THE POTENTIAL OF MATURE PANDAN LEAVES AS A SOURCE OF CHLOROPHYLL FOR NATURAL FOOD COLORANTS
Article Sidebar
Accepted
13 November 2020
Published
29 December 2020
Keywords:
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chlorophyl, food colorants, leaf maturity, Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.,, photomicrography
Abstract
Plant leaves are the primary source of natural colorants for food, mainly due to their chlorophyll content. However, the plant types and the degree of leaf maturity determine the quality and quantity of the chlorophyll. This study aimed to determine the best maturity level of pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) leaves that serves as potential source of chlorophyll for natural food colorants. Eighty three pandan plants obtained from six different farming locations in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia were used as samples. The leaves were grouped into four levels of maturity using descriptive statistics based on their morphology, anatomy, color, and chlorophyll contents. The results showed that the average number of leaves ranged from 20-24 leaves per plant (at 95% confidence interval), and 96.4% of the plant had a maximum of 24 leaves. The leaf maturity was grouped into (1) young, (2) medium, (3) mature, and (4) over mature, corresponding to leaf number 1-6, 7-12, 13-18, and 19-24, respectively. The higher the leaf maturity, the higher the chlorophyll content. However, the over mature leaves were only slightly different from the mature ones. In addition, pandan leaves have specific flavor and contain carotenoid, phenolic, and flavonoid substances. Anatomically, the mesophyll’s size was greatest in the mature leaves, while the size of chloroplast was not significantly different from medium to over mature leaves. Based on the chlorophyll content and mesophyll size, it was concluded that mature pandan leaves were the best source of chlorophyll, containing chlorophyll of 623.08 mg/100 g dry weight (DW).
References
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Khandaker MM, Boyce AN, Osman N, Hossain ABMS. 2012. Physiochemical and phytochemi-cal properties of wax apple (Syzygium sama-rangense [Blume] Merrill & L. M. Perry var. jambu madu) as affected by growth regulator application. Sci World J 2012: 1-13. DOI: 10. 1100/2012/728613.
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Liu Y, Wang L, Liu F, Pan S. 2016. Effect of grinding methods on structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of insoluble dietary fiber from orange peel. Int J Polym Sci 2016: 1-7. DOI: 10.1155/2016/6269302.
Mataliana GNA, Yudhari IDAS, Dewi IAL. 2015. Keragaan usahatani pandan wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) di Subak Tegenungan De-sa Kemenuh Kecamatan Sukawati Kabupaten Gianyar. E-Jurnal Agribisnis Agrowisata 4: 1-9.
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Miazek K, Ledakowicz S. 2013. Chlorophyll extrac-tion from leaves, needles and microalgae: A kinetic approach. Int J Agric Biol Eng 6: 107-115.
Nikolaeva MK, Maevskaya SN, Shugaev AG, Bukhov NG. 2010. Effect of drought on chloro-phyll content and antioxidant enzyme activities in leaves of three wheat cultivars varying in pro-ductivity. Russ J Plant Physl+ 57: 94-102. DOI: 10.1134/S1021443710010127.
Pathare PB, Opara UL, Al-Said FA. 2013. Colour measurement and analysis in fresh and pro-cessed foods-a review. Food Bioprocess Tech 6: 36-60. DOI: 10.1007/s11947-012-0867-9.
Petisco C, García‐Criado B, García‐Criado L, Vázquez‐de‐Aldana R, García‐Ciudad A. 2009. Quantitative analysis of chlorophyll and protein in alfalfa leaves using fiber-optic near‐infrared spectroscopy. Commun Soil Sci Plan 40: 2474-2484. DOI: 10.1080/00103620903111350.
Porrarud S, Pranee A. 2010. Microencapsulation of Zn-chlorophyll pigment from pandan leaf by spray drying and its characteristic. Int Food Res J 17: 1031-1042.
Prawira-Atmaja MI, Shabri, Khomaini HS, Maulana H, Harianto S, Rohdiana D. 2018. Changes in chlorophyll and polyphenols content in Camellia sinensis var. sinensis at different stage of leaf maturity. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 131: 012010. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/131/1/0120 10.
Pujimulyani D, Raharjo S, Marsono Y, Santoso U. 2010. The antioxidant activity and phenolic con-tent of fresh and blanched white saffron (Curcu-ma mangga Val.). Agritech 30: 68-74
Rahayu SE, Kartawinata K, Chikmawati T, Hartana A. 2011. Leaf anatomy of Pandanus Spesiae (Pandanaceae) from Java. Reinwardtia 13: 305-313.
