Sociodemographics and Dietary Intake Associations with Gestational Weight Gain Rates Among Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Mothers
Abstract
This study aims to assess the rates of Gestational Weight Gain (GWG) among pregnant mothers with and without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and to investigate the sociodemographic and dietary intake factors associated with the rates of GWG. This cross-sectional study involved 77 pregnant mothers visiting selected government clinics. Sociodemographics, medical records, and dietary intake were obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. The mean age of the participants was 30.48±5.0 years old with 48.1% (n=37) of them were GDM diagnosed. Moreover, 27 (73.0%) of GDM mothers experienced abnormal GWG. Their mean intakes were 1,481±389 kcal/day, macronutrients such as carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 199.9±59.3 g/day, 75.5±23.9 g/day, 44.1±15.3 g/day accordingly, fiber was 6.9±7.0 g/day and followed by micronutrients such as folate, calcium, iron, and zinc were 137.4±78.9 μg/day, 738.6±335.3 mg/day, 16.8±7.1 mg/day, and 6.0±2.6 mg/day respectively. This study reported no significant association between GDM status and GWG rates but there was a significant association between pre-pregnancy BMI and zinc intake with rates of GWG among pregnant mothers (p<0.05). In conclusion, the latest guidelines of GWG rates should include GDM status among pregnant mothers according to the specific pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index (BMI) to ensure, they can adhere to the new recommendations and lower the risk of pregnancy complications that may occur due to abnormal rates of GWG.
References
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Ferreira JL, Voss G, Doria M, Couto AS, Principe RM. 2021. Benefit of insufficient gestational weight gain in obese women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A multicenter study in Portugal. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev 15(1):419‒424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.01.020
Gilmore LA, Redman LM. 2015. Weight gain in pregnancy and application of the 2009 IOM guidelines: Toward a uniform approach. Obesity 23(3):507–511. https://doi.10.1002/oby.20951
Goldstein RF, Abell SK, Ranasinha, S, Misso ML, Boyle JA, Harrison CL, Black MH, Li N, Hu G, Corrado F et al. 2018. Gestational weight gain across continents and ethnicity: systematic review and meta-analysis of maternal and infant outcomes in more than one million women. BMC Medicine 16(1):1‒14. https://doi.10.1186/s12916-018-1128-1
Gou BH, Guan HM Bi, YX, Ding BJ. 2019. Gestational diabetes: Weight gain during pregnancy and its relationship to pregnancy outcomes. Chin Med J 132(2):154‒160. https://doi.10.1097/CM9.0000000000000036
Hasbullah FY, Yong HY, Shariff ZM, Rejali Z, Adam N, Barakatun-Nisak MY. 2019. Dietary characteristics of women with gestational diabetes mellitus . Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 15(Suppl 1):69‒76.
Hashim M, Radwan H, Hasan H, Obaid RS, Al Ghazal H, Al Hilali M, Rayess R, Chehayber N, Mohamed HIJ, Naja F. 2019. Gestational weight gain and gestational diabetes among Emirati and Arab women in the United Arab Emirates: results from the MISC cohort. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 19:1‒11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2621-z
Horosz E, Bomba-Opon DA, Szymanska M, Wielgos M. 2013. Maternal weight gain in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Perinat Med 41(5):523‒528. https://doi.10.1515/jpm-2012-0254
[IDF] International Diabetes Federation. 2020. Gestational diabetes. https://www.idf.org/our-activities/care-prevention/gdm [Accessed 31st Oct 2023].
Lewandowska M, Wieckowska B, Sajdak S. 2020. Pre-pregnancy obesity, excessive gestational weight gain, and the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Med 9(6):1980. https://doi.10.3390/jcm9061980
[MOH] Ministry of Health Malaysia. 2017. Recommended Nutrient Intake For Malaysia (RNI 2017). Putrajaya (KL): Ministry of Health Malaysia.
Martínez-Hortelano JA, Cavero-Redondo I, Álvarez-Bueno C, Garrido-Miguel M, Soriano-Cano A, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. 2020. Monitoring gestational weight gain and prepregnancy BMI using the 2009 IOM guidelines in the global population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 20(649):1‒12.
Mastella LS, Weinert LS, Gnielka V, Hirakata VN, Oppermann ML, Silveiro SP, Reichelt AJ. 2018. Influence of maternal weight gain on birth weight: a gestational diabetes cohort. Arch Endocrinal Metabolism 62(1):55‒63.
