Obesity Risk Factors among 25-65 Years Old Adults in Bogor City, Indonesia: A Prospective Cohort Study
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Issue
Vol. 13 No. 2 (2018)
Accepted
6 July 2018
Published
16 July 2018
Keywords:
-
adults, obesity, risk factors
Abstract
This research was aimed to identify the obesity risk factors in adults aged 25-65 years old in 2011-2014. The study used secondary data from “Cohort study on risk factors of non-communicable diseases” that was collected for two years in 2011-2013 and 2012-2014. The research was designed as a prospective cohort study. The number of subjects was 1006, consisted of 364 men and 642 women. Results showed a 25% prevalence of obese (BMI≥25 kg/m2). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed the risk factors of obesity in adults aged 25-65 years old were gender, smoking habit, consumption of fatty foods, and duration of smoking habit. During the two years of observation, obesity developed faster in female subjects compared to male subjects, after adjusted to smoking habit, fat intake, and interaction between smoking habit and time. The risk of obesity in adults can be reduced by not starting smoking at early age and reducing consumption of fatty foods.
References
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Del Parigi A, Chen K, Gautier JF, Salbe AD, Pratley RE, Ravussin E, Reiman EM, Tataranni PA. 2002. Sex differences in the human brain’s response to hunger and satiation. Am J Clin Nutr. 75:1017-1022.
[Depkes RI] Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 2008. Laporan Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar Tahun 2007. Jakarta: Depkes RI.
Despre ́s JP, Lemieux I, Bergeron J, Pibarot P, Mathieu P, Larose E, Rode ́s-Cabau J, Bertrand OF, Poirier P. 2008. Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: Contribution to global cardiometabolic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28:1039-1049.
Diana R, Yuliana I, Yasmin G, Hardinsyah. 2013. Faktor risiko kegemukan pada wanita dewasa Indonesia. J Gizi Pangan 8(1):1-8.
Drewnowski A. 2007. The real contribution ofadded sugars and fats to obesity. Epidemiol Rev 29:160-171. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxm011.
Ferrara CM, Kumar M, Nicklas B, McCrone S, Goldberg AP. 2001. Weight gain and adipose tissue metabolism after smoking cessation in women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25:1322-1326.
Franssen R, Monajemi H, Stroes ES, Kastelein JJ. 2011. Obesity and dislipidemia. Med Clin North Am 95(5):893-902.
Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. 2003. The relation of menarcheal age to obesity in childhood and adulthood: the Bogalusa heart study. BMC Pediatr 30:3-12.
Garn SM, LaVelle M, Rosenberg KR, Hawthorne VM. 1986. Maturational timing as a factor in female fatness and obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 43(6):879-883.
Gbary AR, Kpozehouen A, Houehanou YC, Djrolo F, Amoussou MPG, Tchabi Y, Salamon R, Houinato DS. 2014. Prevalence and risk factors of overweight and obesity: findings from a cross-sectional community-based survey in Benin. Global Epidemic Obesity 2(1):3. doi:10.7243/2052-5966-2-3.
Hardinsyah, Riyadi H, Napitupulu V. 2012. Kecukupan energi, protein, lemak dan karbohidrat. Makalah WKNPG. page:1-27.
Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. 2000. Apllied Logistic Regression: second edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Hou X, Jia W, Bao Y, Lu H, Jiang S, Zuo Y, Gu H, Xiang K. 2008. Risk factors for overweight and obesity, and changes in body mass index of Chinese adults in Shanghai. BMC Public Health 8:389. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-389.
Jafar TH, Chaturvedi N, Pappas G. 2006. Prevalence of overweight and obesity and their association with hypertension and diabetes mellitus in an Indo-Asian population. CMAJ 175(9):1071-1077.
[Kemenkes] Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 2013. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 30 Tahun 2013 tentang Pencantuman informasi kandungan gula, garam, dan lemak serta pesan kesehatan untuk pangan olahan dan pangan siap saji (Berita Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2013 Nomor 617). Jakarta: Kemenkes RI.
Kurukulasuriya LR, Stas S, Lastra G, Manrique C, Sowers JR. 2011. Hypertension in obesity. Med Clin North Am 95(5):903-917.
Laitinen J, Power C, Jarvelin MR. 2001. Family social class, maternal body mass index, childhood body mass index, and age at menarche as predictors of adult obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 74:287-294.
Lee YS, So JBY, Deurenberg-Yap M. 2009. Confronting the obesity epidemic: Call to Arms. Annals Academy of Medicine 38(1).
Lemeshow S. 1997. Besar Sampel dalam Penelitian Kesehatan (Terjemahan Dibyo Pramono). Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press.
