ESTIMATION OF CARBON STORAGE IN THE SEAGRASS MEADOWS ECOSYSTEM OF DOMPAK AND BERAKIT WATERS, RIAU ISLANDS
Article Sidebar
Accepted
12 January 2021
Published
31 December 2020
Keywords:
-
Bintan, biomass, carbon, seagrass, stock
Abstract
One of the important roles of the seagrass ecosystem is as a carbon sink from the atmosphere. Bintan Island is an area that has a fairly extensive seagrass ecosystem. This study aims to estimate the carbon content of seagrass beds from all types of seagrass and sediments in the waters of Berakit and Dompak, Bintan Island. Determination of potential carbon stock is carried out by looking at the estimated carbon stock in the sediment and biomass of seagrass including the upper part (leaves and midrib) and the bottom of the seagrass (rhizome and roots). Measurement of carbon stock in seagrass sediments was carried out using the dry ashing method (LOI) and the carbon content in seagrass biomass was measured using the conversion method using a constant. The results showed that at the Berakit station the estimated total carbon stock of sediment was 91 Mg Corg ha-1 and 10.58 Mg C/m2 for the estimation of seagrass carbon content, while the Dompak station estimated total carbon stock in the sediment ranged from 103.80 Mg Corg ha-1 and 3.34 Mg C/m2 to estimate the carbon content of seagrass parts. The carbon content in the substrate is influenced by the sediment composition and the carbon content in the seagrass is influenced by the density of the seagrass.
References
Adi,W., A.H. Nugraha, Y.H. Dasmasela, A. Ramli, C.F.A. Sondak, & N.D.M. Sjafrie. 2019. Struktur komunitas lamun di Malang Rapat, Bintan. J. Enggano, 4(2): 148-159. https://doi.org/10.31186/jenggano.4.2.148-159
American Public Health Association (APHA). 2017. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 23nd Edition. United Book Press Inc. Maryland. 1546 p.
Cyle, K.T., N. Hill, K., Young, T. Jenkins, D. Hancock, P.A. Schroeder, & A. Thompson. 2016. Substrate quality influences organic matter accumulation in the soil silt and clay fraction. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 103: 138-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.08.014
Dahl, M., M.E. Aslund, M. Bjork, D. Deyanova, E. Infantes, M. Isaeus, A.N. Sandman, & M. Gullstrom. The influence of hydrodinamic exposure on carbon storage and nutrient retention in eelgrass (Zostera marina L) meadows on the Swedish Skagerrak coast. Scientific Reports, 10(13666): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70403-5
Duarte, C., J. Middelburg, & N. Caraco. 2005. Majore role of marine vegetation on the oceanic carbon cycle. Biogeosciences, 2: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-1-2005
Feryatun, F., B. Hendrarto, & N. Widyorini. 2012. Kerapatan dan distribusi lamun (seagrass) berdasarkan zona kegiatan yang berbeda di perairan Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu. Management of Aquatic Resources, 1(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.14710/marj.v1i1.255
Fourqurean, J.W., C.M. Duarte, H. Kennedy, M. Marba, M. Holmer, M.A. Mateo, E.T. Apostolaki, G.A. Kendrick, D.K. Jensen, K.J. McGlathery, & O. Serrano. 2012. Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon stock. Nature Geoscience, 5: 505–509. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1477
Gemilang, W.A. & G. Kusumah. 2017. Status indeks pencemaran perairan kawasan mangrove berdasarkan penilaian fisika-kimia di pesisir Kecamatan Brebes Jawa Tengah. Enviro. Scienteae, 13(2): 171-180. https://doi.org/10.20527/es.v13i2.3919
Gunawan, J.V., M. Parengkuan, A.J. Wahyudi, & F. Zulpikar. 2019. Estimasi stok karbon pada biomassa lamun di Pulau Semak Daun, Kepulauan Seribu. Oseanologi dan Limnologi, 4(2): 89-99. https://doi.org/10.14203/oldi.2019.v4i2.229
Halim, M., D.G. Bengen, & T. Prartono. 2020. Influence of turbidity and water depth on carbon storage in seagrasses, Enhalus acoroides and Halophila ovalis. AACL Bioflux, 13(1): 309-317. https://www.bioflux.com.ro/docs/2020.309-317.pdf
