Moderasi Pengharapan dalam Hubungan antara Stigma Afiliasi dan Kesejahteraan Subjektif pada Orang Tua Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus

Janitza De Breving; Erni Simanjuntak

doi:10.24156/jikk.2026.19.3.138

Authors

Janitza De Breving Program Studi Psikologi, Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Jl. Boulevard M.H. Thamrin 1100, Lippo Village, Tangerang, Banten 15811, Indonesia Author
Erni Simanjuntak Program Studi Psikologi, Fakultas Psikologi, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Jl. Boulevard M.H. Thamrin 1100, Lippo Village, Tangerang, Banten 15811, Indonesia Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2026.19.3.138

Keywords:

kesejahteraan subjektif, orang tua anak berkebutuhan khusus, pengharapan, stigma afiliasi

Abstract

Internalisasi stigma negatif oleh orang tua anak berkebutuhan khusus dapat berdampak buruk pada kesejahteraan subjektif mereka, sehingga dibutuhkan pengharapan (hope) sebagai sumber daya internal untuk mengatasi tantangan tersebut. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran moderasi pengharapan dalam hubungan antara stigma afiliasi dan kesejahteraan subjektif pada orang tua anak berkebutuhan khusus. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dan melibatkan 123 orang tua yang memiliki anak berkebutuhan khusus dengan diagnosis gangguan perkembangan saraf (neurodevelopmental disorders). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan empat instrumen untuk mengukur tiga variabel yang kemudian dianalisis menggunakan analisis moderasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengharapan terbukti melemahkan pengaruh stigma afiliasi terhadap kesejahteraan subjektif, khususnya dimensi afek positif (B = 0,0072; SE = 0,0032; t = 2,2539; p = 0,0260), tetapi tidak pada dua dimensi lainnya. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengharapan orang tua anak berkebutuhan khusus dapat melemahkan pengaruh stigma afiliasi terhadap afek positif, tetapi belum terbukti memoderasi hubungan stigma afiliasi dengan afek negatif maupun kepuasan hidup orang tua.

References

Akhtar, H. (2019). Evaluasi properti psikometris dan perbandingan model pengukuran konstruk subjective well-being. Jurnal Psikologi, 18(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.14710/jp.18.1.29-40

Barrett L. F. (2017). The theory of constructed emotion: An active inference account of interoception and categorization. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw154

Bowers, R. M., & Bowers, E. P. (2023). A literature review on the role of hope in promoting positive youth development across Non-Weird contexts. Children (Basel, Switzerland), 10(2), 346. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020346

Can, F. G., & Tufekci, F. G. (2021). Factors influencing the marital adjustment and life satisfaction of parents who have children with disabilities. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 14(1), 88–99.

Charbonnier, E., Caparos, S., & Trémolière, B. (2018). The role of mothers’ affiliate stigma and child’s symptoms on the distress of mothers with ADHD children. Journal of Mental Health, 28(3), 282–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2018.1521944

Cheraghian, H., Moradian, K., & Nouri, T. (2023). Structural model of resilience based on parental support: The mediating role of hope and active coping. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 260. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04678-z

Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13

Drent, H. M., van den Hoofdakker, B., Buitelaar, J. K., Hoekstra, P. J., & Dietrich, A. (2022). Factors related to perceived stigma in parents of children and adolescents in outpatient mental healthcare. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12767. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912767

Edwards, M. E., Booker, J. A., Cook, K., Miao, M., Gan, Y., & King, L. A. (2025). Hope as a meaningful emotion: Hope, positive affect, and meaning in life. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 25(6), 1365–1380. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001513

Febriyani, N., & Saragi, M. P. D. (2024). Analisis kondisi psikologis orang tua tunggal yang memiliki anak disabilitas. Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia, 10(1), 285–293. https://doi.org/10.29210/1202424141

Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.218

Goffman, E. (1968). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Penguin Books, Limited.

Henriques, N. L., Silva, J. B., Charepe, Z. B., Braga, P. P., & Duarte, E. D. (2023). Factors that promote and threaten hope in caregivers of children with chronic conditions. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 31(e3897). https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.6366.3897

Idhartono, A. R., & Hidayati, N. (2024). Dinamika subjective well-being dan resiliensi orang tua anak berkebutuhan khusus di sekolah inklusi. Didaktika: Jurnal Kependidikan, 13(1), 417–425. https://doi.org/10.58230/27454312.414

Jesslin, J., & Kurniawati, F. (2020). Perspektif orang tua terhadap anak berkebutuhan khusus di sekolah inklusif. JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Inklusi), 3(2), 72–91. https://doi.org/10.26740/inklusi.v3n2.p72-91

Kinnear, S. H., Link, B. G., Ballan, M. S., & Fischbach, R. L. (2016). Understanding the experience of stigma for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder and the role stigma plays in families' lives. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(3), 942–953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2637-9

Kurnianingsih, T., Lumbantoruan, P. B. A., Afriandi, I., Pandia, V., & Dhamayanti, M. (2024). Psychometric evaluation and adaptation of the Affiliate Stigma Scale into the Indonesian language in primary family caregivers of schizophrenia patients. Middle East Curr Psychiatry, 31, 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-024-00394-w

Levi, S. G., & Roth, R. L. (2021). Entitlement, hope, and life satisfaction among mothers of children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51, 3818–3828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04832-6

Li, T., Bu, H., & Duan, W. (2021). A brief measure of perceived courtesy and affiliate stigma on COVID-19: A study with a sample from China. Personality and Individual Differences, 180, 110993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110993

