The Complexities of Social Dining: Investigating Role of Impression Management, External Eating, and Known Companion Towards Food Portion
Article Sidebar
Issue
Vol. 19 No. 3 (2024)
Accepted
28 November 2024
Published
29 November 2024
Keywords:
-
eating behavior, external eating, impression management, known peers, food portion
Abstract
This study aims to investigate how dining with acquaintances or friends, the desire to manage others’ impressions, and external cues such as smell and appearance, influence food portion sizes. The research employed a quasi-experimental design, involving 236 participants who were active students at Semarang State University, all of whom were not on a diet, did not have allergies, and non-vegetarians. A General Linear Model Univariate analysis reveals that individuals who ate alone had a bigger portion compared to when eating with a known companion (F(1,228)=4.059, p=0.045, partial η2=0.17). Furthermore, the impression management or external cues influenced the individuals to take bigger portions when eating alone (F(1,228)=5.290, p =0.022, partial η2=0.023; F(1,228)=4110, p=0.044). However, those with high impression management and external eating tendencies took larger portions when eating with a known companion (F(1,228)=4.652, p=0.032, partial η2=0.020). Thus, the presence of a known companion had a less significant influence on overall portion sizes (F(1,228)=4.059, p=0.045, partial η2=0.17). These findings suggest that known companions exert a complex effect on eating behaviors. Future research should provide clearer guidelines for the appropriate portion sizes companions should take, while emphasizing healthy food choices in social dining setting.
References
[ASC] Academic Success Center. 2024. Partial eta square. https://resources.nu.edu/statsresources/eta [Accessed 23th November 2024].
Benbaibeche H, Saidi H, Bounihi A, Koceir EA. 2023. Emotional and external eating styles associated with obesity. J Eat Disord 11(1):67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-023-00797-w
Bolino M, Long D, Turnley W. 2016. Impression management in organizations: Critical questions, answers, and areas for future research. Annu Rev Organ 3(1):377–406. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062337
Boswell RG, Kober H. 2016. Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: a meta-analytic review. Obes Rev an Off J Int Assoc Study Obes 17(2):159–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12354
Bucher T, van der Horst K, Siegrist M. 2012. The fake food buffet - a new method in nutrition behaviour research. Br Nutr 107(10):1553–1560. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451100465X
Cruwys T, Bevelander KE, Hermans RCJ. 2015. Social modeling of eating: A review of when and why social influence affects food intake and choice. Appetite 86:3–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.08.035
Dakin C, Beaulieu K, Hopkins M, Gibbons C, Finlayson G, Stubbs RJ. 2023. Do eating behavior traits predict energy intake and body mass index? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev an Off J Int Assoc Study Obes 24(1):e13515. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13515
Dianah R, Andari EA, Putri EA, Dwinanti CC, Nafisah DN. 2022. Penyuluhan cara mencegah obesitas pada remaja dengan pola makan yang sehat Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi 3(3):41–50. https://doi.org/10.47841/saintek.v3i3.220
Folwarczny M, Otterbring T, Ares G. 2023. Sustainable food choices as an impression management strategy. Curr Opin Food Sci 49:100969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100969
Goffman E. 2023. The presentation of self in everyday life, social theory re-wired. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003320609-59/presentation-self-everyday-life-erving-goffman [Accessed 27th September 2024].