Hamuna, B., R.H.R. Tanjung, S. Suwito, H.K. Maury, & A. Alianto. 2018. Kajian kualitas air laut dan indeks pencemaran berdasarkan parameter fisika-kimia di Perairan Distrik Depapre, Jayapura. J. Ilmu lingkungan, 16(1): 35-43. https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.16.1.35-43
Harimbi, K.A., N. Taufik, & I. Ritniasih. 2019. Potensi penyimpanan karbon pada lamun spesies Cymodocea serrulata dan Enhalus acoroides di Perairan Jepara. Buletin Oseanografi Marina, 8(2): 109-115. https://doi.org/10.14710/buloma.v8i2.23657
Hartati, R., I. Pratikto, & T.N. Pratiwi. 2017. Biomassa dan estimasi simpanan karbon pada ekosistem padang lamun di Pulau Menjangan Kecil dan Pulau Sintok, Kepulauan Karimunjawa. Buletin Oseanografi Marina, 6(1): 74-81. https://doi.org/10.14710/buloma.v6i1.15746
Indriani, A.J. Wahyudi, & D. Yona. 2017. Cadangan karbon di area padang lamun pesisir Pulau Bintan, Kepulauan Riau. Oseanologi dan Limnologi Indonesia, 2(3): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.14203/oldi.2017.v2i3.99
Irawan, A. 2017. Potensi cadangan dan serapan karbon oleh padang lamun di bagian utara dan timur Pulau Bintan. Oseanologi dan Limnologi Indonesia, 2(3): 35-48. https://doi.org/10.14203/oldi.2017.v2i3.99
Kawaroe, M., A.H. Nugraha, & Juraij. 2016. Ekosistem Padang Lamun. IPB Press. Bogor. 114 p.
Kennedy, H., J. Beggins, C.M. Duarte, J.W. Fourqurean, M. Holmer, N. Marba, & J.J. Middleburg. 2010. Seagrass sediments as a global carbon sink: isotopic constraints. Global Biogeochem Cycles, 24: GB4026. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003848
Khairunnisa, I. Setyobudiandi, & M. Boer. 2018. The estimation of segrass carbon stock in the east coast of Bintan Regency. J. Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 6(3): 639-650. http://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v10i3.21397
Lanuru, M., W. Samad, K. Amri, & D. Priosambodo. 2018. Oceanographic conditions and sediment dynamic of the Barrang Caddi Island (Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia). Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., 157(012040): 1-6. http://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/157/1/012040
Lavery, P.S., M.A. Mateo, O. Serrano, & M. Rozaimi. 2013.Variability in the carbon storage of seagrass habitats and its implications for global estimates of blue carbon ecosystem service. PLoSONE, 8(9): e73748. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073748
Nugraha, A.H., M. Kawaroe, E.S. Srimariana, I. Jaya, D. Apdillah, & S.R. Deswati. 2019a. Carbon storage in seagrass meadow of Teluk Bakau – Bintan Island. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 278: 1-6. https://doi.org/ 10.1088/1755-1315/278/1/012051
Nugraha, A.H., E.S. Srimariana, M. Kawaroe, & I. Jaya. 2019b. Struktur ekosistem lamun di desa Teluk Bakau, pesisir bintan timur-Indonesia. Depik J. Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir dan Perikanan, 8(2): 87-96. https://doi.org/10.13170/depik.8.2.13422
Paty, S.I. 2013. Distibusi suhu, salinitas, dan oksigen terlarut di Perairan Kema Sulawesi Utara. Platax, 1(3): 148-157. https://doi.org/10.35800/jip.1.3.2013.2580
Rahayu, Y.P., T. Solihuddin, M.A. Kusumaningtyas, R.N.A. Ati, H. Salim, T. Rixen, & A.A. Hutahaean. 2019. The sources of organic matter in seagrass sediments and their contribution to carbon stock in Spermonde Islands, Indonesia. Aquatic Geochemistry, 25: 161-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-019-09358-7
Rahmawati, S., A. Irawan, H.I. Supriyadi, & M.H. Azkab. 2017. Panduan Monitoring Padang Lamun. COREMAP-CTI LIPI. Jakarta. 32 p
Rahmawati, S., U.E. Hernawan, & A. Rustam. 2019a. The seagrass carbon content of 0.33 dry weight can be applied in Indonesia seagrasses. AIP Conference Proceedings: Inter-national Conference on Biology and Applied Science (ICOBAS), 2120: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5115616
Rahmawati, S., U. Hernawan, K. Mcmahon, B. Prayudha, H.B. Prayitno, A.J. Wahyudi, & M. Vanderklift. 2019b. Blue Carbon in Seagrass Ecosystem: Guideline for The Assessment of Carbon Stock And Sequestration In Southheast Asia. 2019b. Asean Sub Committee on Marine Science and Technology (SCMSAT). Indonesia. 112 p.
