain MN, Rahman MM, Foysal MJ, Miah MF. 2012. In-vitro antibacterial activity of herbal aqueous extract against multi-drug resistant Klebsiella sp. isolated from human clinical samples. Int Current Pharm J 1: 133-137. DOI: 10.3329/icpj.v1i6.10534.
Silva MSS, Lima SGD, Oliveira EH, Lopes JAD, Chaves MH, Reis FAM, Citó AMGL. 2008. Ana-cardic acid derivatives from Brazilian propolis and their antibacterial activity. Ecl Quím 33: 53-58. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-46702008000300008.
Suhono B, Yuzammi, Winoto JR, Hidayat S, Handayani T, Sugiarti, Mursidawati S, Astuti IP, Sudarmono, Wawangningrum H. 2010. Ensiklo-pedi Flora 6. 74-75. PT.Kharisma Ilmu. Jakarta.
Talib WH, Mahasneh AM. 2010. Antimicrobial, cytotoxicity and phytochemical screening of Jordanian plants used in traditional medicine. Molecules 15: 1811-1824. DOI: 10.3390/mole cules15031811.
Tandon S, Rastogi RP. 1976. Studies on the chemical constituents of Spondias pinnata. Planta Medica 29: 190-192. DOI: 10.3390/mole cules15031811.
Uchôa ADA, Oliveira WF, Pereira APC, Silva AG, Cordeiro BMPC, Malafaia CB, Almeida CMA, Silva NH, Albuquerque JFC, Silva MV, Correia MTS. 2015. Antioxidant activity and phyto-chemical profile of Spondias tuberosa Arruda leaves extracts. Am J Plant Sci 6: 3038-3044. DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2015.619298.
Vijayarathna S, Sasidharan S. 2012. Cytotoxicity of methanol extracts of Elaeis guineensis on MCF-7 and Vero cell lines. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2: 826-829. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)602 37-8.
Wei ZL, Dong L, Tian ZH. 2009. Fourier transform infrared spectometry study on early stage of cadmium stress in clover leaves. Pak J Bot 41: 1743-1750.
Yulianingtyas A, Kusmartono B. 2016. Optimasi volume pelarut dan waktu
maserasi pengam-bilan flavonoid daun belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.). J Teknik Kimia 10: 58-64.
Zirihi GN, Mambu L, Guede-Guina F, Bodo B, Grellier P. 2005. In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of 33 West African plants used for treatment of malaria. J Ethnopharm 98: 281–285. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.004.
Zubair M, Nyboma H, Lindholmb C, Rumpunena K. 2011. Major polyphenols in aerial organs of greater plantain (Plantago major L.), and effects of drying temperature on polyphenol contents in the leaves. Scientia Horticulturae 128: 523–529. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2011.03.001.
Ahmed AS, McGaw LJ, Moodley N, Naidoo V, Eloff JN. 2014. Cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antilipoxygenase activities and phenolic composition of Ozoroa and Searsia species (Anacardiaceae) used in South African tradi-tional medicine for treating diarrhoea. S Afr J Bot 95: 9–18. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2014.07.013.
Al-Matani SK, Al-Wahaibi RNS, Hossain MA. 2015. Total flavonoids content and antimicrobial activity of crude extract from leaves of Ficus sycomorus native to Sultanate of Oman. Karbala Int J Modern Sci 1: 166-171. DOI: 10.1016/j.kijoms.2015.11.007.
Amadi ES, Oyeka A, Onyeagba RA, Okoli I, Ugbogu OC. 2007. Studi on the antimicrobial effect of Spondias mombin and Baphia nittida on dental caries organism. Pak J Biol Sci 10: 393-397. DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.393.397.
Ariantari NP, Kardena IM, Dewi IAMK, Agastia IPA, Adiluhur IMP, Mahadewi SA. 2015. Pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol 80% daun Spondias pinnata terhadap volume organ ginjal mencit betina. J Farmasi Udayana 4: 17-19.
Arif M, Fareed S, Rahman MA. 2016. Stress relaxant and antioxidant activities of acid glycoside from Spondias mangifera fruit against physically and chemically challenged albino mice. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 8: 58–63. DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.171685.
Aromolaran O, Badejo OK. 2014. Efficacy of fresh leaf extracts of Spondias mombin against some clinical bacterial isolates from typhoid patients. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 4: 442-446. DOI: 10.1016/ S2222-1808(14)60603-4.
Arora B, Chaudhry N, Mittal R. 2016. Effects of varying environment on production of biologi-cally active compounds in neem. Bio-chemiae acta 1: 106-113.
Avato P, Bucci R, Tava A, Vitali C, Rosato A, Bialy Z, Jurzysta M. 2006. Antimicrobial activity of saponins from Medicago sp.: structure-activity relationship. Phytother Res 20: 454–457. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1876.
Bora NS, Kakoti BB, Gogoi B, Goswami AK. 2014. Ethno-medicinal claims, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Spondias pinnata - a review. Int J Pharmaceu Sci Res 5: 1138-1145. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.5(4).1138-45.
