Effect of Sacha Inchi Oil on Human Blood Pressure and Lipid Profile: A Preliminary Study in Malaysia
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Issue
Vol. 19 No. 1 (2024)
Accepted
19 March 2024
Published
30 March 2024
Keywords:
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blood lipid profile, blood pressure, sacha inchi oil
Abstract
This uncontrolled pre-post study aimed to assess changes in blood lipid profiles and blood pressure resulting from a 2-month consumption of Sacha Inchi Oil (SIO) (Plukenetia volubilis). Investigating the effects of SIO on Malaysians is essential for tailoring interventions to the local context, considering genetic, cultural, and dietary differences. A total of 13 adult participants, comprising 8 males and 5 females aged 35 to 74 years old, took part in this intervention study. Each participant was instructed to consume 2 softgels daily, with each softgel containing 530 mg of SIO. Blood lipid profiles and blood pressure were measured at baseline and at the end of the 2-month period, utilizing venipuncture for blood tests and a sphygmomanometer for blood pressure assessment. The results indicated a significant reduction in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) levels following SIO supplementation (2 softgels daily) (p<0.05). However, there were no notable improvements in Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Total Cholesterol (TC), Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), and Triglycerides (TG) after the 2-month supplementation. In conclusion, the daily supplementation of 2 softgels of SIO (1,060 mg) for 2 months demonstrated a beneficial effect on blood pressure, particularly in reducing SBP. These findings serve as preliminary data for future research into the potential health benefits of SIO in the Malaysian population.
References
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Rajendran, P., Rengarajan, T., Thangavel, J., Nishigaki, Y., Sakthisekaran, D., Sethi, G. and Nishigaki, I. 2013. The vascular endothelium and human diseases. International Journal of Biological Sciences 9(10): 1057–1069.
Shahar, S., Earland, J. and Abdulrahman, S. 2000. Validation of a Dietary History Questionnaire against a 7-D Weighed Record for Estimating Nutrient Intake among Rural Elderly Malays. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition 6(1): 33–44.
Simopoulos, A. P. 2002. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 56(8): 365–379.
Suzana, S., Azlinda, A., Hin, S. L., Khor, W. H., Zahara, Z., Sa'ida, M. J. and Norliza, M. 2011. Influence of food intake and eating habits on hypertension control among outpatients at a government health clinic in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition 17(2): 163–173.
Tall, A. R. and Yvan-Charvet, L. 2015. Cholesterol, inflammation and innate immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology 15(2): 104–116.
Tsutsui, M., Shimokawa, H., Otsuji, Y. and Yanagihara, N. 2010. Pathophysiological relevance of NO signaling in the cardiovascular system: novel insight from mice lacking all NO synthases. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 128(3): 499–508.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2021. Noncommunicable diseases. Retrieved on December 25, 2021 from WHO Website: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
World Health Organization (WHO). May 2010. A healthy lifestyle - WHO recommendations. Retrieved on December 15, 2021 from WHO Website: https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/a-healthy-lifestyle---who-recommendations
Zhao, G., Etherton, T. D., Martin, K. R., West, S. G., Gillies, P. J. and Kris-Etherton, P. M. 2004. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid reduces inflammatory and lipid cardiovascular risk factors in hypercholesterolemic men and women. The Journal of Nutrition 134(11): 2991–2997.
Backes, J., Anzalone, D., Hilleman, D. and Catini, J. 2016. The clinical relevance of omega-3 fatty acids in the management of hypertriglyceridemia. Lipids in Health and Disease 15(1): 118.
Barthelmes, J., Nägele, M. P., Ludovici, V., Ruschitzka, F., Sudano, I. and Flammer, A. J. 2017. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease and Flammer syndrome-similarities and differences. European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine Journal 8(2): 99–109.
Cárdenas, D. M., Gómez Rave, L. J. and Soto, J. A. 2021. Biological activity of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis Linneo) and potential uses in human health: A review. Food Technology and Biotechnology 59(3): 253–266.
Carrillo, W., Quinteros, M. F., Carpio, C., Morales, D., Vásquez, G., Álvarez, M. and Silva, M. 2018. Identification of fatty acids in sacha inchi oil (Cursive plukenetia volubilis l.) from ecuador. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11(2): 379–381.
Chirinos, R., Zuloeta, G., Pedreschi, R., Mignolet, E., Larondelle, Y. and Campos, D. 2013. Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis): a seed source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, phytosterols, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. Food Chemistry 141(3): 1732–1739.
Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjostrom, M., Bauman, A., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., Pratt, M., Ekelund, U., Yngve, A., Sallis, J. F. and Oja, P. 2003. International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 35(8):1381-1395.
Djoussé, L., Arnett, D. K., Pankow, J. S., Hopkins, P. N., Province, M. A. and Ellison, R. C. 2005. Dietary linolenic acid is associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension in the NHLBI Family Heart Study. Hypertension 45(3): 368–373.