Repolho,T., B. Duarte, G. Dinosio, J.R. Paula, A.R. Lopes, I.C. Rosa, T.F. Grilo, I. Cacador, R. Calado, & R. Rosa. 2016. Seagrasseophysiological performance under ocean warming and acidification. Sci. Rep., 7: 41443. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41443
Rustam, A., N. Sudirman, R.N.A. Ati, H.L. Salim, & Y.P. Rahayu. 2017. Seagrass ecosystem carbon stock in the small islands: case study in Spermonde island, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. J. Segara, 13(2): 97–106. https://doi.org/10.15578/segara.v13i2.6445
Sarinawaty, P., F. Idris, & A.H. Nugraha. 2020. Karakteristik morfometrik lamun Enhalus acoroides dan Thalassia hemprichii di Pesisir Pulau Bintan. J. of Marine Research , 9(4): 478-484. https://doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v9i4.28432
Sarmiento, J.L. & N. Gruber. 2002. Sink for anthropogenic carbon. Physics today, 55(8): 30-36. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1510279
Sjafrie, N.D.M., L. Adrianto, A. Damar, & M. Boer. 2017. Human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) in seagrass ecosystem: an example from the eest coast of Bintan Regency, Kepulauan Riau Province, Indonesia. Enviro. Dev. Sustain., 20: 865-881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-9914-z
Supriadi, R.F. Kaswadji, D.G. Bengen, & M. Hutomo. 2014. Carbon stock of seagrass community in Barrang-lompo Island, Makassar. J. Ilmu Kelautan, 19(1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.19.1.1-10
Wahyudi, A.J., S. Rahmawati, B. Prayudha, M.R. Iskandar, & T. Arfianti. 2016. Vertical carbon flux of marine snow in Enhalus acoroides dominated seagrass meadows. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 5: 27-34. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2016.01.003
Wahyudi, A.J., S. Rahmawati, A. Irawan, H. Hadiyanto, B. Prayudha, M. Hafizt, A. Afdal, N.S. Adi, A. Rustam, U.E. Hernawan, Y.P. Rahayu, M.Y. Iswari, I.H. Supriyadi, T. Solihudin, R.N.A. Ati, T.L. Kepel, M.A. Kusumaningtyas, A. Daulat, H.L. Salim, N. Sudirman, D.D. Suryono, & W. Kiswara. 2020. Assesing carbon stock and sequestration of the tropical seagrass meadows in Indonesia. Ocean Science J., 55: 85-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-020-0003-0
Yushra, G.H., Adiguna, L.W. Sasongko, & R.P. Widyastuti. 2020. Estimasi stok karbon sedimen area padang lamun di kepulauan Spermonde, Sulawesi Selatan. Manafish J., 1(1): 43-57. https://ejurnal.polnep.ac.id/index.php/manfish/article/view/41
American Public Health Association (APHA). 2017. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 23nd Edition. United Book Press Inc. Maryland. 1546 p.
Cyle, K.T., N. Hill, K., Young, T. Jenkins, D. Hancock, P.A. Schroeder, & A. Thompson. 2016. Substrate quality influences organic matter accumulation in the soil silt and clay fraction. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 103: 138-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.08.014
Dahl, M., M.E. Aslund, M. Bjork, D. Deyanova, E. Infantes, M. Isaeus, A.N. Sandman, & M. Gullstrom. The influence of hydrodinamic exposure on carbon storage and nutrient retention in eelgrass (Zostera marina L) meadows on the Swedish Skagerrak coast. Scientific Reports, 10(13666): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70403-5
Duarte, C., J. Middelburg, & N. Caraco. 2005. Majore role of marine vegetation on the oceanic carbon cycle. Biogeosciences, 2: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-1-2005
Feryatun, F., B. Hendrarto, & N. Widyorini. 2012. Kerapatan dan distribusi lamun (seagrass) berdasarkan zona kegiatan yang berbeda di perairan Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu. Management of Aquatic Resources, 1(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.14710/marj.v1i1.255
Fourqurean, J.W., C.M. Duarte, H. Kennedy, M. Marba, M. Holmer, M.A. Mateo, E.T. Apostolaki, G.A. Kendrick, D.K. Jensen, K.J. McGlathery, & O. Serrano. 2012. Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon stock. Nature Geoscience, 5: 505–509. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1477
Gemilang, W.A. & G. Kusumah. 2017. Status indeks pencemaran perairan kawasan mangrove berdasarkan penilaian fisika-kimia di pesisir Kecamatan Brebes Jawa Tengah. Enviro. Scienteae, 13(2): 171-180. https://doi.org/10.20527/es.v13i2.3919
Gunawan, J.V., M. Parengkuan, A.J. Wahyudi, & F. Zulpikar. 2019. Estimasi stok karbon pada biomassa lamun di Pulau Semak Daun, Kepulauan Seribu. Oseanologi dan Limnologi, 4(2): 89-99. https://doi.org/10.14203/oldi.2019.v4i2.229