Hendrikse JJ, Cachia RL, Kothe EJ, Mcphie S, Skouteris H, Hayden MJ. 2015. Attentional Biases for food cues in overweight and individuals with obesity: A systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev 16(5):424–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12265
Higgs S. 2015. Social norms and their influence on eating behaviours. Appetite 86:38–44. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.10.021
Higgs S, Bouguettaya A, Ruddock H. 2022. Awareness of Social influences on eating is dependent on familiarity with imagined dining partners and type of eating occasion. Front Psychol 13:841422. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.84142
Higgs S, Thomas J. 2016. Social influences on eating. Curr Opin Behav Sci 9:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.10.005
Huang MCJ, Wu HC, Chuang SC, Lin WH. 2014. Who gets to decide your complaint intentions? The influence of other companions on reaction to service failures. Int J Hosp Manag 37:180–189. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.10.008
[IHDPA] Indonesian Health Development Policy Agency. 2023. Survey Kesehatan Indonesia 2023. Central Jakarta (ID): IHDPA
Jauziyah S, Nuryanto N, Tsani AFA, Purwanti R. 2021. Pengetahuan gizi dan cara mendapatkan makanan yang berhubungan dengan kebiasaan makan mahasiswa di Universitas Diponegoro. J Nutr Coll Vol 10(1). https://doi.org/10.14710/jnc.v10i1.30428
Karam CNA, Sekaja L, Geldenhuys M. 2016. Validation of the Bolino and Turnley Impression Management Scale. South African J Psychol 46(4):530–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246316640205
Khoirunnisa T, Kurniasari R. 2022. Pengaruh edukasi melalui media pada kejadian overwight dan obesitas : Literature review. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 6(2):1212–1217.
Khotimah EN, Nainggolan O. 2019. Relationship between central obesity with emotional mental disorder in the productive age. Media Litbangkes 29(3):225–234. https://doi.org/10.22435/mpk.v29i3.501
Leary MR. 2019. Self-Presentation: Impression Management And Interpersonal Behavior. New York (USA): Routledge
Leary MR, Kowalski RM. 1990. Impression management: A literature review and two-component model. Psychol Bull 107(1):34–47. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.1.34
Li M, Krisyani JK, Herianto DNP, Azkiyah NS. 2023. Psychoanalytic study of Carl Gustav Jung: persona in the character Tang Xin in the Drama ‘Nǐ Hǎo, Shénqiāngshǒu’ episodes 1–15 by Danton Nabilla Putri Herianto. Ijcis 1(1):47–58. https://doi.org/10.26740/ijcis.v1i1.25238
Lindawati L. 2019. Pengaruh teman sebaya terhadap perilaku jajan sehat anak di SDN Karangsari 2, Tangerang. J Media Informasi Kesehatan 6(1):61–68. http://jurnal.poltekkesbanten.ac.id/Medikes/article/view/159
Liu J, Higgs S. 2019. Social modeling of food intake: No evidence for moderation by identification with the norm referent group. Front Psychol 10:159. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00159
Livingstone, MBE, Pourshahidi LK. 2014. Portion size and obesity. Adv Nutr 5(6):829–834. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.007104
[MoH RI] Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia. 2018. Laporan Riskesdas 2018 Nasional. Jakarta (ID): Lembaga Penerbit Balitbangkes
Masrul M. 2018. Epidemi obesitas dan dampaknya terhadap status kesehatan masyarakat serta sosial ekonomi bangsa. Maj Kedokt Andalas 41(3):152–162. https://doi.org/10.25077/mka.v41.i3.p152-162.2018
Maxwell AL, Loxton NJ, Hennegan JM. 2017. Exposure to food cues moderates the indirect effect of reward sensitivity and external eating via implicit eating expectancies. Appetite 111:135–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.037
Mulyani NS, Arnisam A, Fitri, SH, Ardiansyah A. 2020. Faktor penyebab obesitas pada remaja putri di Aceh besar. J Ris Gizi 8(1):44–47. https://doi.org/10.31983/jrg.v8i1.5472
Muna NI, Mardiana M. 2019. Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan konsumsi buah dan sayur pada remaja. Sport Nutr J 1(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.15294/spnj.v1i1.31187
Nurdiani R, Rahman NA, Madanijah S. 2023. Perilaku makan tipe emotional, external dan restrained kaitannya dengan indeks massa tubuh mahasiswa. J Ilmu Gizi Dan Dietetik 2(1):59–65. https://doi.org/10.25182/jigd.2023.2.1.59-65
Otterbring T, Gasiorowska A, Folwarczny M. 2023. Editorial: Impression management strategies and environmental cues as focal factors in food research. Front Nutr 10:1254856. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1254856
Polivy J, Herman CP. 2015. Eating in Response to External Cues in Managing and Preventing Obesity: Behavioural Factors and Dietary Interventions. United Kingdom (UK): Woodhead Publishing Limited.
