Correlation Between Nutritional Status, Cognitive Function and Daytime Sleepiness of Schoolchildren in Terengganu, Malaysia
Article Sidebar
Issue
Vol. 16 No. 3 (2021)
Accepted
5 November 2021
Published
29 November 2021
Keywords:
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cognitive function, daytime sleepiness, nutritional status, schoolchildren
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the correlation between nutritional status, cognitive function and daytime sleepiness of schoolchildren in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. It involved 85 schoolchildren aged 9 to 12 years. Nutritional status was determined through anthropometric measurements, biochemical analyses for hemoglobin, urinalysis and urinary iodine concentration (UIC). While cognitive performance was tested using Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices (R-CPM). The daytime sleepiness of the respondents was assessed using the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS). It was found that 16.5% of the respondents were stunted while 4.7%, 12.9% and 17.7% were obese, overweight and wasted, respectively. In addition, 37.7% of the respondents were anemic and the median UIC was 177.0 µg/l, which was categorized as normal for children. The majority (37.6%) of the respondents had an average cognitive level. Furthermore, the mean for daytime sleepiness based on PDSS score for overall respondents was categorized under an average level that was 14.1 score. In the present research, results found that all of the factors examined in this study were not correlated with respondents’ cognitive function. As the majority of the children had average to low levels of cognitive functions, it is recommended to investigate further factors associated with cognitive functions and, subsequently, to design and deliver appropriate intervention.
References
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Picauly I, Toy SM. 2013. The determinant analysis and the impact of stunting for school children school performance in Kupang and Sumba Timur, NTT. J Gizi Pangan 8(1):55−62. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2013.8.1.55-62
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Ranade SC, Rose A, Rao M, Gallego J, Gressens P, Mani S. 2008. Different types of nutritional deficiencies affect different domains of spatial memory function checked in a radial arm maze. Neurosc 152(4): 859−866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.002
Raven J. 2008. Coloured Progressive Matrices and Crichton Vocabulary Scale Manual. London (UK): Pearson Education.
Selamat R, Wan Mohamud WN, Zainuddin AA, Che Abdul Rahim NS, Ghaffar SA, Aris T. 2010. Iodine deficiency status and iodised salt consumption in Malaysia: Findings from a national iodine deficiency disorders survey. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 19(4):578−585. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/ielapa.632105898577197
Shariff ZM, Bond JT, Johson NE. 2000. Nutritional status of primary school children from low income households in Kuala Lumpur. Malays J Nutr 6(1):17−32.
Simmerville JA, Maxted WC, Pahira JJ. 2005. Urinalysis: A comprehensive review. Am Fam Physician 71(6):1153−1162.
Tice DM, Bratslavsky E, Baumeister RF. 2001. Emotional distress regulation takes precedence over impulse control: If you feel bad, do it! J Pers Soc Psychol 80(1):53–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.53
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Yamane T. 1967. Statistics, an Introductory Analysis. 2nd ed. New York (USA): Harper and Row.
Zainuddin AA, Selamat R, Baharudin A, Ghaffar SA, Rahim NCA, Aris T. 2013. Nutritional status of Malaysian primary school children aged 8−10 years: Findings from the 2008 National IDD Survey. Malays J Nutr 19(2):149−161.
Abdulghani HM, Alrowais NA, Bin-Saad NS, Al-Subaie NM, Haji AMA, Alhaqwi AI. 2012. Sleep disorder among medical students: Relationship to their academic performance. Med Teach 34(Suppl 1):S37−S41. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2012.656749
Ahmad S, Bashir S. 2017. A pilot study investigating the association between sleep and cognitive function among adolescents. Asian J Psychiatr 28:34−37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2017.03.020
Al-Mekhlafi HM, Mahdy MA, Sallam AA, Ariffin WA, Al-Mekhlafi AM, Amran AA, Surin J. 2011. Nutritional and socio-economic determinants of cognitive function and educational achievement of aboriginal schoolchildren in rural Malaysia. Br J Nutr 106(7):1100−1106. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511001449
Blunden S, Magee C, Attard K, Clarkson L, Caputi P, Skinner T. 2018. Sleep schedules and school performance in Indigenous Australian children. Sleep health 4(2):135−140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.12.006
Bowers JM, Moyer A. 2017. Effects of school start time on students' sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, and attendance: A meta-analysis. Sleep Health 3(6):423−431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.08.004
Chung S. 2015. Body mass index and body composition scaling to height in children and adolescent. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 20(3):125−129. https://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2015.20.3.125
Drake C, Nickel C, Burduvali E, Roth T, Jefferson C, Pietro B. 2003. The pediatric daytime sleepiness scale (PDSS): Sleep habits and school outcomes in middle-school children. Sleep 26(4):455−458. https://doi.org/10.1037/t02761-000
Haile D, Gashaw K, Nigatu D, Demelash H. 2016. Cognitive function and associated factors among school age children in Goba Town, South-East Ethiopia. Cogn Dev 40:144−151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2016.09.002
Hamid JJM, Amal MK, Hasmiza H, Pim CD, Ng LO, Wan MWM 2011. Effect of gender and nutritional status on academic achievement and cognitive function among primary school children in a rural district in Malaysia. Malays J Nutr 17:189−200.
