Total phenolic content, quercetin, and antioxidant activity of gandaria (Bouea Macrophylla Griff.) leaf extract at two stages of maturity
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Issue
Vol. 14 No. 2 (2019)
Accepted
30 July 2019
Published
30 July 2019
Keywords:
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antioxidant, extraction solvent, gandaria leaf, quercetin, total phenolic content
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of leaf maturity stage and extraction solvents on Total Phenolic Content (TPC), quercetin, and antioxidant activity of gandaria leaves as well as the relationship of TPC and quercetin content to antioxidant activity. In this study, leaves were extracted using maceration method with three different solvents (96% ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane) followed by evaporation using rotary evaporator to obtain Crude Extracts (CE). Tender and mature gandaria leaves from Indonesian Institute of Science were examined for TPC and quercetin content. Measurement of antioxidant activity were performed by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method. The antioxidant compound analysis indicated that hexane extract of mature gandaria leaves contained the highest TPC and quercetin content (30.84±0.54 mg GAE/g and 4.36±0.23 mg QE/g, respectively). Meanwhile, the ethanol extract of mature gandaria leaves demonstrated the highest reducing power (5.62±0.38 mg FeSO4 equivalent/g). These findings showed positive correlation between TPC and reducing power as well as quercetin and reducing power from gandaria leaf extracts depending on their maturity stage and extraction solvents. In addition, mature gandaria leaves had better extraction yield, making it potential for development of functional food.
References
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Panche AN, DIwan AD, Chandra SR. 2016. Flavonoids: an overview. J Nutr Sci.5(47):1-15.doi:10.1017/jns.2016.41.
Pisoschi AM, Negulescu GP. 2011. Methods for total antioxidant activity determination: a review. Biochem & Anal Biochem. 1(1):1-10. doi:10.4172/2161-1009.1000106.
Prabakaran M, Kim SH, Sasireka A, Chandrasekaran M, Chung IM. 2018. Polyphenol composition and antimicrobial activity of various solvent extracts from different plant parts of Moringa oleifera. Food Bio 26(1):23-29. doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2018.09.003.
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Rajan NS, Bhat R. 2017. Volatile constituents of unripe and ripe kundang fruits (Bouea macrophylla Griffith). Inter J Food Prop 20(8):1751-1760.
Sanghavi N, Srivastava R, Malode Y. 2014. Isolation and identification of the flavonoid “quercetin” from Tridax procumbens Linn. IJPSR 5(4):1454-1459. doi:10.13040/IJPSR.09758232.5(4).1454-59.
Sati P, Pandey A, Rawat S, Rani A. 2013. Phytochemicals and antioxidants in leaf extracts of Ginkgo biloba with reference to location, seasonal variation and solvent system. J Pharma Res 7(1):804-809.doi.org/10.1016/j.jopr. 2013.09.001.
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Singleton VL, Rossi JA Jr. 1965. Calorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic 16(1):144-158.
Sun H, Ge X, Lv Y, Wang A. 2012. Application of accelerated solvent extraction in the analysis of organic contaminants, bioactive and nutritional compounds in food and feed. J Chrom A 1237(1):1-23.
Thummajitsakul S, Silprasit K. 2017. Genetic differentiation and antioxidant activities of Bouea macrophylla Griffith in Nakhon Nayok province. J Appl Biol Chem 60(1):41-47.
Vongsak B, Sithisarn P, Mangmool S, Thongpraditchote S, Wongkrajang Y, Gritsanapan W. 2013. Maximizing total phenolics, total flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extract by the appropriate extraction method. Industrial Crops and Products. 44(2013):566-571. doi.org/10.1016/j.indcr op.2012.09.021.
Wang Y, Gao Y, Ding H, Liu S, Han X, Gui J, Liu D. 2017. Subcritical ethanol extraction of flavonoids from Moringa oleifera leaf and evaluation of antioxidant activity. Food Chem 218(1):152-158.
Xu DP, Li Y, Meng X, Zhou T, Zhou Y, Zheng J, Zhang JJ, Li HB. 2017. Natural antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants: extraction, assessment and resources. Int J Mol Sci 18(96):1-32. doi:10.3390/ijms18010096.