Ramadhani CJ, Fadilah LT, Zahira MR, Riyanto Z, Lutfiatun N, Carisa NY, Fatimah RN, Sirfefa W. 2024. Analisis faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan dalam memilih menu makanan pada mahasiswa program studi gizi Universitas Negeri Semarang 2023. J Anal 3(2):177–194.
Robinson E, Thomas J, Aveyard P, Higgs S. 2014. What everyone else is eating: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of informational eating norms on eating behavior. J Acad Nutr Diet 114(3):414–429. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2013.11.009
Ruddock HK, Long EV, Brunstrom JM, Vartanian LR, Higgs S. 2021. People serve themselves larger portions before a social meal. Sci Rep 240:113539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113539
Schneider-Worthington CR, Smith KE, Roemmich JN, Salvy S-J. 2022. External food cue responsiveness and emotional eating in adolescents: A multimethod study. Appetite 168:105789. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105789
Stroebe W. 2023. Is the energy balance explanation of the obesity epidemic wrong? Appetite 188:106614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.106614
Sumarni S, Bangkele EY. 2023. Persepsi orang tua, guru dan tenaga kesehatan tentang obesitas pada anak dan remaja. Heal Tadulako J 9(1):58–64. https://doi.org/10.22487/htj.v9i1.658
van den Broek N, de la Haye K, Veldhuis L, Verhagen M, Larsen JK, Vink JM, Burk WJ. 2022. Examining food intake similarities in adolescent best friend dyads using longitudinal Actor-Partner Interdependence Models. Appetite 175:106072. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2022.106072
van Meer F, de Vos F, Hermans RCJ, Peeters PA, van Dillen, LF. 2022. Daily distracted consumption patterns and their relationship with BMI. Appetite 176:106136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2022.106136
Van Strien T, Frijters JE, Bergers GP, Defares PB. 1986. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for asessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. Int J Eat Dis 5(2):295–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(198602)5:2%3C295::AID-EAT2260050209%3E3.0.CO;2-T
Vartanian LR. 2015. Impression management and food intake. Current directions in research. Appetite 86:74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.08.021
Vartanian LR, Spanos S, Herman CP, Polivy J. 2017. Conflicting internal and external eating cues: Impact on food intake and attributions. Heal Psychol 36(4):365
Wang W, Zhou K, Yu Z, Li J. 2020. The cost of impression management to life satisfaction: Sense of control and loneliness as mediators. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2020:407–417. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S23834
Zarychta K, Kulis E, Gan Y, Chan CKY, Horodyska K, Luszczynska A. 2019. Why are you eating, mom? Maternal emotional, restrained, and external eating explaining children’s eating styles. Appetite 141:104335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104335
Benbaibeche H, Saidi H, Bounihi A, Koceir EA. 2023. Emotional and external eating styles associated with obesity. J Eat Disord 11(1):67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-023-00797-w
Bolino M, Long D, Turnley W. 2016. Impression management in organizations: Critical questions, answers, and areas for future research. Annu Rev Organ 3(1):377–406. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062337
Boswell RG, Kober H. 2016. Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: a meta-analytic review. Obes Rev an Off J Int Assoc Study Obes 17(2):159–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12354
Bucher T, van der Horst K, Siegrist M. 2012. The fake food buffet - a new method in nutrition behaviour research. Br Nutr 107(10):1553–1560. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451100465X
Cruwys T, Bevelander KE, Hermans RCJ. 2015. Social modeling of eating: A review of when and why social influence affects food intake and choice. Appetite 86:3–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.08.035
Dakin C, Beaulieu K, Hopkins M, Gibbons C, Finlayson G, Stubbs RJ. 2023. Do eating behavior traits predict energy intake and body mass index? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev an Off J Int Assoc Study Obes 24(1):e13515. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13515
Dianah R, Andari EA, Putri EA, Dwinanti CC, Nafisah DN. 2022. Penyuluhan cara mencegah obesitas pada remaja dengan pola makan yang sehat Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi 3(3):41–50. https://doi.org/10.47841/saintek.v3i3.220
Folwarczny M, Otterbring T, Ares G. 2023. Sustainable food choices as an impression management strategy. Curr Opin Food Sci 49:100969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100969
Goffman E. 2023. The presentation of self in everyday life, social theory re-wired. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003320609-59/presentation-self-everyday-life-erving-goffman [Accessed 27th September 2024].
