The Development of Food and Nutrition Security Index at Provincial Level in Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Issue
Vol. 15 No. 3 (2020)
Accepted
28 October 2020
Published
30 November 2020
Keywords:
-
food accessibility, food availability, food utilization, Indonesia
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a novel Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) index to be implemented at provincial level in Indonesia. Principal component analysis was used to calculate food and nutrition security index based on 23 indicators, data were obtained from provincial and national public report published in 2010 and 2013. These indicators were further grouped into three different dimension of food availability, food accessibility and food utilization. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was then used to calculate each aspect and the FNS indices. The index was later used to categorize food and nutrition security performance of a region into one of three levels, namely secure, vulnerable or insecure. The application of this new FNS index found that most of Indonesia’s regions (87.5%) were categorized as vulnerable (50.0%) and insecure (37.5%) and only 12.5% had high food and nutrition security performances in 2013. Among all provinces, Bali had the best performance in 2013, while East Nusa Tenggara had the lowest performance in 2010 and 2013. In 2013, the food availability status of all the provinces were categorized as secure. However, their status on food accessibility and food utilization showed many of them fell into vulnerable and insecure categories. Hence, the effort to increase the national food and nutrition security performance should focus on improving food accessibility and food utilization.
References
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Purwantini TB. 2014. Pendekatan rawan pangan dan gizi: Besaran, karakteristik, dan penyebabnya. Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi 32(1):1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v32n1.2014.1-17.
Ruel MT, Alderman H. 2013. Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: How can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? The Lancet 382(9891):536–551. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13):60843-0.
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Suryana A, Arifin B, Hardinsyah, Achadi EL, Atmawikarta A, Martianto D, Hermanto, Sastraatmadja E, Lukman AS, Darmawiredja MR et al. 2016. Kebijakan Strategis Rencana Aksi Pangan dan Gizi Tahun 2016–2019. Jakarta (ID): Sekretariat Dewan Ketahanan Pangan.
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Statistics Indonesia. 2016. Statistik Indoensia 2016. Jakarta (ID): Badan Pusat Statistik.
[TNP2K] Tim Nasional Penanggulanagn Kemiskinan. 2019. Working paper 47-2019: Priority Regions for Prevention of Stunting. http:/www.tnp2k.go.id/download/8831947WPstuntingENGF.pdf. [Accessed 21st September 2020].
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Applanaidu SD, Bakar NA, Baharudin AH. 2014. An Econometric analysis of food security and related macroeconomic variables in Malaysia: A vector autoregressive approach (VAR). UMK Procedia 1:93–102. doi:10.1016/j.umkpro.2014.07.012.
Ariawan I. 2006. Indeks sosie-ekonomi menggunakan principal component analysis. Kesmas 1(2):83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v1i2.317.
Black MM, Walker SP, Fernald LCH, Andersen CT, Digirolama AM, Lu C, McCoy DC, Fink G, Shawar YR, Shiffman J et al. 2016. Advancing early childhood development: From science to scale 1. Early childhood development coming of age: Science through the life course. The Lancet 389(10064):77–90. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31389-7.
Capone R, Bilali HE, Debs P, Cardone G, Driouech N. 2014. Food system sustainability and food security: Connecting the dots. Journal of Food Security 2(1):13–22. http://doi.org/10.12691/jfs-2-1-2.
[CFS] Committee on World Food Security. 2012. Coming to terms with terminology food security, nutrition security, food security and nutrition, food and nutrition security. http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/026/MD776E.pdf. [Accessed 20th October 2016].
[EIU] The Economist Intelligence Unit. 2016. Global Food Security Index 2016 an Annual Measure of The State of Global Food Security. London (UK): Dupont (GB).
[EIU] The Economist Intelligence Unit. 2017. Global Food Security Index 2017, Measuring Food Security and the Impact of Resource Risk. London (UK): Dupont (GB).
Faharuddin. 2012. Mengukur pencapaian penanggulangan kemiskinan dan kelaparan di Indonesia 2010. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi 30(2):145–157.
Fanzo J. 2014. Strengthening the engagement of food and health systems to improve nutrition security: Synthesis and overview of approaches to address malnutrition. Glob. Food Sec 3(3–4):183–192. doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2014.09.001.
[FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization. 2016. Food security indicators, FAO-STAT. http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/ess-fadata/en/#.WAupKuB97IU. [Accessed 23rd October 2016].
Finkayana IPA, Dewi MHU. 2016. Analisis pertumbuhan ekonomi dan indikator komposit ipm terhadap jumlah penduduk miskin di provinsi Bali tahun 2004–2013. EP Unud 5(7):861–881.
[FSA] Food Security Agency. 2015a. A Review of National Food Insecurity, collaboration between Food Security Agency and Statistics Indonesia. Jakarta (ID): Ministry of Agriculture Republic of Indonesia.
[FSA] Food Security Agency. 2015b. Food Consumption Directory 2015. Jakarta (ID): Ministry of Agriculture Republic of Indonesia.
[FSC & WFP] Food Security Council and World Food Programme. 2009. Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas 2009. Jakarta (ID): FSC and WFP.
[FSC & WFP] Food Security Council and World Food Programme. 2015. Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas 2015. Jakarta (ID): FSC and WFP.
Headey D. Ecker O. 2013. Rethinking the measurement of food security: From first principles to best practice. Food Security 5(3):327–343.doi:10.1007/s12571-013-0253-0.
Herforth A, Ballard TJ. 2016. Nutrition indicators in agriculture projects: Current measurement, priorities and gaps. Glob Food Sec 10:1–10. doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2016.07.004.