Ríos JJ, Roca M, Pérez-Gálvez A. 2014. Non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites in loquat fruits (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). J Agric Food Chem 62: 10576-10584. DOI: 10.1021/jf5036 19s.
Schifferstein HNJ, Wehrle T, Carbon CC. 2019. Consumer expectations for vegetables with ty-pical and atypical colors: The case of carrots. Food Qual Prefer 72: 98-108. DOI: 10.1016/j. foodqual.2018.10.002.
Senklang P, Anprung P. 2010. Optimizing enzymatic extraction of Zn-chlorophyll derivatives from pandan leaf using response surface methodolo-gy. J Food Process Pres 34: 759-776. DOI: 10. 1111/j.1745-4549.2009.00393.x.
Shimada C, Kano K, Sasaki YF, Sato I, Tsudua S. 2010. Differential colon DNA damage induced by azo food additives between rats and mice. J Toxicol Sci 35: 547-554. DOI: 10.2131/jts.35. 547.
Simon JE, Decker EA, Ferruzzi MG, Giusti MM, Mejia CD, Goldscgmidt M, Talcott ST. 2017. Establishing standards on colors from natural sources. J Food Sci 82: 2539-2553. DOI: 10.11 11/1750-3841.13927.
Sowndhararajan K, Chin NL, Yusof YA, Lai LL, Mustapa WAW. 2015. Effect of blender and blending time on colour and aroma charac-teristics of juice and its freeze-dried powder of Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. leaves (Pan-dan). Int J Food Eng 12: 75-81. DOI: 10.1515/ ijfe-2015-0096.
Suryani CL, Tamaroh S, Ardiyan A, Setyowati A. 2017. antioxidant activity of pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius) leaf ethanol extract and it’s frac-tions. Agritech 37: 271-279. DOI: 10.22146/ agritech.11312.
Suryani CL, Tamaroh S, Budipitojo T. 2018. In-creased of hypoglycemic effect and pancreatic regeneration of Pandanus amaryfollius leaves ethyl acetate extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int Food Res J 25: 1792-1798.
Viera I, Pérez-Gálvez A, Roca M. 2019. Green natural colorants-a review. Molecules 24: 1-17. DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010154.
Wakte KV, Nadaf AB, Thengane RJ, Jawali N. 2009. Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. cultivated as a spice in coastal regions of India. Genet Resour Crop Ev 56: 735-740. DOI: 10.1007/s10722-009-9431-5.
Wakte KV, Thengane RJ, Jawali N, Nadaf AB. 2010. Optimization of HS-SPME conditions for quanti-fication of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline and study of other volatiles in Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Food Chem 121: 595-600. DOI: 10.1016/j. foodchem.2009.12.056.
Wakte KV, Zanan RL, Saini A, Jawali N, Thengane RJ, Nadaf AB. 2012. Genetic diversity assess-ment in Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Popula-tions of India. Genet Resour Crop Ev 59: 1583-1595. DOI: 10.1007/s10722-012-9882-y.
Wild A, Wolf G. 1980. The effect of different light in-tensities on the frequency and size of stomata, the size of cells, the number, size and chloro-phyll content of chloroplasts in the mesophyll and the guard cells during the ontogeny of primary leaves of Sinapis alba. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie 97: 325-342. DOI: 10.10 16/S0044-328X(80)80006-7.
Young AJ, Lowe GL. 2018. Carotenoids-Antioxidant properties. Antioxidants 7: 10-13. DOI: 10.3390/ antiox7020028.
Zhang YJ, Yan F, Gao H, Xu YZ, Guo YY, Wang EJ, Li YH, Xie ZK. 2015. Chlorophyll content, leaf gas exchange and growth of oriental lily as affected by shading. Russ J Plant Physl+ 62: 334-339. DOI: 10.1134/S1021443715030206
Arnold LE, Lofthouse N, Hurt E. 2012. Artificial food colours and attention-deficit/hyperactivity symp-toms: Conclusions to dye for. Neurotherapeu-tics 9: 599-609. DOI: 10.1007/s13311-012-01 33-x.
Deveci M, Uzun E. 2011. Determination of phenolic compounds and chlorophyll content of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) at different growth stages. Asian J Chem 23: 3739-3743.
Gil MI, Tudela JA, Martínez-Sánchez A, Luna MC. 2012. Harvest maturity indicators of leafy vegetables. Stewart Postharvest Rev 8: 1-9. DOI: 10.2212/spr.2012.1.1.
Hörtensteiner S, Kräutler B. 2011. Chlorophyll breakdown in higher plants. Biochim Biophys Acta 1807: 977-988. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.20 10.12.007.