Jaksic D, Mandic S, Maksimovic N, Milosevic Z, Roklicer R, Vukovic J, Pocek S, Lakicevic N, Bianco A, Cassar S et al. 2020. Effects of a nine-month physical activity intervention on morphological characteristics and motor and cognitive skills of preschool children. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(18):6609. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186609
Janka Z. 2019. Tracing trace elements in mental functions. Ideggyogy Sz 30:72(11−12):367−379. https://doi.org/10.18071/isz.72.0367
Jáuregui-Lobera I. 2014. Iron deficiency and cognitive functions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 10:2087−2095. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S72491
Jooste PL, Strydom E. 2010. Methods for determination of iodine in urine and salt. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 24:77−88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2009.08.006
Kippler M, Bottai M, Georgiou V, Koutra K, Chalkiadaki G, Kampouri M, Kyriklaki A, Vafeiadi M, Fthenou E, Vassilaki M et al. 2016. Impact of prenatal exposure to cadmium on cognitive development at preschool age and the importance of selenium and iodine. Eur J Epidemiol 31(11):1123−1134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-016-0151-9
Kuay LK, Ying CY, Zainuddin AA, Huey TC, Selamat R, Cheong KC, Ismail H, Hock LK. 2013. Inadequate iodine intake among school children in Terengganu-findings from the national iodine deficiency disorder survey 2008. Int J Public Health Res 3(1):198−203.
Kuay LK, Chin TB, Ying CY, Hussain H, Mahmud NA, Kassim MSA, Harith AA, Man CS, Salleh R, Aris T. 2021. Pregnant women are iodine deficient while school-aged children demonstrate adequate iodine status in Sarawak, Malaysia. Food Nutr Bull 42(3):406−413. https://doi.org/10.1177/03795721211002079
Lam JC, Mahone EM, Mason TB, Scharf SM. 2011. The effects of napping on cognitive function in preschoolers. J Dev Behav Pediatr 32(2):90−97. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e318207ecc7
Martínez García RM, Jiménez Ortega AI, López Sobaler AM, Ortega RM. 2018. Nutrition strategies that improve cognitive function. Nutr Hosp 7:35(Spec No6):16−19. https://doi.org/10.20960/nh.2281
Meyer C, Ferrari GJ, Barbosa DG, Andrade RD, Pelegrini A, Felden ÉPG. 2017. Analysis of daytime sleepiness in adolescents by the pediatric daytime sleepiness scale: A systematic review. Rev Paul Pediatr 35(3):351−360. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/;2017;35;3;00015
Moreau V, Rouleau N, Morin C. 2013. Sleep, attention, and executive functioning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 28(7):692−699. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/act051
National Health Morbidity Survey 2019. 2019. Fact Sheet. https://iku.moh.gov.my/images/IKU/Document/REPORT/NHMS2019/Fact_Sheet_NHMS_2019-English.pdf [Accessed September 15th 2021].
Ngui R, Lim YAL, Chong Kin K, Sek Chuen C, Jaffar S. 2012. Association between anaemia, iron deficiency anaemia, neglected parasitic infections and socioeconomic factors in rural children of West Malaysia. Plos Negl Trop Dis 6(3):e1550. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001550
Perez-Chada D, Perez-Lloret S, Videla AJ, Cardinali D, Bergna MA, Fernández-Acquier M, Larrateguy L, Zabert GE, Drake C. 2007. Sleep disordered breathing and daytime sleepiness are associated with poor academic performance in teenagers. A study using the pediatric daytime sleepiness scale (PDSS). Sleep 30(12):1698−1703. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/30.12.1698
Picauly I, Toy SM. 2013. The determinant analysis and the impact of stunting for school children school performance in Kupang and Sumba Timur, NTT. J Gizi Pangan 8(1):55−62. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2013.8.1.55-62
Radlowski EC, Johnson RW. 2013. Perinatal iron deficiency and neurocognitive development. Front Hum Neurosci 7:585. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00585
Ranade SC, Rose A, Rao M, Gallego J, Gressens P, Mani S. 2008. Different types of nutritional deficiencies affect different domains of spatial memory function checked in a radial arm maze. Neurosc 152(4): 859−866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.002
Raven J. 2008. Coloured Progressive Matrices and Crichton Vocabulary Scale Manual. London (UK): Pearson Education.
Selamat R, Wan Mohamud WN, Zainuddin AA, Che Abdul Rahim NS, Ghaffar SA, Aris T. 2010. Iodine deficiency status and iodised salt consumption in Malaysia: Findings from a national iodine deficiency disorders survey. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 19(4):578−585. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/ielapa.632105898577197
Shariff ZM, Bond JT, Johson NE. 2000. Nutritional status of primary school children from low income households in Kuala Lumpur. Malays J Nutr 6(1):17−32.
Simmerville JA, Maxted WC, Pahira JJ. 2005. Urinalysis: A comprehensive review. Am Fam Physician 71(6):1153−1162.
Tice DM, Bratslavsky E, Baumeister RF. 2001. Emotional distress regulation takes precedence over impulse control: If you feel bad, do it! J Pers Soc Psychol 80(1):53–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.53
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2007. Growth Chart for Children 5−19 years. http://www.who.int/growthref/en [Accessed April 23rd 2018].
Yamane T. 1967. Statistics, an Introductory Analysis. 2nd ed. New York (USA): Harper and Row.
Zainuddin AA, Selamat R, Baharudin A, Ghaffar SA, Rahim NCA, Aris T. 2013. Nutritional status of Malaysian primary school children aged 8−10 years: Findings from the 2008 National IDD Survey. Malays J Nutr 19(2):149−161.
Authors
RosliN. H., AliA., KamarudinK. S., HamzahY., & YusofH. M. (2021). Correlation Between Nutritional Status, Cognitive Function and Daytime Sleepiness of Schoolchildren in Terengganu, Malaysia. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 16(3), 189-198. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2021.16.3.189-198
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