Diet Quality and Growth Status of Children Aged Two to Six Years at Tuba Island, Langkawi, Malaysia
Article Sidebar
Issue
Vol. 16 No. 3 (2021)
Accepted
12 October 2021
Published
29 November 2021
Keywords:
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child undernutrition, diet quality, growth status, healthy eating index
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of undernutrition, diet quality and its associated factors among children aged two to six years at Tuba Island. A total of 67 children paired with their mother or caregiver were participated in this study. A questionnaire containing socio-demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements and two days of 24-hours dietary recall was administered. The Malaysian Healthy Eating Index (HEI) was used to assess the children’s diet quality. The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting were 22.4%, 20.8% and 17.9%, respectively. Mean total HEI score was 37.1±6.3, which indicate poor diet. The children had low mean scores for vegetables, fruits, milk and dairy products as well as legumes. For socio-demographic factors, number of children per household was associated with diet quality. This study points out that overall low dietary score among these children and their diet quality had no association with their growth status. The low diet quality was prevalent; thus it did not contribute to differences in growth status among these children. Therefore, it is suggested further intervention should be taken to improve the nutrition quality of these children.
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Vilar-Compte M, Bernal-Stuart A, Sandoval-Olascoaga S, Pérez-Lizaur AB. 2014. The effect of Mexican household food security status and income distribution on food access. Food Stud Interdiscip J 3(2):31−40. https://doi.org/10.18848/2160-1933/CGP/v03i02/40570
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2021. Fact Sheets - Malnutrition. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition [Accessed 19 June 2021].
Wong H, Moy FM, Nair S. 2014. Risk factors of malnutrition among preschool children in Terengganu, Malaysia: A case control study. BMC Public Health 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-785
Yen WC, Shariff ZM, Adznam SNA, Sulaiman N, Chin YS. 2018 Weight and height faltering in the indigenous children (Orang Asli) of peninsular Malaysia during the first 2 years of life. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 27(4):886−92
Aziz MFA, Devi MN. 2012. Nutritional status and eating practices among children aged 4−6 years old in selected urban and rural kindergarten in Selangor, Malaysia. Asian J Clin Nutr 4(4):116−131. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajcn.2012.116.131
Bahtiar BA, Ali A, Yusof HM, Kamarudin KS. 2021. Child development and nutritional status of children under five: A cross-sectional study of a fishermen community in Terengganu, Malaysia. J Gizi Pangan 16(2):91−100. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2021.16.2.91-100
Bhattacherjee S, Datta S, Ray K, Mukhopadhyay DK. 2016. Nutrient adequacy and its correlation in a sub-Himalayan region of West Bengal, India. J Family Med Prim Care 5(2):314. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.192315
Capanzana M, Aguila D, Gironella G, Montecillo K. 2018. Nutritional status of children ages 0−5 and 5−10 years old in households headed by fisherfolks in the Philippines. Archives of Public Health 76(1)−8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-018-0267-3
Cheng G, Buyken A. 2013. Diet Quality in Childhood: Impact on Growth. (eds) Diet Quality. New York (NY): Humana Press.
Chua EY, Zalilah MS, Chin YS, Norhasmah S. 2012. Dietary diversity is associated with nutritional status of Orang Asli children in Krau Wildlife Reserve, Pahang. Malays J Nutr 18:1−13
Cochran WG. 1963. Sampling Techniques. 2nd Ed. New York (NY): John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Geik OP, Sedek R, Awang AF. 2016. Malnutrition and associated factors of aboriginal preschoolers in Gua Musang, Kelantan, Malaysia. Pak J Nutr 15(2):133−139. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2016.133.139
Ihab AN, Rohana AJI, Wan Manan WM, Wan Suriati WN, Zalilah MS, Mohamed Rusli A. 2015. Assessment of food insecurity and nutritional outcomes in Bachok, Kelantan. J Nutr Food Sci 5(3). https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000373
Khor GL, Shariff ZM, Sarima S, Huang SLM, Mohamad M, Chan YM, Chin YS, Yusof BNM. 2015. Milk drinking patterns among Malaysian urban children of different household income status. J Nutr Health Sci 2(1):105. https://doi.org/10.15744/2393-9060.1.401
Koo H, Poh B, Lee S, Chong K, Bragt M, Abd Talib R. 2016. Are Malaysian children achieving dietary guideline recommendations? Asia Pac J Public Health 28(5_suppl):8S−20S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539516641504
Lee TT, Norimah AK, Safiah MY. 2011. Development of Healthy Eating Index for Malaysian adults. Proceedings of 26th Scientific Conference of the Nutrition Society of Malaysia, p. 101−102, March 24−25, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Selangor (KL): Nutrition Society of Malaysia.