Mak, W. W. S., & Cheung, R. Y. M. (2008). Affiliate stigma among caregivers of people with intellectual disability or mental illness. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 21, 532–545. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2008.00426.x

Mak, W. W. S., & Cheung, R. Y. M. (2011). Psychological distress and subjective burden of caregivers of people with mental illness: The role of affiliate stigma and face concern. Community Mental Health Journal, 48, 270–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-011-9422-9

Mitter, N., Ali, A., & Scior, K. (2019). Stigma experienced by families of individuals with intellectual disabilities and autism: A systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 89, 10–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2019.03.001

Monica, R., Lubis, F. Y., & Novita, S. (2025). Gratitude dan social support suami sebagai prediktor parenting stress pada ibu yang memiliki anak autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen, 18(2), 190–204. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2025.18.2.190

Nurhidayatika, Waluyati, I., & Nurhijriah. (2022). Bullying dan hate speech pada anak berkebutuhan khusus dalam lingkungan sosial (Studi kasus keluarga ABK Kecamatan Langgudu). EduSociata: Jurnal Pendidikan Sosiologi, 5(1), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.33627/es.v5i1.741

Novrianto, R., & Menaldi, A. (2022). The Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (AHS) in Indonesian population: Factorial structure and psychometric properties. Jurnal Psikologi, 18(2), 163–170. https://doi.org/10.24014/jp.v18i2.18273

Nursholichah, K. U., Mufarrohah, A. F., & Setyo, B. (2024). Stigma masyarakat terhadap anak penyandang disabilitas. Al-Athfal: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak, 5(2), 336–342. https://doi.org/10.46773/alathfal.v5i2.1456

Pelleboer-Gunnink, H. A., Weeghel, J. v., & Embregts, P. J. C. (2019). Public stigmatisation of people with intellectual disabilities: A mixed-method population survey into stereotypes and their relationship with familiarity and discrimination. Disability and Rehabilitation, 43(4), 489–497. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2019.1630678

Pleeging, E., Burger, M., & van Exel, J. (2021). The relations between hope and subjective well-being: A literature overview and empirical analysis. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 16, 1019–1041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-019-09802-4

Rand, K. L., & Touza, K. K. (2018). Hope theory. The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.25

Rasheed, A. (2022). Hope, quality of life, and self-efficacy among mothers with children with special needs. INSPIRA: Indonesian Journal of Psychological Research, 3(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.32505/inspira.v3i1.3850

Rusu, D. M., Stevanović, D., & Enea, V. (2024). Affiliate stigma and parental stress among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: The mediating role of shame. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 39(3), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/10883576231221751

Salehi, F., Salehi, M., & Salehi, Z. (2024). The effectiveness of Islamic Hope Therapy on happiness and life satisfaction of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Islamic Psychology, 10(20), 47–69.

Saricam, H., Deveci, M., & Ahmetoglu, E. (2020). Examination of hope, intolerance of uncertainty and resilience levels in parents having disabled children. Global Journal of Psychology Research: New Trends and Issues, 10(1), 26–39. https://doi.org/10.18844/gjpr.v10i1.4398

Serchuk, M.D., Corrigan, P.W., Reed, S. (2021). Vicarious stigma and self-stigma experienced by parents of children with mental health and/or neurodevelopmental disorders. Community Mental Health Journal, 57, 1537–1546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-021-00774-0

Sharma, U., & Michael, S. (2017). Parental perspective about inclusive education in the Pacific. In J. Anderson & S. Woodcock (Eds.), Working with Families for Inclusive Education: Navigating Identity, Opportunity and Belonging (Vol. 10, pp. 71–86). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-363620170000010010

Shenaar-Golan, V. (2016). The subjective well-being of parents of children with developmental disabilities: The role of hope as predictor and fosterer of well-being. Journal of Social Work in Disability & Rehabilitation, 15(2), 77–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/1536710X.2016.1162119

Shivers, C. M., & Resor, J. (2020). Health and life satisfaction among parents of children with physical disabilities. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 32, 719–733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-019-09716-x

Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., Yoshinobu, L., Gibb, J., Langelle, C., & Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570–585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.570

Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249–275. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01

Song, J., Mailick, M. R., & Greenberg, J. S. (2018). Health of parents of individuals with developmental disorders or mental health problems: Impacts of stigma. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 217, 152–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.09.044

Sukmadi, M. R., Sidik, S. A., & Mulia, D. (2020). Kualitas hidup orang tua yang memiliki anak berkebutuhan khusus. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan FKIP, 3(1), 470–484.

UNFPA. (2022, Februari 11). Are persons with disabilities included in the effort to leave no-one behind? UNFPA. Retrieved January 30, 2025, from https://asiapacific.unfpa.org/en/publications/are-persons-disabilities-included-effort-leave-no-one-behind

UNICEF. (2023). Empowering every child: Embracing diversity and inclusion for all: Landscape analysis on children with disabilities in Indonesia. UNICEF.

Wardani, I. K., & Artistin, A. R. (2023). Penerimaan diri orang tua dengan anak berkebutuhan khusus. Manuju: Malahayati Nursing Journal, 5(12), 4174–4187. https://doi.org/10.33024/mnj.v5i12.10145

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063

Witvliet, C. v., Richie, F. J., Luna, L. y. M. R., & Van Tongeren, D. R. (2018). Gratitude predicts hope and happiness: A twostudy assessment of traits and states. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(3), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1424924