Chaudhuri D, Ghate NB, Singh SS, Mandal N. 2015. Methyl gallate isolated from Spondias pinnata exhibits anticancer activity against human glioblastoma by induction of apoptosis and sustained extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 activation. Pharmacognosy Magazine 11: 269-276. DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.153078.
Chinnaiyan SK, Subramanian MR, Kumar SV, Chandu AN, Deivasigamani K. 2013. Anti-microbial and anti-HIV activity of extracts of Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.) Alston leaves. J Pharm Res 7: 588-694. DOI: 10.1016/ j.jopr.2013.06.026.
Corthout J, Pieters L, Claeys M, Geerts S, Berghe DV, Vlietinck A. 1994.
Antibacterial and mollus-cicidal phenolic acids from Spondias mombin. Planta Med 60: 460-463. DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959532.
Cowan MM. 1999. Plants products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 12: 564-582.
Daduang J, Vichitphan S, Daduang S, Hongs-prabhas P, Boonsiri. 2011. High phenolics and antioxidants of some tropical vegetables related to antibacterial and anticancer activities. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 5: 608-615. DOI: 10.5897/ AJPP10.243.
Dahiya P, Purkayastha S. 2012. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant bacteria from clinical isolates. Indian J Pharm Sci 74: 443–450. DOI: 10.4103/0250-474X. 108420.
Figueiredo AC, Barroso JG, Pedro LG, Scheffer JJC. 2008. Factors affecting secondary meta-bolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour Frag J 23: 213–226. DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1875.
Foysal, MJ, Hossain MN, Yeasmin F, Miyan SH, Rahman MM. 2012. Antibiotic susceptibility pro-filing and in-vitro antibacterial activity of some plant extracts to Escherichia coli isolated from spoiled rice and egg. Int J Biosci 2: 40-46.
Gehrke ITS, Neto AT, Pedroso M, Mostardeiro CP, DaCruz IBM, Silva UF, Ilha V, Dalcol I, Morel AF. 2013. Antimicrobial activity of Schinus lentiscifolius (Anacardiaceae). J Ethnopharm 9: 486-491. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.043.
Huq Ml, Jabbar A, Rashid MA, Hasan CM. 1999. A novel antibacterial and cardiac steroid from the roots of Nerium oleander. Fitoterapia 70: 5–9. DOI: 10.1016/S0367-326X(98)00013-6.
Hussein II, Mamman M, Abdulrasheed M. 2015. Effect of varying drying temperature on the antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera Leaf (Lam). IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci 10: 39-43.
In YW, Kim JJ, Kim HJ, Oh SW. 2013. Antimicrobial activities of acetic acid, citric acid and lactic acid against Shigella Species. J Food Safety 33: 79-85. DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12025.
Irondi AE, Anokam KK, Ndidi US. 2013. Effect of drying method on the phytochemical com-potition and antioxidant activity of Carica papaya seed. Int J Biosci 3: 154-163. DOI: 10.12692/ijb/3.10.1-7.
Ishak SA, Ismail N, Noor MAM, Ahmad H. 2005. Some physical and chemical properties of ambarella (Spondias cytherea Sonn.) at three different stages of maturity. J Food Comp Anal 18: 819–827. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2004.11.007.
Islam SMA, Ahmed KT, Manik MK, Wahid MA, Kamal CSI. 2013. A comparative study of the antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and throm-bolytic potential of the fruits and leaves of Spondias dulcis. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 3: 682-691. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60139-2.
Jain P, Hossain KR, Mishu TR, Reza HM. 2014. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Spondias pinnata Kurz. leaves. Eur J Med Plants 4: 183-195. DOI: 10.9734/EJMP/2014/7 048.
Jeyaseelan EC, Jashothan PT. 2012. In vitro control of Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) by Ricinus communis L. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2: 717–721. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60216-0.
Juliani, Yuliana ND, Budijanto S, Wijaya CH, Khatib A. 2016. Senyawa inhibitor α-Glukosidase dari kumis kucing dengan pendekatan metabolomik berbasis FTIR. J Teknol Industri Pangan 27: 7-30. DOI: 10.6066/jtip.2016.27.1.17.
Kamal S, Akhter R, Tithi NA, Wadud MA, Narjish SN, Shahriar M, Bhuiyan MA. 2015. Biological investigations of the leaf extract of Spondias pinnata. Int J Pharm Sci Res 6: 3351-3358.
Manik MK, Islam SMA, Wahid MA, Morshed MM, Kamal S, Islam MS, Ahmed KT. 2013. Investi-gation of in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and thrombolytic activity of the exocarp of Spondias pinnata (Anacardiaceae).
Can Chem Trans 1: 191-201. DOI: 10.13179/10.13179/canchemt rans.2013.01.03.0029.
Muraina IA, Adaudi AO, Mamman M, Kazeem HM, Eloff JN. 2008. Effects of geographical location on the yield and bioactivity of Anoigeissus leiocarpus. J Pharm Bioresources 5: 68-72. DOI: 10.4314/jpb.v5i2.52995.
Nasar-Abbas SM, Halkman AK. 2004. Antimicrobial effect of water extract of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) on the growth of some food borne bacteria including pathogens. Int J Food Microbiol 97: 63–69. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.04.009.