Hu X, Tanaka A, Tanaka R. 2013. Simple extraction methods that prevent the artifactual conversion of chlorophyll to chlorophyllide during pigment isolation from leaf samples. Plant Methods 9: 1-13. DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-9-19.
[IBM] International Business Machines Corporation. 2011. IBM SPSS Statistics 20 Command Syntax Reference. 20th ed. IBM Corporation.
Indrasti D, Andarwulan N, Purnomo EH, Wulandari N. 2018. Stability of chlorophyll as natural co-lorant: A review for suji (Dracaena angustifolia (Medik.) Roxb.) leaves’ case. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci Jour 6: 609-625. DOI: 10.12944/ CRNFSJ.6.3.04.
Indrasti D, Andarwulan N, Purnomo EH, Wulandari N. 2019. Suji leaf chlorophyll: Potential and challenges as natural colorant. J Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 24: 109-116. DOI: 10.18343/jipi.24.2. 109.
Institute of Food Technology. 2016. Colouring Foods and Beverages. https://www.ift.org/news-and-publications/food-technology-magazine/issues/ 2016/january/columns/food-safety-quality-coloring-foods-and-beverages [July 20th, 2016].
Kamble P, Girl SP, Mane RS, Tiwana A. 2015. Estimation of chlorophyll content in young and adult leaves of some selected plants. Univers J Environ Res Technol 5: 306-310.
Khandaker MM, Boyce AN, Osman N, Hossain ABMS. 2012. Physiochemical and phytochemi-cal properties of wax apple (Syzygium sama-rangense [Blume] Merrill & L. M. Perry var. jambu madu) as affected by growth regulator application. Sci World J 2012: 1-13. DOI: 10. 1100/2012/728613.
Li Y, He N, Hou J, Xu L, Liu C, Zhang J, Wang Q, Zhang X, Wu X. 2018. Factors influencing leaf chlorophyll content in natural forests at the biome scale. Front Ecol Evol 6: 1-10. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00064.
Liew PS. 2012. Pandanus amaryllifolius–The only Pandanus with fragrant leaves. https://blogs. reading.ac.uk/tropical-biodiversity/2013/01/pan danus-amaryllifolius/ [August 21st, 2020].
Limantara L, Dettling M, Indrawati R, Indriatmoko, Brotosudarmo THP. 2015. Analysis on the chlo-rophyll content of commercial green leafy vege-tables. Procedia Chem 14: 225-231. DOI: 10.10 16/j.proche.2015.03.032.
Liu Y, Wang L, Liu F, Pan S. 2016. Effect of grinding methods on structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of insoluble dietary fiber from orange peel. Int J Polym Sci 2016: 1-7. DOI: 10.1155/2016/6269302.
Mataliana GNA, Yudhari IDAS, Dewi IAL. 2015. Keragaan usahatani pandan wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) di Subak Tegenungan De-sa Kemenuh Kecamatan Sukawati Kabupaten Gianyar. E-Jurnal Agribisnis Agrowisata 4: 1-9.
Mendenhall W, Sincich T. 2016. Statistics For Engineering and The Sciences. Sixth Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton. DOI: 10.1201/b19628.
Miazek K, Ledakowicz S. 2013. Chlorophyll extrac-tion from leaves, needles and microalgae: A kinetic approach. Int J Agric Biol Eng 6: 107-115.
Nikolaeva MK, Maevskaya SN, Shugaev AG, Bukhov NG. 2010. Effect of drought on chloro-phyll content and antioxidant enzyme activities in leaves of three wheat cultivars varying in pro-ductivity. Russ J Plant Physl+ 57: 94-102. DOI: 10.1134/S1021443710010127.
Pathare PB, Opara UL, Al-Said FA. 2013. Colour measurement and analysis in fresh and pro-cessed foods-a review. Food Bioprocess Tech 6: 36-60. DOI: 10.1007/s11947-012-0867-9.
Petisco C, García‐Criado B, García‐Criado L, Vázquez‐de‐Aldana R, García‐Ciudad A. 2009. Quantitative analysis of chlorophyll and protein in alfalfa leaves using fiber-optic near‐infrared spectroscopy. Commun Soil Sci Plan 40: 2474-2484. DOI: 10.1080/00103620903111350.
Porrarud S, Pranee A. 2010. Microencapsulation of Zn-chlorophyll pigment from pandan leaf by spray drying and its characteristic. Int Food Res J 17: 1031-1042.
Prawira-Atmaja MI, Shabri, Khomaini HS, Maulana H, Harianto S, Rohdiana D. 2018. Changes in chlorophyll and polyphenols content in Camellia sinensis var. sinensis at different stage of leaf maturity. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 131: 012010. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/131/1/0120 10.