Erdinest, N., Shmueli, O., Grossman, Y., Ovadia, H. and Solomon, A. 2012. Anti-inflammatory effects of alpha linolenic acid on human corneal epithelial cells. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 53(8): 4396–4406.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G. and Buchner, A. 2007. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods 39(2): 175–191.
Fukumitsu, S., Villareal, M. O., Onaga, S., Aida, K., Han, J. and Isoda, H. 2013. α-Linolenic acid suppresses cholesterol and triacylglycerol biosynthesis pathway by suppressing SREBP-2, SREBP-1a and -1c expression. Cytotechnology 65(6): 899–907.
Garmendia, F., Pando, R. and Ronceros, G. 2011. Efecto del aceite de sacha inchi (plukenetia volúbilis l) sobre el perfil lipídico en pacientes con hiperlipoproteinemia. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica 28(4): 628–632.
Gonzales, G. F. and Gonzales, C. 2014. A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study on acceptability, safety and efficacy of oral administration of sacha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) in adult human subjects. Food and Chemical Toxicology 65: 168–176.
Grynberg, A. 2005. Hypertension prevention: from nutrients to (fortified) foods to dietary patterns. Focus on fatty acids. Journal of Human Hypertension 19 Suppl 3: S25–S33.
Huamán Saavedra, J. J., Fogel Silva, B. E., Escobar Pairazamán, P. I. and Castillo Minaya, K. Y. 2012. Efectos de la ingesta de Plukenetia volubilis Linneo o "Sacha inchi" en el perfil lipídico de adultos jóvenes. Acta Médica Peruana 29(3): 155-160.
Huamán, J., Chávez, K., Castañeda, E., Carranza, S., Chávez, T., Beltrán, Y., Caffo, C., Cadillo, R. and Cadenillas, J. 2008. Efecto de la Plukenetia volubilis Linneo (sacha inchi) en la trigliceridemia posprandial. Anales de la Facultad de Medicina 69(4): 263–266.
Kodahl, N. and Sørensen, M. 2021. Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) is an underutilized crop with a great potential. Agronomy 11(6): 1066.
Lock, O., Perez, E., Villar, M., Flores, D. and Rojas, R. 2016. Bioactive compounds from plants used in Peruvian traditional medicine. Natural Product Communications 11(3): 315–337.
Minami, K., Kashimura, O., Maezaki, Y., Kiyoyanagi, N., Niwa, K., Sagane, Y. and Watanabe, T. 2017. Flow-mediated vasodilation response to ingestion of omega-3-rich Sacha-inchi oil: a noninvasive evaluation of a functional food that improves human vascular health. Food Preservation Science 43: 163-170.
Preston Mason, R. 2019. New Insights into Mechanisms of Action for Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Atherothrombotic Cardiovascular Disease. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 21(1): 2.
Rajendran, P., Rengarajan, T., Thangavel, J., Nishigaki, Y., Sakthisekaran, D., Sethi, G. and Nishigaki, I. 2013. The vascular endothelium and human diseases. International Journal of Biological Sciences 9(10): 1057–1069.
Shahar, S., Earland, J. and Abdulrahman, S. 2000. Validation of a Dietary History Questionnaire against a 7-D Weighed Record for Estimating Nutrient Intake among Rural Elderly Malays. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition 6(1): 33–44.
Simopoulos, A. P. 2002. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 56(8): 365–379.
Suzana, S., Azlinda, A., Hin, S. L., Khor, W. H., Zahara, Z., Sa'ida, M. J. and Norliza, M. 2011. Influence of food intake and eating habits on hypertension control among outpatients at a government health clinic in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition 17(2): 163–173.
Tall, A. R. and Yvan-Charvet, L. 2015. Cholesterol, inflammation and innate immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology 15(2): 104–116.
Tsutsui, M., Shimokawa, H., Otsuji, Y. and Yanagihara, N. 2010. Pathophysiological relevance of NO signaling in the cardiovascular system: novel insight from mice lacking all NO synthases. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 128(3): 499–508.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2021. Noncommunicable diseases. Retrieved on December 25, 2021 from WHO Website: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
World Health Organization (WHO). May 2010. A healthy lifestyle - WHO recommendations. Retrieved on December 15, 2021 from WHO Website: https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/a-healthy-lifestyle---who-recommendations
Zhao, G., Etherton, T. D., Martin, K. R., West, S. G., Gillies, P. J. and Kris-Etherton, P. M. 2004. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid reduces inflammatory and lipid cardiovascular risk factors in hypercholesterolemic men and women. The Journal of Nutrition 134(11): 2991–2997.
Authors
EnC. Y., Binti UdinN. A., VanohD. A., & LengS. K. (2024). Effect of Sacha Inchi Oil on Human Blood Pressure and Lipid Profile: A Preliminary Study in Malaysia. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 19(1), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2024.19.1.61-68
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