Majlis Keselamatan Makanan dan Pemakanan Kebangsaan & Malaysia. Kementerian Kesihatan. 2013. Malaysian Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents. Technical Working Group on Nutritional Guidelines. Malaysia (KL): National Coordinating Committee on Food and Nutrition
Murtaza SF, Gan WY, Sulaiman N, Shariff ZM. 2018. Factors associated with stunting among Orang Asli preschool children in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Malays J Nutr 24(2):215−226
[NCFFN] National Coordinating Committee on Food and Nutrition, Ministry of Health Malaysia. 2017. Recommended Nutrient Intakes for Malaysia. Putrajaya (KL): Select Kami Resources.
Nemati A, Matin S, Sadegh-Hoseini M, Alipanah-Moghadam R, Mohajeri M. 2020. Is there any difference in fast food consumption between children with different obesity status in Ardabil-Iran? Obes Med 20:100293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100293
Pei C, Appannah G, Sulaiman N. 2018. Household food insecurity, diet quality, and weight status among indigenous women (Mah Meri) in Peninsular Malaysia. Nutr Res Pract 12(2):135. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2018.12.2.135
Poh BK, Ng BK, Haslida MDS, Nik Shanita S, Wong JE, Budin SB, Ruzita AT, Ng LO, Khouw I, Norimah AK. 2013. Nutritional status and dietary intakes of children aged 6 months to 12 years: Findings of the nutrition survey of Malaysian children (SEANUTS Malaysia). Br J Nutr 2013(110):S21−S35. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513002092
Rah JH, Akhter N, Semba RD, Pee SD, Bloem MW, Campbell AA, Moench-Pfanner, R, Sun K, Badham J, Kraemer K. 2010. Low dietary diversity is a predictor of child stunting in rural Bangladesh. Eur J Clin Nutr 64(12):1393−1398. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2010.171
Rezali FW, Chin YS, Mohd Shariff Z, Yusof BNM, Sanker K, Woon FC. 2015. Evaluation of diet quality and its associated factors among adolescents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Nutr Res Pract 9(5):511. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2015.9.5.511
Sandjaja S, Budiman B, Harahap H, Ernawati F, Soekatri M, Widodo Y, Sumedi E, Rustan E, Sofia G, Syarief SN, Khouw I. 2013. Food consumption and nutritional and biochemical status of 0·5−12-year-old Indonesian children: The SEANUTS study. British Journal of Nutrition 110(S3), S11−S20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513002109
Suzana S, Noor Aini MY, Nik Shanita S, Zahara AM, Hasnah H. 2015. Atlas of Food Exchanges and Portion Sizes, 3nd ed. Kuala Lumpur (KL): MDC Publishers Sdn. Bhd.
[UNICEF] United Nations Children's Fund. 2013. Improving Child Nutrition. The Achievable Imperative for Global Progress. New York (USA): UNICEF.
[UNICEF] United Nations Children's Fund. 2021. The State of the world's Children. https://www.unicef.org/reports/state-of-worlds-children-2021 [Accessed 19 June 2021].
United Nations. 2011. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2011. New York (USA): United Nations.
Vilar-Compte M, Bernal-Stuart A, Sandoval-Olascoaga S, Pérez-Lizaur AB. 2014. The effect of Mexican household food security status and income distribution on food access. Food Stud Interdiscip J 3(2):31−40. https://doi.org/10.18848/2160-1933/CGP/v03i02/40570
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2021. Fact Sheets - Malnutrition. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition [Accessed 19 June 2021].
Wong H, Moy FM, Nair S. 2014. Risk factors of malnutrition among preschool children in Terengganu, Malaysia: A case control study. BMC Public Health 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-785
Yen WC, Shariff ZM, Adznam SNA, Sulaiman N, Chin YS. 2018 Weight and height faltering in the indigenous children (Orang Asli) of peninsular Malaysia during the first 2 years of life. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 27(4):886−92
Authors
SallehN. W., HamidS. B., Md NorN., Shuhaimi F. A., Kamarul ZamanM., & IsmailN. H. (2021). Diet Quality and Growth Status of Children Aged Two to Six Years at Tuba Island, Langkawi, Malaysia. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 16(3), 159-168. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2021.16.3.159-168
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