Halim, M., D.G. Bengen, & T. Prartono. 2020. Influence of turbidity and water depth on carbon storage in seagrasses, Enhalus acoroides and Halophila ovalis. AACL Bioflux, 13(1): 309-317. https://www.bioflux.com.ro/docs/2020.309-317.pdf
Hamuna, B., R.H.R. Tanjung, S. Suwito, H.K. Maury, & A. Alianto. 2018. Kajian kualitas air laut dan indeks pencemaran berdasarkan parameter fisika-kimia di Perairan Distrik Depapre, Jayapura. J. Ilmu lingkungan, 16(1): 35-43. https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.16.1.35-43
Harimbi, K.A., N. Taufik, & I. Ritniasih. 2019. Potensi penyimpanan karbon pada lamun spesies Cymodocea serrulata dan Enhalus acoroides di Perairan Jepara. Buletin Oseanografi Marina, 8(2): 109-115. https://doi.org/10.14710/buloma.v8i2.23657
Hartati, R., I. Pratikto, & T.N. Pratiwi. 2017. Biomassa dan estimasi simpanan karbon pada ekosistem padang lamun di Pulau Menjangan Kecil dan Pulau Sintok, Kepulauan Karimunjawa. Buletin Oseanografi Marina, 6(1): 74-81. https://doi.org/10.14710/buloma.v6i1.15746
Indriani, A.J. Wahyudi, & D. Yona. 2017. Cadangan karbon di area padang lamun pesisir Pulau Bintan, Kepulauan Riau. Oseanologi dan Limnologi Indonesia, 2(3): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.14203/oldi.2017.v2i3.99
Irawan, A. 2017. Potensi cadangan dan serapan karbon oleh padang lamun di bagian utara dan timur Pulau Bintan. Oseanologi dan Limnologi Indonesia, 2(3): 35-48. https://doi.org/10.14203/oldi.2017.v2i3.99
Kawaroe, M., A.H. Nugraha, & Juraij. 2016. Ekosistem Padang Lamun. IPB Press. Bogor. 114 p.
Kennedy, H., J. Beggins, C.M. Duarte, J.W. Fourqurean, M. Holmer, N. Marba, & J.J. Middleburg. 2010. Seagrass sediments as a global carbon sink: isotopic constraints. Global Biogeochem Cycles, 24: GB4026. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003848
Khairunnisa, I. Setyobudiandi, & M. Boer. 2018. The estimation of segrass carbon stock in the east coast of Bintan Regency. J. Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 6(3): 639-650. http://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v10i3.21397
Lanuru, M., W. Samad, K. Amri, & D. Priosambodo. 2018. Oceanographic conditions and sediment dynamic of the Barrang Caddi Island (Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia). Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., 157(012040): 1-6. http://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/157/1/012040
Lavery, P.S., M.A. Mateo, O. Serrano, & M. Rozaimi. 2013.Variability in the carbon storage of seagrass habitats and its implications for global estimates of blue carbon ecosystem service. PLoSONE, 8(9): e73748. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073748
Nugraha, A.H., M. Kawaroe, E.S. Srimariana, I. Jaya, D. Apdillah, & S.R. Deswati. 2019a. Carbon storage in seagrass meadow of Teluk Bakau – Bintan Island. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 278: 1-6. https://doi.org/ 10.1088/1755-1315/278/1/012051
Nugraha, A.H., E.S. Srimariana, M. Kawaroe, & I. Jaya. 2019b. Struktur ekosistem lamun di desa Teluk Bakau, pesisir bintan timur-Indonesia. Depik J. Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir dan Perikanan, 8(2): 87-96. https://doi.org/10.13170/depik.8.2.13422
Paty, S.I. 2013. Distibusi suhu, salinitas, dan oksigen terlarut di Perairan Kema Sulawesi Utara. Platax, 1(3): 148-157. https://doi.org/10.35800/jip.1.3.2013.2580
Rahayu, Y.P., T. Solihuddin, M.A. Kusumaningtyas, R.N.A. Ati, H. Salim, T. Rixen, & A.A. Hutahaean. 2019. The sources of organic matter in seagrass sediments and their contribution to carbon stock in Spermonde Islands, Indonesia. Aquatic Geochemistry, 25: 161-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-019-09358-7
Rahmawati, S., A. Irawan, H.I. Supriyadi, & M.H. Azkab. 2017. Panduan Monitoring Padang Lamun. COREMAP-CTI LIPI. Jakarta. 32 p
Rahmawati, S., U.E. Hernawan, & A. Rustam. 2019a. The seagrass carbon content of 0.33 dry weight can be applied in Indonesia seagrasses. AIP Conference Proceedings: Inter-national Conference on Biology and Applied Science (ICOBAS), 2120: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5115616
Rahmawati, S., U. Hernawan, K. Mcmahon, B. Prayudha, H.B. Prayitno, A.J. Wahyudi, & M. Vanderklift. 2019b. Blue Carbon in Seagrass Ecosystem: Guideline for The Assessment of Carbon Stock And Sequestration In Southheast Asia. 2019b. Asean Sub Committee on Marine Science and Technology (SCMSAT). Indonesia. 112 p.