Hendrikse JJ, Cachia RL, Kothe EJ, Mcphie S, Skouteris H, Hayden MJ. 2015. Attentional Biases for food cues in overweight and individuals with obesity: A systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev 16(5):424–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12265
Higgs S. 2015. Social norms and their influence on eating behaviours. Appetite 86:38–44. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.10.021
Higgs S, Bouguettaya A, Ruddock H. 2022. Awareness of Social influences on eating is dependent on familiarity with imagined dining partners and type of eating occasion. Front Psychol 13:841422. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.84142
Higgs S, Thomas J. 2016. Social influences on eating. Curr Opin Behav Sci 9:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.10.005
Huang MCJ, Wu HC, Chuang SC, Lin WH. 2014. Who gets to decide your complaint intentions? The influence of other companions on reaction to service failures. Int J Hosp Manag 37:180–189. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.10.008
[IHDPA] Indonesian Health Development Policy Agency. 2023. Survey Kesehatan Indonesia 2023. Central Jakarta (ID): IHDPA
Jauziyah S, Nuryanto N, Tsani AFA, Purwanti R. 2021. Pengetahuan gizi dan cara mendapatkan makanan yang berhubungan dengan kebiasaan makan mahasiswa di Universitas Diponegoro. J Nutr Coll Vol 10(1). https://doi.org/10.14710/jnc.v10i1.30428
Karam CNA, Sekaja L, Geldenhuys M. 2016. Validation of the Bolino and Turnley Impression Management Scale. South African J Psychol 46(4):530–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246316640205
Khoirunnisa T, Kurniasari R. 2022. Pengaruh edukasi melalui media pada kejadian overwight dan obesitas : Literature review. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 6(2):1212–1217.
Khotimah EN, Nainggolan O. 2019. Relationship between central obesity with emotional mental disorder in the productive age. Media Litbangkes 29(3):225–234. https://doi.org/10.22435/mpk.v29i3.501
Leary MR. 2019. Self-Presentation: Impression Management And Interpersonal Behavior. New York (USA): Routledge
Leary MR, Kowalski RM. 1990. Impression management: A literature review and two-component model. Psychol Bull 107(1):34–47. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.1.34
Li M, Krisyani JK, Herianto DNP, Azkiyah NS. 2023. Psychoanalytic study of Carl Gustav Jung: persona in the character Tang Xin in the Drama ‘Nǐ Hǎo, Shénqiāngshǒu’ episodes 1–15 by Danton Nabilla Putri Herianto. Ijcis 1(1):47–58. https://doi.org/10.26740/ijcis.v1i1.25238
Lindawati L. 2019. Pengaruh teman sebaya terhadap perilaku jajan sehat anak di SDN Karangsari 2, Tangerang. J Media Informasi Kesehatan 6(1):61–68. http://jurnal.poltekkesbanten.ac.id/Medikes/article/view/159
Liu J, Higgs S. 2019. Social modeling of food intake: No evidence for moderation by identification with the norm referent group. Front Psychol 10:159. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00159
Livingstone, MBE, Pourshahidi LK. 2014. Portion size and obesity. Adv Nutr 5(6):829–834. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.007104
[MoH RI] Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia. 2018. Laporan Riskesdas 2018 Nasional. Jakarta (ID): Lembaga Penerbit Balitbangkes
Masrul M. 2018. Epidemi obesitas dan dampaknya terhadap status kesehatan masyarakat serta sosial ekonomi bangsa. Maj Kedokt Andalas 41(3):152–162. https://doi.org/10.25077/mka.v41.i3.p152-162.2018
Maxwell AL, Loxton NJ, Hennegan JM. 2017. Exposure to food cues moderates the indirect effect of reward sensitivity and external eating via implicit eating expectancies. Appetite 111:135–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.037
Mulyani NS, Arnisam A, Fitri, SH, Ardiansyah A. 2020. Faktor penyebab obesitas pada remaja putri di Aceh besar. J Ris Gizi 8(1):44–47. https://doi.org/10.31983/jrg.v8i1.5472
Muna NI, Mardiana M. 2019. Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan konsumsi buah dan sayur pada remaja. Sport Nutr J 1(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.15294/spnj.v1i1.31187
Nurdiani R, Rahman NA, Madanijah S. 2023. Perilaku makan tipe emotional, external dan restrained kaitannya dengan indeks massa tubuh mahasiswa. J Ilmu Gizi Dan Dietetik 2(1):59–65. https://doi.org/10.25182/jigd.2023.2.1.59-65
Otterbring T, Gasiorowska A, Folwarczny M. 2023. Editorial: Impression management strategies and environmental cues as focal factors in food research. Front Nutr 10:1254856. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1254856
Polivy J, Herman CP. 2015. Eating in Response to External Cues in Managing and Preventing Obesity: Behavioural Factors and Dietary Interventions. United Kingdom (UK): Woodhead Publishing Limited.
