Association between Sleep, Stress and BMI with Chrononutrition Behaviors among Military Personnel in Malaysia
Article Sidebar
Published
31 January 2024
Keywords:
-
BMI, chrononutrition, circadian rhythm, sleep quality, stress
Abstract
This study aimed to find the association between sleep quality, stress level, and Body Mass Index (BMI) with the chrononutrition behaviors of military personnel. Six chrononutrition behaviors were assessed using the Chrononutrition Profile Questionnaire (CPQ). Sleep quality was measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and perceived stress using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). The associations between chrononutrition behaviors and sleep quality, stress level, and BMI were determined using the Fisher exact test. Data was collected from 210 participants (median age: 27.5 years). Most military personnel, 62% (n=129) experienced moderate stress. Approximately 59.2% (n=122) demonstrated poor sleep quality. Out of six chrononutrition behaviors, sleep quality was significantly associated with evening eating (p=0.004) and night eating (p=0.028). Stress level was significantly associated with evening eating (p=0.051), night eating (p=0.019), and eating window (p=0.014). No association was found between chrononutrition behaviors and BMI of military personnel. Chrononutrition behaviors are associated with sleep quality and stress level but not body mass index in military personnel. Further understanding of sleep quality and stress among military personnel is imminent to prevent future weight issues concerning altered eating behaviors in this population.
References
Aliyu SU, Oyeyemi AY, Udoh DG, Oyeyemi L. 2014. Prevalence of overweight/obesity and undiagnosed hypertension among military personnel in Maiduguri, Nigeria. J Nov Physiother 4:237. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2165-7025.1000223
Barrington WE, Beresford SA, Mcgregor BA, White E. 2014. Perceived stress and eating behaviors by sex, obesity status, and stress vulnerability: Findings from the vitamins and lifestyle (VITAL) study. J Acad Nutr Diet 114(11):1791‒1799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.03.015
Horaib B, Al-Khashan HI, Mishriky AM, Selim MA, Alnowaiser N, Binsaeed AA, Alawad AD, Al-Asmari AK, Alqumaizi K. 2013. Prevalence of obesity among military personnel in Saudi Arabia and associated risk factors. Saudi Med J 34(4):401‒407.
Choi Y, Son B, Shin WC, Nam SU, Lee J, Lim J, Kim S, Yang C, Lee H. 2022. Association of dietary behaviors with poor sleep quality and increased risk of obstructive sleep apnea in Korean military service members. Nat Sci Sleep 14:1737‒1751. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S378564
Chou HW, Tzeng WC, Chou YC, Yeh HW, Chang HA, Kao YC, Huang SY, Yeh CB, Chiang WS, Tzeng NS. 2016. Stress, sleep and depressive symptoms in active-duty military personnel. Am J Med Sci 352(2):146‒153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2016.05.013
Cole RE, Jayne JM, O'connor K, Mcgraw SM, Beyl R, Dichiara AJ, Karl JP. 2021. Development and validation of the military eating behavior survey. J Nutr Educ Behav 53(9):798‒810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2021.04.467
Engin A. 2017. Circadian rhythms in diet-induced obesity. Obesity and Lipotoxicity 960:19‒52. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_2
Fajfrová J, Pavlík V, Psutka J, Husarová M, Krutisova P, Fajfr M. 2016. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in professional soldiers of the Czech Army over an 11-year period. Vojnosanit Pregl 73(5):112‒112. https://doi.org/10.2298/vsp141120112f
Gill S, Panda S. 2015. A smartphone app reveals erratic diurnal eating patterns in humans that can be modulated for health benefits. Cell Metab 22(5):789‒798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.005