Andriyani D, Utami PI, Dhiani BA. 2010. Penetapan kadar tanin daun rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum. L.) secara spektrofotometri ultraviolet visible. Pharmacy 7(2):1-11.
Bakhouche K, Dhaouadi Z, Jaidane N, Hammoutène D. 2015. Comparative antioxidant potency and solvent polarity effects on HAT mechanisms of tocopherols. Comp and Theor Chem 1060(1):58-65.
Benzie IFF, Strain JJ. 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of ‘‘antioxidant power’’: The FRAP assay. Analyt Biochem 239(0292):70-76.
Bhuvaneshwari J, Khanam S, Devi K. 2014. In-vitro enzyme inhibition studies for antidiabetic activity of mature and tender leaves of Mangifera indicavar. totapuri. RRJMB 3(3):36-41.
Deng Y, Yang G, Yue J, Qian B, Liu Z, Wang D, Zhong Y, Zhao Y. 2014. Influences of ripening stages and extracting solvents on the polyphenolic compounds, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of blueberry leaf extracts. Food Contr 38(1):184-191. doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013. 10.023.
Felicia N, Widarta IWR, Yusasrini NLA. 2016. Pengaruh ketuaan daun dan metode pengolahan terhadap aktivitas antioksidan dan karakteristik sensoris teh herbal bubuk daun alpukat (Persea americana Mill.). J ITEPA 5(2):85-94.
Gibellini L, Bianchini E, Biasi SD, Nasi M, Cossarizza A, Pinti M. 2015. Natural compounds modulating mitochondrial functions. Evidence-Based Compl and Alter Med 2015(1):1-13.doi:10.1155/2015/527209.
Granato D, Shahidi F, Wrolstad R, Kilmartin P, Melton LD, Hidalgo FJ, Miyashita K, Camp JV, Alasalvar C, Ismail AB, et al. 2018. Antioxidant activity, total phenolics and flavonoids contents: Should we ban in vitro screening methods?. Food Chem 3(4):1-5.[short communication]
Hasim, Andrianto D, Lestari ED, Faridah DN. 2017. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak sulur buah naga putih (Hylocereus undatus) dengan metode dpph dan rancimat. J Gizi Pangan. 12(3):203-210. doi:10.25182/jgp.2017.12.3.203-210.
Heger V, Tyni J, Hunyadi A, Horáková L, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Rahnasto-Rilla M. 2019. Quercetin based derivatives as sirtuin inhibitors. Biomed Pharma. 111(2019):1326-1333.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.035.
Hoon LY, Choo C, Watawana MI, Jayawardena N, Waisundara VY. 2015. Evaluation of the total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant compounds of different solvent extracts of Chilgoza pine nuts (Pinus gerardiana). J Funct Foods 18(1):1014-1021.
Huang D, Ou B, Prior RL. 2005. The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J Agric Food Chem 53(1):1841-1851.
Lim TK. 2012. Bouea macrophylla Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. Netherlands (NL): Springer.
Lolaen LAC, Fatimawali, Citraningtyas G. 2013. Uji aktivitas antioksidan kandungan fitokimia jus buah gandaria (Bouea macrophylla Griffith). Pharmac J Ilm Farm 2(2):1-7.
McCance KR, Flanigan PM, Quick MM, Niemeyer ED. 2016. Influence of plant maturity on anthocyanin concentrations, phenolic composition, and antioxidant properties of 3 purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars. J Food Comp Analysis 53(1):30-39. doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2016.08.009.
M’rabet Y, Rokbeni N, Cluzet S, Boulila A, Richard T, Krisa S, Marzouki L, Casabianca H, Hosni K. 2017. Profiling of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Melia azedarach L. leaves and fruits at two stages of maturity. Ind Crop & Prod 1017(1):232-243.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.05.048.
Nakamura M, Ra JH, Jee Y, Kim JS. 2017. Impact of different partitioned solvents on chemical composition and bioavailability of Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai leaf extract. J Food Drug Analysis 25(1):315-326.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2016.08.006.