Okoth DA, Chenia HY, Koorbanally NA. 2013. Anti-bacterial and antioxidant activities of flavonoids from Lannea alata (Engl.) Engl. (Anacardia-ceae). Phytochem Letters 6: 476–481. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytol.2013.06.003.
Parhusip AJN, Jenie BSL, Rahayu WP, Yasni S. 2005. Pengaruh ekstrak andaliman (Zantho-xylum acanthopodium DC) terhadap permea-bilitas dan hidrofobisitas Bacillus cereus. J Teknol Industri Pangan 16: 24-30.
Pavia DL, Lampman GM, Kriz GS. 2001. Intro-duction to Spectroscopy 3rd Edition. 13-10. USA: Thomson Learning.
Rivai H, Nurdin H, Suyani H, Bakhtiar A. 2010. Pengaruh cara pengeringan
terhadap per-olehan ekstraktif, kadar senyawa fenolat dan aktivitas antioksidan dari daun dewa (Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC.). Majalah Obat Tradi-sional 15: 26 – 33.
Roopalatha UC, Nair VM. 2013. Phytochemical analysis of successive reextracts of the leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. Int J Pharm Pharmceu Sci 5: 629-634.
Rua J, Fernandez-Alvarez L, Gutierrez-Larraınzar M, del Valle P, de Arriaga D, Garcıa-Armesto MR. 2010. Screening of phenolic antioxidants for their inhibitory activity against foodborne Staphylococcus aureus Strains. Foodborne Pathog Dis 7: 695-705. DOI: 10.1089/fpd.200 9.0440.
Sadiq MB, Hanpithakpong W, Tarning J, Anal AK. 2015. Screening of phytochemical and in vitro evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant acti-vties of leaves, pods and bark extract of Acacia nilotoca (L.) Del. Ind Crop Prod 77: 873-882. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.09.067.
Safdar MN, Kausar T, Nadeem M. 2016. Compa-rison of ultrasound and maceration techniques for the extraction of polyphenols from the mango peel. J Food Process Pres 41: e13028. DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13028.
Sharmeen R, Hossain MN, Rahman MM, Foysal MJ, Miah MF. 2012. In-vitro antibacterial activity of herbal aqueous extract against multi-drug resistant Klebsiella sp. isolated from human clinical samples. Int Current Pharm J 1: 133-137. DOI: 10.3329/icpj.v1i6.10534.
Silva MSS, Lima SGD, Oliveira EH, Lopes JAD, Chaves MH, Reis FAM, Citó AMGL. 2008. Ana-cardic acid derivatives from Brazilian propolis and their antibacterial activity. Ecl Quím 33: 53-58. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-46702008000300008.
Suhono B, Yuzammi, Winoto JR, Hidayat S, Handayani T, Sugiarti, Mursidawati S, Astuti IP, Sudarmono, Wawangningrum H. 2010. Ensiklo-pedi Flora 6. 74-75. PT.Kharisma Ilmu. Jakarta.
Talib WH, Mahasneh AM. 2010. Antimicrobial, cytotoxicity and phytochemical screening of Jordanian plants used in traditional medicine. Molecules 15: 1811-1824. DOI: 10.3390/mole cules15031811.
Tandon S, Rastogi RP. 1976. Studies on the chemical constituents of Spondias pinnata. Planta Medica 29: 190-192. DOI: 10.3390/mole cules15031811.
Uchôa ADA, Oliveira WF, Pereira APC, Silva AG, Cordeiro BMPC, Malafaia CB, Almeida CMA, Silva NH, Albuquerque JFC, Silva MV, Correia MTS. 2015. Antioxidant activity and phyto-chemical profile of Spondias tuberosa Arruda leaves extracts. Am J Plant Sci 6: 3038-3044. DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2015.619298.
Vijayarathna S, Sasidharan S. 2012. Cytotoxicity of methanol extracts of Elaeis guineensis on MCF-7 and Vero cell lines. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2: 826-829. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)602 37-8.
Wei ZL, Dong L, Tian ZH. 2009. Fourier transform infrared spectometry study on early stage of cadmium stress in clover leaves. Pak J Bot 41: 1743-1750.
Yulianingtyas A, Kusmartono B. 2016. Optimasi volume pelarut dan waktu
maserasi pengam-bilan flavonoid daun belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.). J Teknik Kimia 10: 58-64.
Zirihi GN, Mambu L, Guede-Guina F, Bodo B, Grellier P. 2005. In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of 33 West African plants used for treatment of malaria. J Ethnopharm 98: 281–285. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.004.
Zubair M, Nyboma H, Lindholmb C, Rumpunena K. 2011. Major polyphenols in aerial organs of greater plantain (Plantago major L.), and effects of drying temperature on polyphenol contents in the leaves. Scientia Horticulturae 128: 523–529. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2011.03.001.
Authors
AsnaniA., RahayuW. P., JenieB. S. L., & YulianaN. D. (2017). AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DAN SITOTOKSISITAS EKSTRAK DAUN KEDONDONG HUTAN. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Industri Pangan, 28(2), 169-179. https://doi.org/10.6066/jtip.2017.28.2.169
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