Ha JH, Jue J, Jang Y. 2020. The relationship between army soldiers' perceived stress and army life adjustment: Focusing on the mediating effect of stress response and the moderating effect of cohesion. Mil Med 185(9‒10):e1743‒e1749. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa114
Ha K, Song Y. 2019. Associations of meal timing and frequency with obesity and metabolic syndrome among Korean adults. Nutrients 11(10):2437. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102437
Heilbronn LK, Regmi P. 2020. Will delaying breakfast mitigate the metabolic health benefits of time-restricted eating? Obesity 28:S6-S7. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22776
Hruby A, Hu FB. 2015. The epidemiology of obesity: A big picture. Pharmacoeconomics 33:673‒689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-014-0243-x
James SM, Honn KA, Gaddameedhi S, Van Dongen HPA. 2017. Shift work: Disrupted circadian rhythms and sleep-implications for health and well-being. Curr Sleep Med Rep 3:104‒112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40675-017-0071-6
Jayne J, Ayala R, Karl J, Deschamps B, Mcgraw S, O'connor K, Dichiara A, Cole R. 2020. Body weight status, perceived stress, and emotional eating among US army soldiers: A mediator model. Eat Behav 36:101367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101367
Kim BH, Lee HE. 2015. The association between working hours and sleep disturbances according to occupation and gender. Chronobiol Int 32(8):1109‒1114. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2015.1064440
Lopes TDVC, Borba ME, Lopes RDVC, Fisberg RM, Lemos Paim S, Vasconcelos Teodoro V, Zalcman Zimberg I, Crispim CA. 2019. Eating late negatively affects sleep pattern and apnea severity in individuals with sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med 15(3):383‒392. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.7658
Lucassen EA, Zhao X, Rother KI, Mattingly MS, Courville AB, De Jonge L, Csako G, Cizza G. 2013. Evening chronotype is associated with changes in eating behavior, more sleep apnea, and increased stress hormones in short sleeping obese individuals. Plos One 8(3):e56519. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056519
Meule A, Allison KC, Brähler E, De Zwaan M. 2014. The association between night eating and body mass depends on age. Eat Behav 15(4):683‒685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.10.003
Okada C, Imano H, Muraki I, Yamada K, Iso H. 2019. The association of having a late dinner or bedtime snack and skipping breakfast with overweight in Japanese women. J Obes 2019:2439571. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2439571
Otaki N, Obayashi K, Saeki K, Kitagawa M, Tone N, Kurumatani N. 2017. Relationship between breakfast skipping and obesity among elderly: Cross-sectional analysis of the HEIJO-KYO study. J Nutr Health Aging 21:501‒504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-016-0792-0
Popp CJ, Curran M, Wang C, Prasad M, Fine K, Gee A, Nair N, Perdomo K, Chen S, Hu L, St-Jules DE, Manoogian ENC, Panda S, Sevick MA, Laferrère B. 2021. Temporal eating patterns and eating windows among adults with overweight or obesity. Nutr 13:4485. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124485
Ray S, Kulkarni B, Sreenivas A. 2011. Prevalence of prehypertension in young military adults & its association with overweight & dyslipidaemia. Indian J Med Res 1349(2):162.
Regmi P, Heilbronn LK. 2020. Time-restricted eating: Benefits, mechanisms, and challenges in translation. Iscience 23(6):101161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101161
Reyes-Guzman CM, Bray RM, Forman-Hoffman VL, Williams J. 2015. Overweight and obesity trends among active-duty military personnel: A 13-year perspective. Am J Prev Med 48(2):145‒153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.08.033
Sedek R, Koon PB, Noor IM. 2010. Body mass index and body composition among Royal Malaysian Navy personnel (RMN) personnel. J Defence Secur 1(1):1‒18.