Pujimulyani D, Raharjo S, Marsono Y, Santoso U. 2010. The antioxidant activity and phenolic con-tent of fresh and blanched white saffron (Curcu-ma mangga Val.). Agritech 30: 68-74
Rahayu SE, Kartawinata K, Chikmawati T, Hartana A. 2011. Leaf anatomy of Pandanus Spesiae (Pandanaceae) from Java. Reinwardtia 13: 305-313.
Ríos JJ, Roca M, Pérez-Gálvez A. 2014. Non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites in loquat fruits (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). J Agric Food Chem 62: 10576-10584. DOI: 10.1021/jf5036 19s.
Schifferstein HNJ, Wehrle T, Carbon CC. 2019. Consumer expectations for vegetables with ty-pical and atypical colors: The case of carrots. Food Qual Prefer 72: 98-108. DOI: 10.1016/j. foodqual.2018.10.002.
Senklang P, Anprung P. 2010. Optimizing enzymatic extraction of Zn-chlorophyll derivatives from pandan leaf using response surface methodolo-gy. J Food Process Pres 34: 759-776. DOI: 10. 1111/j.1745-4549.2009.00393.x.
Shimada C, Kano K, Sasaki YF, Sato I, Tsudua S. 2010. Differential colon DNA damage induced by azo food additives between rats and mice. J Toxicol Sci 35: 547-554. DOI: 10.2131/jts.35. 547.
Simon JE, Decker EA, Ferruzzi MG, Giusti MM, Mejia CD, Goldscgmidt M, Talcott ST. 2017. Establishing standards on colors from natural sources. J Food Sci 82: 2539-2553. DOI: 10.11 11/1750-3841.13927.
Sowndhararajan K, Chin NL, Yusof YA, Lai LL, Mustapa WAW. 2015. Effect of blender and blending time on colour and aroma charac-teristics of juice and its freeze-dried powder of Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. leaves (Pan-dan). Int J Food Eng 12: 75-81. DOI: 10.1515/ ijfe-2015-0096.
Suryani CL, Tamaroh S, Ardiyan A, Setyowati A. 2017. antioxidant activity of pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius) leaf ethanol extract and it’s frac-tions. Agritech 37: 271-279. DOI: 10.22146/ agritech.11312.
Suryani CL, Tamaroh S, Budipitojo T. 2018. In-creased of hypoglycemic effect and pancreatic regeneration of Pandanus amaryfollius leaves ethyl acetate extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int Food Res J 25: 1792-1798.
Viera I, Pérez-Gálvez A, Roca M. 2019. Green natural colorants-a review. Molecules 24: 1-17. DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010154.
Wakte KV, Nadaf AB, Thengane RJ, Jawali N. 2009. Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. cultivated as a spice in coastal regions of India. Genet Resour Crop Ev 56: 735-740. DOI: 10.1007/s10722-009-9431-5.
Wakte KV, Thengane RJ, Jawali N, Nadaf AB. 2010. Optimization of HS-SPME conditions for quanti-fication of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline and study of other volatiles in Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Food Chem 121: 595-600. DOI: 10.1016/j. foodchem.2009.12.056.
Wakte KV, Zanan RL, Saini A, Jawali N, Thengane RJ, Nadaf AB. 2012. Genetic diversity assess-ment in Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Popula-tions of India. Genet Resour Crop Ev 59: 1583-1595. DOI: 10.1007/s10722-012-9882-y.
Wild A, Wolf G. 1980. The effect of different light in-tensities on the frequency and size of stomata, the size of cells, the number, size and chloro-phyll content of chloroplasts in the mesophyll and the guard cells during the ontogeny of primary leaves of Sinapis alba. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie 97: 325-342. DOI: 10.10 16/S0044-328X(80)80006-7.
Young AJ, Lowe GL. 2018. Carotenoids-Antioxidant properties. Antioxidants 7: 10-13. DOI: 10.3390/ antiox7020028.
Zhang YJ, Yan F, Gao H, Xu YZ, Guo YY, Wang EJ, Li YH, Xie ZK. 2015. Chlorophyll content, leaf gas exchange and growth of oriental lily as affected by shading. Russ J Plant Physl+ 62: 334-339. DOI: 10.1134/S1021443715030206
Authors
SuryaniC. L. S., Tutik Dwi Wahyuningsih, SupriyadiS., & Umar Santoso. (2020). THE POTENTIAL OF MATURE PANDAN LEAVES AS A SOURCE OF CHLOROPHYLL FOR NATURAL FOOD COLORANTS. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Industri Pangan, 31(2), 127-137. https://doi.org/10.6066/jtip.2020.31.2.127
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