The Impact of Dietary Vitamin Supplementation (B-Complex, C, D, and E) on Growth Performance and Survival of Freshwater Fish: A Systematic Review

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the effects of dietary supplementation with B-complex vitamins  C, D, and E on the growth performance and survival rate of freshwater fish. The systematic literature review examined various scientific articles published between 2016 and 2026, focusing on commonly farmed freshwater fish species such as tilapia, catfish, pangasius, and carp. The findings indicate that vitamin supplementation positively influences growth performance, feed efficiency, and the immune system of fish, thereby contributing to improved survival. Specifically, B-complex vitamins enhance metabolism and growth, vitamin C promotes growth and immune function, vitamin E acts as an antioxidant supporting cell health and reproduction, and vitamin D aids in tissue formation and body quality. Optimal results are achieved when vitamin inclusion is tailored to the specific fish species and aquaculture objectives.