Mousa A, Naqash A, Lim S. 2019. Macronutrient and micronutrient intake during pregnancy: An overview of recent evidence. Nutrients 11(2):443. https://doi.10.1177/030006052093380810.3390/nu11020443
Rugină C, Mărginean CO, Meliţ LE, Giga DV, Modi V, Mărginean C. 2020. Relationships between excessive gestational weight gain and energy and macronutrient intake in pregnant women. Int J Med Res 48(8):1‒12. https://doi.10.1177/0300060520933808
Suliga E, Rokita W, Adamczyk-Gruszka O, Pazera G, Ciesla E, Gluszek S. 2018. Factors associated with gestational weight gain: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 18(1):1‒11. https://doi.10.1186/s12884-018-2112-7
Tam CH, Ma RC, Yuen LY, Ozaki R, Li AM, Hou Y, Chan MHM, Ho CS, Yang X, Chan JCN et al. 2018. The impact of maternal gestational weight gain on cardiometabolic risk factors in children. Diabetologia 61(12):2539‒2548. https://doi.10.1007/s00125-018-4724-x
Tan AK, Dunn RA, Yen ST. 2011. Ethnic disparities in metabolic syndrome in malaysia: An analysis by risk factors. : Metab Syndr Relat Disord 9(6):441‒451. https://doi.10.1089/met.2011.0031
Tran NT, Nguyen LT, Berde Y, Low YL, Tey SL, Huynh DT. 2019. Maternal nutritional adequacy and gestational weight gain and their associations with birth outcomes among Vietnamese women. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 19(1):1‒10.
Viecceli, C, Remonti L, Hirakata V, Mastella L, Gnielka V, Oppermann MLR, Silveiro SP, Reichelt AJ. 2017. Weight gain adequacy and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: A meta-analysis. Obes Rev 18:567‒580
Wu JN, Gu WR, Xiao XR, Zhang Y, Li XT, Yin CM. 2019. Gestational weight gain targets during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy for women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Nutr 73(8):1155‒1163. https://doi.10.1038/s41430-018-0358-9
Xie X, Liu J, Pujol I, López A, Martínez MJ, García-Patterson A, Adelantado JM, Ginovart G, Corcoy R. 2020. Inadequate weight gain according to the institute of medicine 2009 guidelines in women with gestational diabetes: Frequency, clinical predictors, and the association with pregnancy outcomes. J Clin Med 9(10):3343. https://doi. 10.3390/jcm9103343
Yong HY, Mohd Shariff Z, Koo SJ, Binti Sa’ari NS. 2016. Pre-pregnancy body mass index, height and physical activity are associated with rate of gestational weight gain among Malaysian mothers. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 42(9):1094‒1101. https://doi. 10.1111/jog.13039
Yong HY, Mohd Shariff Z, Mohd Yusof BN, Rejali Z, Bindels J, Tee YY, Beek EM. 2020. High physical activity and high sedentary behavior increased the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus among women with excessive gestational weight gain: A prospective study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 20(1):597. https://doi.10.1186/s12884-020-03299-8
Zhuang W, Lv J, Liang Q, Chen W, Zhang S, Sun X. 2020. Adverse effects of gestational diabetes-related risk factors on pregnancy outcomes and intervention measures. Exp Ther Med 20(4):3361‒3367. https://doi.10.3892/etm.2020.9050
Ferreira JL, Voss G, Doria M, Couto AS, Principe RM. 2021. Benefit of insufficient gestational weight gain in obese women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A multicenter study in Portugal. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev 15(1):419‒424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.01.020
Gilmore LA, Redman LM. 2015. Weight gain in pregnancy and application of the 2009 IOM guidelines: Toward a uniform approach. Obesity 23(3):507–511. https://doi.10.1002/oby.20951
Goldstein RF, Abell SK, Ranasinha, S, Misso ML, Boyle JA, Harrison CL, Black MH, Li N, Hu G, Corrado F et al. 2018. Gestational weight gain across continents and ethnicity: systematic review and meta-analysis of maternal and infant outcomes in more than one million women. BMC Medicine 16(1):1‒14. https://doi.10.1186/s12916-018-1128-1
Gou BH, Guan HM Bi, YX, Ding BJ. 2019. Gestational diabetes: Weight gain during pregnancy and its relationship to pregnancy outcomes. Chin Med J 132(2):154‒160. https://doi.10.1097/CM9.0000000000000036
Hasbullah FY, Yong HY, Shariff ZM, Rejali Z, Adam N, Barakatun-Nisak MY. 2019. Dietary characteristics of women with gestational diabetes mellitus . Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 15(Suppl 1):69‒76.
Hashim M, Radwan H, Hasan H, Obaid RS, Al Ghazal H, Al Hilali M, Rayess R, Chehayber N, Mohamed HIJ, Naja F. 2019. Gestational weight gain and gestational diabetes among Emirati and Arab women in the United Arab Emirates: results from the MISC cohort. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 19:1‒11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2621-z
Horosz E, Bomba-Opon DA, Szymanska M, Wielgos M. 2013. Maternal weight gain in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Perinat Med 41(5):523‒528. https://doi.10.1515/jpm-2012-0254
[IDF] International Diabetes Federation. 2020. Gestational diabetes. https://www.idf.org/our-activities/care-prevention/gdm [Accessed 31st Oct 2023].