Nantitanon W, Yotsawimonwat S, Okonogi S. 2010. Factors influencing antioxidant activities and total phenolic content of guava leaf extract. Food Sci Tech 43(1):1095-1103.doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2010.02.015.
Pan J, Yi Z, Zhang S, Cheng J, Wang Y, Liu C, He X. 2018. Bioactive phenolics from mango leaves (Mangifera indica L.). Indust Crops & Prod. 111(1):400–406. doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.10.057.
Panche AN, DIwan AD, Chandra SR. 2016. Flavonoids: an overview. J Nutr Sci.5(47):1-15.doi:10.1017/jns.2016.41.
Pisoschi AM, Negulescu GP. 2011. Methods for total antioxidant activity determination: a review. Biochem & Anal Biochem. 1(1):1-10. doi:10.4172/2161-1009.1000106.
Prabakaran M, Kim SH, Sasireka A, Chandrasekaran M, Chung IM. 2018. Polyphenol composition and antimicrobial activity of various solvent extracts from different plant parts of Moringa oleifera. Food Bio 26(1):23-29. doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2018.09.003.
Rajan NS, Bhat R, Karim. 2014. Preliminary studies on the evaluation of nutritional composition of unripe and ripe ‘Kundang’ fruits (Bouea macrophylla Griffith). Inter Food Res J. 21(3):985-990.
Rajan NS, Bhat R. 2016. Antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activities in unripe and ripe kundang fruits (Bouea macrophylla Griffith). Fruits J 71(1):41-47.
Rajan NS, Bhat R. 2017. Volatile constituents of unripe and ripe kundang fruits (Bouea macrophylla Griffith). Inter J Food Prop 20(8):1751-1760.
Sanghavi N, Srivastava R, Malode Y. 2014. Isolation and identification of the flavonoid “quercetin” from Tridax procumbens Linn. IJPSR 5(4):1454-1459. doi:10.13040/IJPSR.09758232.5(4).1454-59.
Sati P, Pandey A, Rawat S, Rani A. 2013. Phytochemicals and antioxidants in leaf extracts of Ginkgo biloba with reference to location, seasonal variation and solvent system. J Pharma Res 7(1):804-809.doi.org/10.1016/j.jopr. 2013.09.001.
Shi GJ, Li Y, Cao QH, Wu HX, Tang XY, Gao XH, Yu JQ, Chen Z, Yang Y. 2019. In vitro and in vivo evidence that quercetin protects against diabetes and its complications: A systematic review of the literature. Biomed Pharma 109(1):1085-1099.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.130.
Singleton VL, Rossi JA Jr. 1965. Calorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic 16(1):144-158.
Sun H, Ge X, Lv Y, Wang A. 2012. Application of accelerated solvent extraction in the analysis of organic contaminants, bioactive and nutritional compounds in food and feed. J Chrom A 1237(1):1-23.
Thummajitsakul S, Silprasit K. 2017. Genetic differentiation and antioxidant activities of Bouea macrophylla Griffith in Nakhon Nayok province. J Appl Biol Chem 60(1):41-47.
Vongsak B, Sithisarn P, Mangmool S, Thongpraditchote S, Wongkrajang Y, Gritsanapan W. 2013. Maximizing total phenolics, total flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extract by the appropriate extraction method. Industrial Crops and Products. 44(2013):566-571. doi.org/10.1016/j.indcr op.2012.09.021.
Wang Y, Gao Y, Ding H, Liu S, Han X, Gui J, Liu D. 2017. Subcritical ethanol extraction of flavonoids from Moringa oleifera leaf and evaluation of antioxidant activity. Food Chem 218(1):152-158.
Xu DP, Li Y, Meng X, Zhou T, Zhou Y, Zheng J, Zhang JJ, Li HB. 2017. Natural antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants: extraction, assessment and resources. Int J Mol Sci 18(96):1-32. doi:10.3390/ijms18010096.
Authors
HardinsyahH., WindardiI. P., AriesM., & DamayanthiE. (2019). Total phenolic content, quercetin, and antioxidant activity of gandaria (Bouea Macrophylla Griff.) leaf extract at two stages of maturity. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 14(2), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2019.14.2.61-68
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