Siqueria K, Griep R, Rotenberg L, Silva-Costa A, Mendes Da Fonseca MDJ. 2016. Weight gain and body mass index following change from daytime to night shift - a panel study with nursing professionals. Chronobiol Int 33(6):776‒779. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2016.1167719
Tan CC, Chow CM. 2014. Stress and emotional eating: the mediating role of eating dysregulation. Pers Individ Differ 66:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.033
Tan CC, Holub SC. 2011. Children's self-regulation in eating: Associations with inhibitory control and parents' feeding behavior. J Pediatr Psychol 36(9):340‒345. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsq089
Tonon AC, Carissimi A, Schimitt RL, de Lima LS, Pereira FDS, Hidalgo MP. 2020. How do stress, sleep quality, and chronotype associate with clinically significant depressive symptoms? A study of young male military recruits in compulsory service. Braz J Psychiatry 42:54‒62. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0286
Veronda AC, Allison KC, Crosby RD, Irish LA. 2020. Development, validation and reliability of the Chrononutrition Profile - Questionnaire. Chronobiol Int 37(3):375‒394. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2019.1692349
Wang JB, Patterson RE, Ang A, Emond JA, Shetty N. Arab L. 2014. Timing of energy intake during the day is associated with the risk of obesity in adults. J Hum Nutr Diet 27:255‒262. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12141
Watanabe Y, Saito I, Henmi I, Yoshimura K, Maruyama K, Yamauchi K, Matsuo T, Kato T, Tanigawa T, Kishida T, Asada Y. 2014. Skipping breakfast is correlated with obesity. J Rural Med 9(2):51‒58. https://doi.org/10.2185/jrm.2887
Yarnell AM, Deuster P. 2016. Sleep as a strategy for optimizing performance. J Spec Oper Med 16(1):81‒85. https://doi.org/10.55460/DXBC-2L8G
Barrington WE, Beresford SA, Mcgregor BA, White E. 2014. Perceived stress and eating behaviors by sex, obesity status, and stress vulnerability: Findings from the vitamins and lifestyle (VITAL) study. J Acad Nutr Diet 114(11):1791‒1799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.03.015
Horaib B, Al-Khashan HI, Mishriky AM, Selim MA, Alnowaiser N, Binsaeed AA, Alawad AD, Al-Asmari AK, Alqumaizi K. 2013. Prevalence of obesity among military personnel in Saudi Arabia and associated risk factors. Saudi Med J 34(4):401‒407.
Choi Y, Son B, Shin WC, Nam SU, Lee J, Lim J, Kim S, Yang C, Lee H. 2022. Association of dietary behaviors with poor sleep quality and increased risk of obstructive sleep apnea in Korean military service members. Nat Sci Sleep 14:1737‒1751. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S378564
Chou HW, Tzeng WC, Chou YC, Yeh HW, Chang HA, Kao YC, Huang SY, Yeh CB, Chiang WS, Tzeng NS. 2016. Stress, sleep and depressive symptoms in active-duty military personnel. Am J Med Sci 352(2):146‒153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2016.05.013
Cole RE, Jayne JM, O'connor K, Mcgraw SM, Beyl R, Dichiara AJ, Karl JP. 2021. Development and validation of the military eating behavior survey. J Nutr Educ Behav 53(9):798‒810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2021.04.467
Engin A. 2017. Circadian rhythms in diet-induced obesity. Obesity and Lipotoxicity 960:19‒52. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_2
Fajfrová J, Pavlík V, Psutka J, Husarová M, Krutisova P, Fajfr M. 2016. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in professional soldiers of the Czech Army over an 11-year period. Vojnosanit Pregl 73(5):112‒112. https://doi.org/10.2298/vsp141120112f
Gill S, Panda S. 2015. A smartphone app reveals erratic diurnal eating patterns in humans that can be modulated for health benefits. Cell Metab 22(5):789‒798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.005
Ha JH, Jue J, Jang Y. 2020. The relationship between army soldiers' perceived stress and army life adjustment: Focusing on the mediating effect of stress response and the moderating effect of cohesion. Mil Med 185(9‒10):e1743‒e1749. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa114
Ha K, Song Y. 2019. Associations of meal timing and frequency with obesity and metabolic syndrome among Korean adults. Nutrients 11(10):2437. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102437
Heilbronn LK, Regmi P. 2020. Will delaying breakfast mitigate the metabolic health benefits of time-restricted eating? Obesity 28:S6-S7. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22776
Hruby A, Hu FB. 2015. The epidemiology of obesity: A big picture. Pharmacoeconomics 33:673‒689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-014-0243-x
James SM, Honn KA, Gaddameedhi S, Van Dongen HPA. 2017. Shift work: Disrupted circadian rhythms and sleep-implications for health and well-being. Curr Sleep Med Rep 3:104‒112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40675-017-0071-6