Lestari H, Siswanto. 2007. Pemodelan risiko kejadian diabetes mellitus (Analisis data surkesnas 2004). Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan 35(1):25-35.
Lokuruka M. 2013. A literature review of role of obesity in adult health with reference to Africa. Ajfand 13(1):7088-7104
Low S, Mien CC, Deurenberg-Yap M. 2009. Review on epidemic of obesity. Annals Academy of Medicine 38(1):57-65.
Marliyati SA, Simanjuntak M, Kencana DS. 2010. Sosial ekonomi dan indeks massa tubuh(IMT) pria dewasa dalam kaitannya dengan faktor risiko penyakit jantung koroner di perdesaan dan perkotaan Bogor-Jawa Barat. J Gizi Pangan 5(1):15-25.
Mir Islam SK, Rasooly MH. 2013. Prevalence and risk factors associated with obesity among adult Kabul citizens (Afghanistan), 2012. IJDO 4(4):152-161.
Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, Dietz WH, Vinicor F, Bales VS, Marks JS. 2003. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes and obesity-related health risk factors. JAMA 289(1):76-79. doi:10.1001/jama.289.1.76.
Oanh TT, Nguyen DN, Philayrath P, Dibley MJ, Bauman AE. 2009. Prevalence and risk factors with overweight and obesity among Vietnamese adults: Caucasian and Asian cut-offs. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 18(2):226-233.
Owen-Smith V, Hannaford PC. 1999. Stopping smoking and body weight in women living in the United Kingdom. Br J Gen Prac 49:989-990.
Peeters A, Barendregt JJ, Willekens F, Mackenbach JP, Al Mamun A, Bonneux L. 2003. Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: a life-table analysis. Ann Intern Med 138:24-32.
Poehlman ET, Toth MJ, Gardner AW. 1995. Changes in energy balance and body composition at menopause: a controlled longitudinal study. Ann Intern Med 123(9):673-675.
[Riskesdas] Riset Kesehatan Dasar. 2013. Riskesdas 2013. Jakarta: Badan Litbang Kesehatan.
Riyadina W et al. 2012. Laporan Akhir Penelitian Studi Kohor Tumbuh Kembang Anak dan Faktor Risiko Penyakit Tidak Menular Tahun 2012. Jakarta: Badan Litbangkes Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
Riyadina W, Kodim N, Madanijah S. 2017. Determinan obesitas pada perempuan pasca menopause di Kota Bogor tahun 2014. Gizi Indon 40(1):45-58.
Saleh R. 2015. Abdominal obesity and cardiovascular disease. Adv Obes Weight Manag Control 3(2):00046. doi: 10.15406/aowmc.2015.03.00046.
Schmandt RE, Iglesias DA, Co NN, Lu KH. 2011.Understanding obesity and endometrial cancer risk: Opportunities for prevention. Am J Obstet Gynecol 205(6):518-525.
Shayo GA, Mugusi FM. 2011. Prevalence of obesity and associated risk factors among adults in Kinondoni municipal district, Dares Salaam Tanzania. BMC Public Health 11:365.
Sidik SM, Rampal L. 2009. The prevalence and factors associated with obesity among adult women in Selangor, Malaysia. Asia Pac Fam Med 8(1):2. doi:10.1186/1447-056X-8-2.
Sihombing M, Tjandrarini DH. 2015. Faktor risiko sindrom metabolik pada orang dewasa Di Kota Bogor. Panel Gizi dan Makanan 38(1):21-30.
Simkin-Silverman LR, Wing RR. 2000. Weight gain during menopause. Is it inevitable or can it be prevented? Postgrad Med 108(3):47-50.
Sudikno, Syarief H, Dwiriani CM, Riyadi H. 2015. Faktor risiko overweight dan obese pada orang dewasa di Indonesia. (Analisis data Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013). Gizi Indon 38(2):91-104.
Sudikno, Syarief H, Dwiriani CM, Riyadi H. 2015. Faktor risiko obesitas sentral pada orang dewasa umur 25-65 tahun di Indonesia (Analisis data Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013). Penel Gizi Makan 38(2):111-120.
Sudikno, Syarief H, Dwiriani CM, Riyadi H, Pradono J. 2017. The relationship of obesity index and lipid profile in 25-65 year-old dults in Bogor City (Baseline data of cohort study on non-communicable disease in Bogor City, West Java Province). IJSBAR 33(1):323-331.
Sugianti E, Hardinsyah, Afriansyah N. 2009. Faktor risiko obesitas sentral pada orang dewasa di DKI Jakarta: Analisis Lanjut Data Riskesdas 2007. Gizi Indon 32(2):105-116.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2000. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation. Geneva: WHO.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2011. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Geneva: WHO.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2013. Obesity and Overweight. Report 311. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
Zalesin KC, Franklin BA, Miller WM, Peterson ED, Mc Cullough PA. 2011. Impact of obesity on cardiovascular disease. Med Clin North Am 95(5):919-937.