Hjelm L, Mathiassen A, Wadhwa A. 2016. Measuring poverty for food security analysis: Consumption- versus asset-based approaches. Food Nutr Bull 37(3):275–289. doi: 10.1177/0379572116653509.
[IFPRI] International Food Policy Research Institute. 2014. Global Hunger Index: The Challenge of Hidden Hunger. Washington (US): IFPRI.
Jollife IT, Cadima J. 2016. Principal component analysis: A review and recent developments. Phil Trans R Soc 374(2065):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0202
Karamizadeh S, Abdullah SM, Manaf AA, Zamani M, Hooman A. 2013. An overview of principal component analysis. Journal of Signal and Information Processing 4(3B): 173–175. doi:10.4236/jsip.2013.43B031.
Leroy JL, Ruel M, Frongillo E A, Harris J, Ballard TJ. 2015. Measuring the food access dimension of food security a critical review and mapping of indicators. Food Nutr Bull 36(2):167–195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572115587274.
[MoA] Ministry of Agriculture of Republic of Indonesia. 2010. Strategic Planning of Minisitry of Agriculture 2010–2014. Jakarta (ID): MoA RI.
[MoH] Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia. 2010. Basic Health Research in 2010. Jakarta (ID): MoH RI.
[MoH] Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia. 2013. Basic Health Research in 2013. Jakarta (ID): MoH RI.
[MoNDP] Ministry of National Development Planning, Republic of Indonesia. 2010. National Medium-Term Development Plan 2010–2014. Book I. National Development Agenda. Jakarta (ID): MoNDP.
[NA-DFC] National Agency of Drug and Food Control of Republic Indonesia. 2010. Strategic plan of NA-DFC 2010–2014. http://.pom.go.id/ppid/2010/rpusat/ksln.pdf. [Accessed 8th July 2017].
Napoli M, Muro P, Mazziotta M. 2011. Towards a food insecurity multidimensional index (FIMI). [Thesis]. Rome: University Degli Study.
Nurhemi, Soekro SRI, Suryani G. 2014. Pemetaan ketahanan pangan di Indonesia: Pendekatan TFP dan indeks ketahanan pangan. Working paper Bank Indonesia WP/4/2014:1–69.
Pangaribowo EH, Gerber N, Torero M. 2013. Food and nutrition security indicators: A review. Foodsecure. Project Working Paper 04, February 2013. http://www.foodsecure.eu/PublicationDetail.aspx?id=13. [Accessed 2nd December 2016]
Pemberton C, Mgonja M, De Sormeaux A, Patterson-Andrews H, Mwaisango E. 2016. Food security: A comparison of indicators for the United States and the United Republic of Tanzania. Journal of Food Security 4(4):95–103. doi:10.12691/jfs-4-4-3.
Purwantini TB. 2014. Pendekatan rawan pangan dan gizi: Besaran, karakteristik, dan penyebabnya. Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi 32(1):1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v32n1.2014.1-17.
Ruel MT, Alderman H. 2013. Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: How can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? The Lancet 382(9891):536–551. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13):60843-0.
Suryana A. 2014. Menuju ketahanan pangan Indonesia berkelanjutan 2025: Tantangan dan penanganannya. Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi 32(2):123–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v32n2.2014.123-135.
Suryana A, Arifin B, Hardinsyah, Achadi EL, Atmawikarta A, Martianto D, Hermanto, Sastraatmadja E, Lukman AS, Darmawiredja MR et al. 2016. Kebijakan Strategis Rencana Aksi Pangan dan Gizi Tahun 2016–2019. Jakarta (ID): Sekretariat Dewan Ketahanan Pangan.
Statistics Indonesia. 2014. Statistik Transportasi Darat 2014. https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2015/11/10/dc32fd4a803f4fc29e24df4b/statistik-transportasi-darat-2014.html. [Accessed 12th Desember 2016].
Statistics Indonesia. 2016. Statistik Indoensia 2016. Jakarta (ID): Badan Pusat Statistik.
[TNP2K] Tim Nasional Penanggulanagn Kemiskinan. 2019. Working paper 47-2019: Priority Regions for Prevention of Stunting. http:/www.tnp2k.go.id/download/8831947WPstuntingENGF.pdf. [Accessed 21st September 2020].
Tono T, Juanda B, Barus B, Martianto D. 2016. Kerentanan pangan tingkat desa di provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. J Gizi Pangan 11(3):227–236. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2016.11.3.%25p.
Victora CG, Adair L, Fall C, Hallal PC, Martorell R, Richter L, Scahdev HS. 2008. Maternal and child undernutrition: Consequences for adult health and human capital. The Lancet 371(9690): 340–357. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61692-4.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2012. Nutrition Landscape Information System (NLIS). Country Profiles Indicators. Interpretation Guide. Geneva (CH): WHO
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2015. Nutrition Targets and Indicators for the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals. Accountability for the Measurement of Results in Nutrition. A Technical Note. http://www.unscn.org/files/Publications/Post_2015_Nutrition_Targets and_Indicators_final_ March_2015_website_.pdf. [Accessed 2nd December 2016].
World Bank Group. 2018. Aiming High: Indonesia’s Ambition to Reduce Stunting. http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/913341532704260864/pdf/128954-REVISED-WB-Nutrition-Book-Aiming-High-11-Sep-2018.pdf. [Accessed 22nd September 2020].
Authors
GantinaA., Martianto D., & SukandarD. (2020). The Development of Food and Nutrition Security Index at Provincial Level in Indonesia . Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 15(3), 175-184. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2020.15.3.175-184
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