Lewandowska M, Wieckowska B, Sajdak S. 2020. Pre-pregnancy obesity, excessive gestational weight gain, and the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Med 9(6):1980. https://doi.10.3390/jcm9061980
[MOH] Ministry of Health Malaysia. 2017. Recommended Nutrient Intake For Malaysia (RNI 2017). Putrajaya (KL): Ministry of Health Malaysia.
Martínez-Hortelano JA, Cavero-Redondo I, Álvarez-Bueno C, Garrido-Miguel M, Soriano-Cano A, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. 2020. Monitoring gestational weight gain and prepregnancy BMI using the 2009 IOM guidelines in the global population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 20(649):1‒12.
Mastella LS, Weinert LS, Gnielka V, Hirakata VN, Oppermann ML, Silveiro SP, Reichelt AJ. 2018. Influence of maternal weight gain on birth weight: a gestational diabetes cohort. Arch Endocrinal Metabolism 62(1):55‒63.
Mousa A, Naqash A, Lim S. 2019. Macronutrient and micronutrient intake during pregnancy: An overview of recent evidence. Nutrients 11(2):443. https://doi.10.1177/030006052093380810.3390/nu11020443
Rugină C, Mărginean CO, Meliţ LE, Giga DV, Modi V, Mărginean C. 2020. Relationships between excessive gestational weight gain and energy and macronutrient intake in pregnant women. Int J Med Res 48(8):1‒12. https://doi.10.1177/0300060520933808
Suliga E, Rokita W, Adamczyk-Gruszka O, Pazera G, Ciesla E, Gluszek S. 2018. Factors associated with gestational weight gain: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 18(1):1‒11. https://doi.10.1186/s12884-018-2112-7
Tam CH, Ma RC, Yuen LY, Ozaki R, Li AM, Hou Y, Chan MHM, Ho CS, Yang X, Chan JCN et al. 2018. The impact of maternal gestational weight gain on cardiometabolic risk factors in children. Diabetologia 61(12):2539‒2548. https://doi.10.1007/s00125-018-4724-x
Tan AK, Dunn RA, Yen ST. 2011. Ethnic disparities in metabolic syndrome in malaysia: An analysis by risk factors. : Metab Syndr Relat Disord 9(6):441‒451. https://doi.10.1089/met.2011.0031
Tran NT, Nguyen LT, Berde Y, Low YL, Tey SL, Huynh DT. 2019. Maternal nutritional adequacy and gestational weight gain and their associations with birth outcomes among Vietnamese women. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 19(1):1‒10.
Viecceli, C, Remonti L, Hirakata V, Mastella L, Gnielka V, Oppermann MLR, Silveiro SP, Reichelt AJ. 2017. Weight gain adequacy and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: A meta-analysis. Obes Rev 18:567‒580
Wu JN, Gu WR, Xiao XR, Zhang Y, Li XT, Yin CM. 2019. Gestational weight gain targets during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy for women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Nutr 73(8):1155‒1163. https://doi.10.1038/s41430-018-0358-9
Xie X, Liu J, Pujol I, López A, Martínez MJ, García-Patterson A, Adelantado JM, Ginovart G, Corcoy R. 2020. Inadequate weight gain according to the institute of medicine 2009 guidelines in women with gestational diabetes: Frequency, clinical predictors, and the association with pregnancy outcomes. J Clin Med 9(10):3343. https://doi. 10.3390/jcm9103343
Yong HY, Mohd Shariff Z, Koo SJ, Binti Sa’ari NS. 2016. Pre-pregnancy body mass index, height and physical activity are associated with rate of gestational weight gain among Malaysian mothers. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 42(9):1094‒1101. https://doi. 10.1111/jog.13039
Yong HY, Mohd Shariff Z, Mohd Yusof BN, Rejali Z, Bindels J, Tee YY, Beek EM. 2020. High physical activity and high sedentary behavior increased the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus among women with excessive gestational weight gain: A prospective study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 20(1):597. https://doi.10.1186/s12884-020-03299-8
Zhuang W, Lv J, Liang Q, Chen W, Zhang S, Sun X. 2020. Adverse effects of gestational diabetes-related risk factors on pregnancy outcomes and intervention measures. Exp Ther Med 20(4):3361‒3367. https://doi.10.3892/etm.2020.9050
Authors
Abdul HamidS. B. (2024). Sociodemographics and Dietary Intake Associations with Gestational Weight Gain Rates Among Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Mothers. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 19(Supp.2), 288-297. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2024.19.Supp.2.288-297
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