Biosecurity Implementation and Its Association with Disease Distribution in Koi Fish Cyprinus carpio Aquaculture in Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract

Biosecurity is a fundamental component in aquaculture systems for preventing pathogen introduction and controlling disease transmission. However, its effectiveness under field conditions remains insufficiently quantified. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of biosecurity practices and analyze their relationship with disease distribution in koi fish Cyprinus carpio culture in Jakarta, Indonesia. The study was conducted at ten koi fish farms using field-based observations and laboratory analyses. Parasite examinations followed SNI 7303:2015, while bacterial identification referred to SNI 6332:2021. Biosecurity performance was assessed using a standardized scoring and grading system based on BKIPM criteria. The results demonstrated that biosecurity implementation ranged from “adequate” to “good,” with scores between 57.05 and 87.39. All samples were negative for Aeromonas salmonicida, indicating the absence of detectable infections by this bacterial pathogen. In contrast, multiple ectoparasites were detected, including Trichodina sp., Gyrodactylus sp., Dactylogyrus sp., Argulus sp., Chilodonella sp., and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, with parasite prevalence reaching 100% across all farms. Dactylogyrus sp. exhibited the highest dominance among other parasite species. The highest parasite intensity was recorded in Tambora (7 ind fish⁻¹). Importantly, correlation analysis revealed a very strong negative relationship (r = -0.98) between biosecurity score and parasite intensity. These findings highlight a critical gap between biosecurity implementation and its effectiveness against parasitic infections. Strengthening biosecurity protocols, particularly in environmental management and sanitation, is essential to enhance disease control and support the sustainability of koi aquaculture systems.