Ramadhani CJ, Fadilah LT, Zahira MR, Riyanto Z, Lutfiatun N, Carisa NY, Fatimah RN, Sirfefa W. 2024. Analisis faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan dalam memilih menu makanan pada mahasiswa program studi gizi Universitas Negeri Semarang 2023. J Anal 3(2):177–194.
Robinson E, Thomas J, Aveyard P, Higgs S. 2014. What everyone else is eating: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of informational eating norms on eating behavior. J Acad Nutr Diet 114(3):414–429. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2013.11.009
Ruddock HK, Long EV, Brunstrom JM, Vartanian LR, Higgs S. 2021. People serve themselves larger portions before a social meal. Sci Rep 240:113539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113539
Schneider-Worthington CR, Smith KE, Roemmich JN, Salvy S-J. 2022. External food cue responsiveness and emotional eating in adolescents: A multimethod study. Appetite 168:105789. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105789
Stroebe W. 2023. Is the energy balance explanation of the obesity epidemic wrong? Appetite 188:106614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.106614
Sumarni S, Bangkele EY. 2023. Persepsi orang tua, guru dan tenaga kesehatan tentang obesitas pada anak dan remaja. Heal Tadulako J 9(1):58–64. https://doi.org/10.22487/htj.v9i1.658
van den Broek N, de la Haye K, Veldhuis L, Verhagen M, Larsen JK, Vink JM, Burk WJ. 2022. Examining food intake similarities in adolescent best friend dyads using longitudinal Actor-Partner Interdependence Models. Appetite 175:106072. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2022.106072
van Meer F, de Vos F, Hermans RCJ, Peeters PA, van Dillen, LF. 2022. Daily distracted consumption patterns and their relationship with BMI. Appetite 176:106136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2022.106136
Van Strien T, Frijters JE, Bergers GP, Defares PB. 1986. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for asessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. Int J Eat Dis 5(2):295–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(198602)5:2%3C295::AID-EAT2260050209%3E3.0.CO;2-T
Vartanian LR. 2015. Impression management and food intake. Current directions in research. Appetite 86:74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.08.021
Vartanian LR, Spanos S, Herman CP, Polivy J. 2017. Conflicting internal and external eating cues: Impact on food intake and attributions. Heal Psychol 36(4):365
Wang W, Zhou K, Yu Z, Li J. 2020. The cost of impression management to life satisfaction: Sense of control and loneliness as mediators. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2020:407–417. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S23834
Zarychta K, Kulis E, Gan Y, Chan CKY, Horodyska K, Luszczynska A. 2019. Why are you eating, mom? Maternal emotional, restrained, and external eating explaining children’s eating styles. Appetite 141:104335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104335
Authors
Pramudea RezaR. D., & UndarwatiA. (2024). The Complexities of Social Dining: Investigating Role of Impression Management, External Eating, and Known Companion Towards Food Portion. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 19(3), 177-186. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2024.19.3.177-186
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The copyright of manuscripts of the article shall be assigned/transferred to Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan (Indonesian Journal of Nutrition and Food)
Article Details