Cihangir E, Cengiz A, Hacihasanoglu A, Orhan D, Topbas M, Ukinc K, Ersoz HO, Telatar M. 2004. Prevalence of obesity and associated risk factors in a Turkish population (Trabzon City, Turkey). Obesity research 12:1117-1127.
Del Parigi A, Chen K, Gautier JF, Salbe AD, Pratley RE, Ravussin E, Reiman EM, Tataranni PA. 2002. Sex differences in the human brain’s response to hunger and satiation. Am J Clin Nutr. 75:1017-1022.
[Depkes RI] Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 2008. Laporan Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar Tahun 2007. Jakarta: Depkes RI.
Despre ́s JP, Lemieux I, Bergeron J, Pibarot P, Mathieu P, Larose E, Rode ́s-Cabau J, Bertrand OF, Poirier P. 2008. Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: Contribution to global cardiometabolic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28:1039-1049.
Diana R, Yuliana I, Yasmin G, Hardinsyah. 2013. Faktor risiko kegemukan pada wanita dewasa Indonesia. J Gizi Pangan 8(1):1-8.
Drewnowski A. 2007. The real contribution ofadded sugars and fats to obesity. Epidemiol Rev 29:160-171. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxm011.
Ferrara CM, Kumar M, Nicklas B, McCrone S, Goldberg AP. 2001. Weight gain and adipose tissue metabolism after smoking cessation in women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25:1322-1326.
Franssen R, Monajemi H, Stroes ES, Kastelein JJ. 2011. Obesity and dislipidemia. Med Clin North Am 95(5):893-902.
Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. 2003. The relation of menarcheal age to obesity in childhood and adulthood: the Bogalusa heart study. BMC Pediatr 30:3-12.
Garn SM, LaVelle M, Rosenberg KR, Hawthorne VM. 1986. Maturational timing as a factor in female fatness and obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 43(6):879-883.
Gbary AR, Kpozehouen A, Houehanou YC, Djrolo F, Amoussou MPG, Tchabi Y, Salamon R, Houinato DS. 2014. Prevalence and risk factors of overweight and obesity: findings from a cross-sectional community-based survey in Benin. Global Epidemic Obesity 2(1):3. doi:10.7243/2052-5966-2-3.
Hardinsyah, Riyadi H, Napitupulu V. 2012. Kecukupan energi, protein, lemak dan karbohidrat. Makalah WKNPG. page:1-27.
Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. 2000. Apllied Logistic Regression: second edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Hou X, Jia W, Bao Y, Lu H, Jiang S, Zuo Y, Gu H, Xiang K. 2008. Risk factors for overweight and obesity, and changes in body mass index of Chinese adults in Shanghai. BMC Public Health 8:389. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-389.
Jafar TH, Chaturvedi N, Pappas G. 2006. Prevalence of overweight and obesity and their association with hypertension and diabetes mellitus in an Indo-Asian population. CMAJ 175(9):1071-1077.
[Kemenkes] Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 2013. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 30 Tahun 2013 tentang Pencantuman informasi kandungan gula, garam, dan lemak serta pesan kesehatan untuk pangan olahan dan pangan siap saji (Berita Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2013 Nomor 617). Jakarta: Kemenkes RI.
Kurukulasuriya LR, Stas S, Lastra G, Manrique C, Sowers JR. 2011. Hypertension in obesity. Med Clin North Am 95(5):903-917.
Laitinen J, Power C, Jarvelin MR. 2001. Family social class, maternal body mass index, childhood body mass index, and age at menarche as predictors of adult obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 74:287-294.
Lee YS, So JBY, Deurenberg-Yap M. 2009. Confronting the obesity epidemic: Call to Arms. Annals Academy of Medicine 38(1).
Lemeshow S. 1997. Besar Sampel dalam Penelitian Kesehatan (Terjemahan Dibyo Pramono). Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press.
Lestari H, Siswanto. 2007. Pemodelan risiko kejadian diabetes mellitus (Analisis data surkesnas 2004). Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan 35(1):25-35.
Lokuruka M. 2013. A literature review of role of obesity in adult health with reference to Africa. Ajfand 13(1):7088-7104
Low S, Mien CC, Deurenberg-Yap M. 2009. Review on epidemic of obesity. Annals Academy of Medicine 38(1):57-65.