Jayne J, Ayala R, Karl J, Deschamps B, Mcgraw S, O'connor K, Dichiara A, Cole R. 2020. Body weight status, perceived stress, and emotional eating among US army soldiers: A mediator model. Eat Behav 36:101367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101367
Kim BH, Lee HE. 2015. The association between working hours and sleep disturbances according to occupation and gender. Chronobiol Int 32(8):1109‒1114. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2015.1064440
Lopes TDVC, Borba ME, Lopes RDVC, Fisberg RM, Lemos Paim S, Vasconcelos Teodoro V, Zalcman Zimberg I, Crispim CA. 2019. Eating late negatively affects sleep pattern and apnea severity in individuals with sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med 15(3):383‒392. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.7658
Lucassen EA, Zhao X, Rother KI, Mattingly MS, Courville AB, De Jonge L, Csako G, Cizza G. 2013. Evening chronotype is associated with changes in eating behavior, more sleep apnea, and increased stress hormones in short sleeping obese individuals. Plos One 8(3):e56519. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056519
Meule A, Allison KC, Brähler E, De Zwaan M. 2014. The association between night eating and body mass depends on age. Eat Behav 15(4):683‒685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.10.003
Okada C, Imano H, Muraki I, Yamada K, Iso H. 2019. The association of having a late dinner or bedtime snack and skipping breakfast with overweight in Japanese women. J Obes 2019:2439571. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2439571
Otaki N, Obayashi K, Saeki K, Kitagawa M, Tone N, Kurumatani N. 2017. Relationship between breakfast skipping and obesity among elderly: Cross-sectional analysis of the HEIJO-KYO study. J Nutr Health Aging 21:501‒504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-016-0792-0
Popp CJ, Curran M, Wang C, Prasad M, Fine K, Gee A, Nair N, Perdomo K, Chen S, Hu L, St-Jules DE, Manoogian ENC, Panda S, Sevick MA, Laferrère B. 2021. Temporal eating patterns and eating windows among adults with overweight or obesity. Nutr 13:4485. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124485
Ray S, Kulkarni B, Sreenivas A. 2011. Prevalence of prehypertension in young military adults & its association with overweight & dyslipidaemia. Indian J Med Res 1349(2):162.
Regmi P, Heilbronn LK. 2020. Time-restricted eating: Benefits, mechanisms, and challenges in translation. Iscience 23(6):101161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101161
Reyes-Guzman CM, Bray RM, Forman-Hoffman VL, Williams J. 2015. Overweight and obesity trends among active-duty military personnel: A 13-year perspective. Am J Prev Med 48(2):145‒153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.08.033
Sedek R, Koon PB, Noor IM. 2010. Body mass index and body composition among Royal Malaysian Navy personnel (RMN) personnel. J Defence Secur 1(1):1‒18.
Siqueria K, Griep R, Rotenberg L, Silva-Costa A, Mendes Da Fonseca MDJ. 2016. Weight gain and body mass index following change from daytime to night shift - a panel study with nursing professionals. Chronobiol Int 33(6):776‒779. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2016.1167719
Tan CC, Chow CM. 2014. Stress and emotional eating: the mediating role of eating dysregulation. Pers Individ Differ 66:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.033
Tan CC, Holub SC. 2011. Children's self-regulation in eating: Associations with inhibitory control and parents' feeding behavior. J Pediatr Psychol 36(9):340‒345. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsq089
Tonon AC, Carissimi A, Schimitt RL, de Lima LS, Pereira FDS, Hidalgo MP. 2020. How do stress, sleep quality, and chronotype associate with clinically significant depressive symptoms? A study of young male military recruits in compulsory service. Braz J Psychiatry 42:54‒62. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0286
Veronda AC, Allison KC, Crosby RD, Irish LA. 2020. Development, validation and reliability of the Chrononutrition Profile - Questionnaire. Chronobiol Int 37(3):375‒394. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2019.1692349
Wang JB, Patterson RE, Ang A, Emond JA, Shetty N. Arab L. 2014. Timing of energy intake during the day is associated with the risk of obesity in adults. J Hum Nutr Diet 27:255‒262. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12141
Watanabe Y, Saito I, Henmi I, Yoshimura K, Maruyama K, Yamauchi K, Matsuo T, Kato T, Tanigawa T, Kishida T, Asada Y. 2014. Skipping breakfast is correlated with obesity. J Rural Med 9(2):51‒58. https://doi.org/10.2185/jrm.2887
Yarnell AM, Deuster P. 2016. Sleep as a strategy for optimizing performance. J Spec Oper Med 16(1):81‒85. https://doi.org/10.55460/DXBC-2L8G
Authors
Mohd SukiA. S., & ZamanM. K. (2024). Association between Sleep, Stress and BMI with Chrononutrition Behaviors among Military Personnel in Malaysia. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 19(Supp.1), 69-78. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2024.19.Supp.1.69-78
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Article Details
