Association between Blood Lead, Nutritional Status, and Risk Factors of Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus: A Study in Female Traffic Police Officers in Yogyakarta
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Issue
Vol. 13 No. 2 (2018)
Accepted
6 July 2018
Published
16 July 2018
Keywords:
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blood glucose, blood lead, female traffic police, hypertension, nutritional status
Abstract
The research aimed to investigate the association of nutritional status, blood lead level, and risk factors of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in female traffic police officers routinely exposed to lead in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Fifty-four female traffic police officers aged 20-50 year old participated in this cross-sectional study. As risk factors of diabetes and hypertension, Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated from height and weight data while percentage of body fat (%BF) was measured using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA). Energy intake (EI) was assessed using 1x24-hour dietary recall. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) method was conducted to measure blood lead (Pb-S). Blood pressure (BP) was measured using mercury sphygmomanometer while blood glucose (Glu) was measured in laboratory. Pearson’s and Spearman Rank correlation test were performed for statistical analysis. We demonstrated that Pb-S was positively correlated with both systolic and diastolic BP but not with BMI, %BF, and Glu. Meanwhile, there was a correlation between Glu and either BMI or %BF but not EI. Therefore, our study indicates that exposure to lead is correlated with hypertension while nutritional status is more correlated with diabetes mellitus.
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Bener A, Obineche E, Gillett M, Pasha MAH, Bishawi B. 2001. Association between blood levels of lead, blood pressure, and risk of diabetes and heart disease in workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 74(5):375-378.
Casals-Casas C, Desvergne B. 2011. Endocrine disruptors: from endocrine to metabolic disruption. Annual Review ods Physiology 73:135-162.
Den Hond E, Nawrot T, Staessen JA. 2002. The relationship between blood pressure and blood lead in NHANES III. Journal of Human Hypertension 16(8):563-568.
Deyot YK. 2013. Masa kerja, Kadar timbal darah, dan kejadian hipertensi pada petugas parker di jalan malioboro Yogyakarta. [Tesis]. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Fewtrell LJ, Pruss-Ustun A, Landrigan P, Ayuso-Mateos JL. 2004. Estimating the global burden of disease of mental retardation and cardiovascular diseases from environmental lead exposure. Environmental Research 94(2):120-133.
Flegal KM. 1999. Evaluating epidemiologic evidence of the effects of food and nutrients exposures. Am J Clin Nutr 69(6):1339S-1344S.
Gambelunghe A, Sallsten G, Borne Y, Forsgard N, Hedblad B, Nilsson P, Fagerberg B, Engstrom G, Barreard L. 2016. Low level exposure to lead, blood pressure, and hypertension in a population-based cohort. Arct Environ Res 149:157-163.
Mahawati E. 2011. Faktor-faktor resiko paparan Pb-B pada polisi lalu lintas di Semarang Barat. Jurnal Visikes 10(2).
Menke A, Muntner P, Batuman V, Silbergeld EK, Guallar E. 2006. Blood lead below 0.48 mcromol/l (10 microg/dl) and mortality among US adults. Circulation 114(13): 1388-1394.
Nawrot TS, Thijs L, Den Hond EM, Roels HA, Staessen JA. 2002. An epidemiologican re appraisal of the association between blood pressure and blood lead: a meta-analysis. J Hum Hyperens 16(2):123-131.
Nguyen NT, Nguyen XT, Lane J, Wang P. 2011. Relationship between obesity and diabetes in a US adult population: findings from the National health and nutrition examination survey, 1999-2006. Obes Surg 21(3):351-355.
Pahlawan SD, Keman S. 2014. Korelasi kadar plumbun darah dengan kadar hemoglobin dan hematokrit. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan 7(2):159-165.
Phillips CM et al. 2013. Obesity and body fat classification in the metabolic syndrome: impact on cardiometabolic risk metabo type. Obesity 21(1):154-161.
Refdanita, Damayanthi E, Dwiriani CM, Sumantri C, Effendi AT. 2017. Hubungan karakteristik pria dewasa dengan Biomarker sindroma metabolik. J Gizi Pangan 12(2): 79-84.
Riedt CS, Buckley BT, Brolin RE, Ambia-Sobhan H, Rhoads GG, Shapses SA. 2009. Blood lead levels and bone turnover with weight reduction in women. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 19(1):90-96.
Ronco AM, Gutierrez Y, Gras N, Munoz L, Salazar G, Llanos MN. 2010. Lead and arsenic levels in women with different body mass composition. Biological Trace Elements Research 136(3):269-278.
Rustanti I, Mahawati E. 2011. Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kadar timbal (Pb-B) dalam darah pada sopir angkutan umum jurusan Karawang Ayu-Penggaron di kota Semarang. Jurnal Visikes 10(1).
Vishram JKK et al. 2014. Impact of age and gender on the prevalence and prognostic importance of the metabolic syndrome and its components in europeans. The Morgam Prospective Cohort Project. Plos One 9(9).
Wani AL, Ara A, Usmani JA. 2015. Lead toxicity: a review. Interdiscip Toxicol 8(2):55-64.
Authors
SudargoT., FathsidniB. M., ZakiaD. F., RachmawatiY. N., HariawanM. H., MuslichahR., & ParamastriR. (2018). Association between Blood Lead, Nutritional Status, and Risk Factors of Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus: A Study in Female Traffic Police Officers in Yogyakarta. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 13(2), 87-92. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2018.13.2.87-92
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