Marliyati SA, Simanjuntak M, Kencana DS. 2010. Sosial ekonomi dan indeks massa tubuh(IMT) pria dewasa dalam kaitannya dengan faktor risiko penyakit jantung koroner di perdesaan dan perkotaan Bogor-Jawa Barat. J Gizi Pangan 5(1):15-25.
Mir Islam SK, Rasooly MH. 2013. Prevalence and risk factors associated with obesity among adult Kabul citizens (Afghanistan), 2012. IJDO 4(4):152-161.
Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, Dietz WH, Vinicor F, Bales VS, Marks JS. 2003. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes and obesity-related health risk factors. JAMA 289(1):76-79. doi:10.1001/jama.289.1.76.
Oanh TT, Nguyen DN, Philayrath P, Dibley MJ, Bauman AE. 2009. Prevalence and risk factors with overweight and obesity among Vietnamese adults: Caucasian and Asian cut-offs. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 18(2):226-233.
Owen-Smith V, Hannaford PC. 1999. Stopping smoking and body weight in women living in the United Kingdom. Br J Gen Prac 49:989-990.
Peeters A, Barendregt JJ, Willekens F, Mackenbach JP, Al Mamun A, Bonneux L. 2003. Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: a life-table analysis. Ann Intern Med 138:24-32.
Poehlman ET, Toth MJ, Gardner AW. 1995. Changes in energy balance and body composition at menopause: a controlled longitudinal study. Ann Intern Med 123(9):673-675.
[Riskesdas] Riset Kesehatan Dasar. 2013. Riskesdas 2013. Jakarta: Badan Litbang Kesehatan.
Riyadina W et al. 2012. Laporan Akhir Penelitian Studi Kohor Tumbuh Kembang Anak dan Faktor Risiko Penyakit Tidak Menular Tahun 2012. Jakarta: Badan Litbangkes Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
Riyadina W, Kodim N, Madanijah S. 2017. Determinan obesitas pada perempuan pasca menopause di Kota Bogor tahun 2014. Gizi Indon 40(1):45-58.
Saleh R. 2015. Abdominal obesity and cardiovascular disease. Adv Obes Weight Manag Control 3(2):00046. doi: 10.15406/aowmc.2015.03.00046.
Schmandt RE, Iglesias DA, Co NN, Lu KH. 2011.Understanding obesity and endometrial cancer risk: Opportunities for prevention. Am J Obstet Gynecol 205(6):518-525.
Shayo GA, Mugusi FM. 2011. Prevalence of obesity and associated risk factors among adults in Kinondoni municipal district, Dares Salaam Tanzania. BMC Public Health 11:365.
Sidik SM, Rampal L. 2009. The prevalence and factors associated with obesity among adult women in Selangor, Malaysia. Asia Pac Fam Med 8(1):2. doi:10.1186/1447-056X-8-2.
Sihombing M, Tjandrarini DH. 2015. Faktor risiko sindrom metabolik pada orang dewasa Di Kota Bogor. Panel Gizi dan Makanan 38(1):21-30.
Simkin-Silverman LR, Wing RR. 2000. Weight gain during menopause. Is it inevitable or can it be prevented? Postgrad Med 108(3):47-50.
Sudikno, Syarief H, Dwiriani CM, Riyadi H. 2015. Faktor risiko overweight dan obese pada orang dewasa di Indonesia. (Analisis data Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013). Gizi Indon 38(2):91-104.
Sudikno, Syarief H, Dwiriani CM, Riyadi H. 2015. Faktor risiko obesitas sentral pada orang dewasa umur 25-65 tahun di Indonesia (Analisis data Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013). Penel Gizi Makan 38(2):111-120.
Sudikno, Syarief H, Dwiriani CM, Riyadi H, Pradono J. 2017. The relationship of obesity index and lipid profile in 25-65 year-old dults in Bogor City (Baseline data of cohort study on non-communicable disease in Bogor City, West Java Province). IJSBAR 33(1):323-331.
Sugianti E, Hardinsyah, Afriansyah N. 2009. Faktor risiko obesitas sentral pada orang dewasa di DKI Jakarta: Analisis Lanjut Data Riskesdas 2007. Gizi Indon 32(2):105-116.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2000. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation. Geneva: WHO.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2011. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Geneva: WHO.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2013. Obesity and Overweight. Report 311. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
Zalesin KC, Franklin BA, Miller WM, Peterson ED, Mc Cullough PA. 2011. Impact of obesity on cardiovascular disease. Med Clin North Am 95(5):919-937.
Authors
SudiknoS., SyariefH., DwirianiC. M., RiyadiH., & PradonoJ. (2018). Obesity Risk Factors among 25-65 Years Old Adults in Bogor City, Indonesia: A Prospective Cohort Study. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 13(2), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2018.13.2.55-62
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