Repolho,T., B. Duarte, G. Dinosio, J.R. Paula, A.R. Lopes, I.C. Rosa, T.F. Grilo, I. Cacador, R. Calado, & R. Rosa. 2016. Seagrasseophysiological performance under ocean warming and acidification. Sci. Rep., 7: 41443. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41443
Rustam, A., N. Sudirman, R.N.A. Ati, H.L. Salim, & Y.P. Rahayu. 2017. Seagrass ecosystem carbon stock in the small islands: case study in Spermonde island, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. J. Segara, 13(2): 97–106. https://doi.org/10.15578/segara.v13i2.6445
Sarinawaty, P., F. Idris, & A.H. Nugraha. 2020. Karakteristik morfometrik lamun Enhalus acoroides dan Thalassia hemprichii di Pesisir Pulau Bintan. J. of Marine Research , 9(4): 478-484. https://doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v9i4.28432
Sarmiento, J.L. & N. Gruber. 2002. Sink for anthropogenic carbon. Physics today, 55(8): 30-36. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1510279
Sjafrie, N.D.M., L. Adrianto, A. Damar, & M. Boer. 2017. Human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) in seagrass ecosystem: an example from the eest coast of Bintan Regency, Kepulauan Riau Province, Indonesia. Enviro. Dev. Sustain., 20: 865-881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-9914-z
Supriadi, R.F. Kaswadji, D.G. Bengen, & M. Hutomo. 2014. Carbon stock of seagrass community in Barrang-lompo Island, Makassar. J. Ilmu Kelautan, 19(1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.19.1.1-10
Wahyudi, A.J., S. Rahmawati, B. Prayudha, M.R. Iskandar, & T. Arfianti. 2016. Vertical carbon flux of marine snow in Enhalus acoroides dominated seagrass meadows. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 5: 27-34. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2016.01.003
Wahyudi, A.J., S. Rahmawati, A. Irawan, H. Hadiyanto, B. Prayudha, M. Hafizt, A. Afdal, N.S. Adi, A. Rustam, U.E. Hernawan, Y.P. Rahayu, M.Y. Iswari, I.H. Supriyadi, T. Solihudin, R.N.A. Ati, T.L. Kepel, M.A. Kusumaningtyas, A. Daulat, H.L. Salim, N. Sudirman, D.D. Suryono, & W. Kiswara. 2020. Assesing carbon stock and sequestration of the tropical seagrass meadows in Indonesia. Ocean Science J., 55: 85-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-020-0003-0
Yushra, G.H., Adiguna, L.W. Sasongko, & R.P. Widyastuti. 2020. Estimasi stok karbon sedimen area padang lamun di kepulauan Spermonde, Sulawesi Selatan. Manafish J., 1(1): 43-57. https://ejurnal.polnep.ac.id/index.php/manfish/article/view/41
Authors
HertyastutiP. R., PutraR. D., ApriadiT., SuhanaM. P., IdrisF., & NugrahaA. H. (2020). ESTIMATION OF CARBON STORAGE IN THE SEAGRASS MEADOWS ECOSYSTEM OF DOMPAK AND BERAKIT WATERS, RIAU ISLANDS. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 12(3), 849-862. https://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v12i3.32199
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The author submitting the manuscript must understand and agree that the copyright of the article manuscript must be submitted/transferred to the Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA) International License in which the Author and Reader can copy and redistribute the material in any media or format, and remix, modify and build material for any purpose, but they must provide appropriate credit (citing articles or content), provide a link to the license, and indicate whether there is a change. If you mix, change, or create material, you must distribute your contribution under the same license as the original.
