Intervention with Purple Okra Pudding and Supplement to Improve Antioxidant Status in Healthy Adults
Article Sidebar
Issue
Vol. 19 No. 1 (2024)
Accepted
12 February 2024
Published
30 March 2024
Keywords:
-
antioxidant, pudding, purple okra, superoxide dismutase, supplement
Abstract
This research aimed to analyze the potency of purple okra-based products in improving the antioxidant status of healthy adults. Thirty adults with high body fat percentages were allocated into three groups: the first group was treated with 100 g of purple okra pudding/day, the second group was provided with a purple okra extract supplement that contained 3.80 g of extract/day, and the third group was a control group. The intervention was carried out for 28 days. All subjects were exposed to nutrition education, and data on their characteristics, food intake, and physical activity level were collected. The results showed that purple okra pudding and supplement had antioxidant activity of 0.39 and 455.39 mg AEAC/g extract, IC50 of 543.79 and 71.78 ppm, and total phenol of 6.21 and 24.49 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. There were significant differences among subject groups in energy, protein, and fat intake as well as physical activity level. The group treated with purple okra pudding showed a significantly higher ΔSOD after the intervention, most probably due to the role of antioxidants contained in purple okra in upregulating antioxidant defense. In contrary, there was a declining trend of ΔSOD in the group treated with purple okra extract supplement. The different effects observed between the two groups might be due to the different phenol contents between the two intervention products. This study showed that purple okra has the potential as a functional food and health supplement in improving the antioxidant status of healthy adults with high body fat percentages as indicated by a higher change of SOD level (0.08 u/mL) in comparison to the control (-0.07 u/mL).
References
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Banjarnahor SDS, Artanti N. 2014. Antioxidant properties of flavonoids. Med J Indones. 23(4):239-244. doi: 10.13181/mji.v23i4.1015.
Cahyana AH, Kam N, Ellyn. 2017. Study on the stability of antioxidant and anti α-glucosidase activities using soaking treatment in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) mucilage extraction. Chemistry International. 3(3):202-211. ISSN: 2410-9649.
Chaemsawang W, Prasongchean W, Papadopoulos KI, Ritthidej G, Sukrong S, Wattanaarsakit P. 2019. The effect of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) seed extract on human cancer cell lines delivered in its native form and loaded in polymeric micelles. Int J Biomater. 2019(9404383):1-13. doi: 10.1155/2019/9404383
Darmawan M, Peranginangin R, Syarief R, Kusumaningrum I, Fransiska D. 2014. Pengaruh Penambahan Karagninan untuk Formulasi Tepung Puding Instan. JPB Perikanan. 9(1):83–95. doi: 10.15578/jpbkp.v9i1.102
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Fernandez-Sanchez A, Madrigal-Santillan E, Bautista M, Esquivel-Soto J, Morales-Gonzalez A, Esquivel-Chirino C, Durante-Montiel I, Sanchez-Rivera G, Valadez-Vega C, Morales-Gonzalez J. 2011. Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Obesity. Int J Mol Sci. 2011(12):3117-3132. doi:10.3390/ijms12053117
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Habib FQ, Dardak RA, Zakaria S. 2011. Consumers’ preference and consumption towards fast food: Evidences from Malaysia. Business Management Quarterly Review. 2(1):14-26.
Ighodaro OM, Akinloye OA. 2018. First line defence antioxidants-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX): Their fundamental role in the entire antioxidant defence grid. Alexandria Journal of Medicine. 54(4):287-293. doi: 10.1016/j.ajme.2017.09.001
Janssen HG, Davies IG, Richardson LD, Stevenson L. 2018. Determinants of takeaway and fast food consumption: a narrative review. Nutrition Research Reviews. 31(2018):16-34. doi: 10.1017/S0954422417000178
Kozłowska A, Szostak-Węgierek D. 2019. Flavonoids-Food Sources, Health Benefits, and Mechanisms Involved. In: Merillon JM, Ramawat KG, editor. Bioactive Molecules in Food, Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. pg 53-78. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-78030-6_54
Kuchay MS, Choudhary NS, Mishra SK. 2020. Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying MAFLD. Diabetes Metab Syndr: Clin Res Rev. 14(2020):1875-1887. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.09.026.
Kumar S, Pandey AK. 2013. Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: An overview. The Scientific World Journal. 2013(162750):1-16. doi: 10.1155/2013/162750.
Kurutas EB. 2016. The importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular response against oxidative/nitrosative stress: current state. Nutrition Journal. 15(71):1-22. doi: 10.1186/s12937-016-0186-5
Majd NE, Azizian H, Tabandeh MR, Shahriari A. 2019. Effect of Abelmoschus esculentus Powder on Ovarian Histology, Expression of Apoptotic Genes and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Rats Fed with High Fat Diet. Iran J Pharm Res. 18(1):369–382. PMID: 31089371.
Manickavasagam M, Subramanyam K, Ishwarya R, Elayaraja D, Ganapathi A. 2015. Assessment of factors influencing the tissue culture-independent Agrobacterium-mediated in plant genetic transformation of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 123(2):309–320. doi: 10.1007/s11240-015-0836-x.
Menon V, Ram M, Dorn J, Armstrong D, Muti P, Freudenheim JL, Browne R, H. Schuneman, Trevisan M. 2004. Oxidative stress and glucose levels in a population-based sample. Diabetic Medicinie. 21:1346-1352.
Moussa Z, Judeh ZMA, Ahmed SA. 2019. Nonenzymatic exogenous and endogenous antioxidants. London: IntechOpen.
Nabila M, Damayanthi E, Marliyati SA. 2018. Extracts of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) improves dyslipidemia by ameliorating lipid profile while not affecting hs-crp levels in streptozotocin-induced rats. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 196(012039):1-5. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/196/1/012039.
Notoatmodjo S. 2012. Metodologi penelitian kesehatan. Rineka Cipta: Jakarta.
Nurhidayati VA, Martianto D, Sinaga T. 2017. Energi dan Zat Gizi dalam Penyelenggaraan Makanan di Taman Kanak-kanak dan Perbandingannya terhadap Subjek Tanpa Penyelenggaraan Makanan. J Gizi Pangan. 12(1):69-78. doi: 10.25182/jgp.2017.12.1.69-78
Paivarinta E, Itkonen ST, Pellinen T, Lehtovirta M, erkkola M, Pajari AM. 2020. Replacing Animal-Based Proteins with Plant-Based Proteins Changes the Composition of a Whole Diet-A Randomised Clinical Trial in Healthy Finnish Adults. Nutrients. 12(943):1-16. doi: 10.3390/nu12040943
Procházková D, Boušová I, Wilhelmová N. 2011. Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of flavonoids. Fitoterapia. 82(4):513-523. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.01.018.
Rifkowaty EE, Wardanu AP. 2016. Pengaruh ekstraksi cara basah dan cara kering terhadap aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak cengkodok (Melastoma malabathricum L.). JATP. 5(1):10-15. doi: 10.17728/jatp.v5i1.33.
Roy A, Shrivastava SL, Mandal SM. 2014. Functional properties of Okra Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Moench): traditional claims and scientific evidences. Plant Science Today. 1(3):121-130. doi: 10.14719/pst.2014.1.3.63
Sachdeva M, Karan M, Singh T, Dhingra S. 2014. Oxidants and antioxidants in complementary and alternative medicine: a review. Spatula. 4(1):1-16. doi: 10.5455/spatula.20140131074751.
Sharifi-Rad M, Anil Kumar NV, Zucca P, Varoni EM, Dini L, Panzarini E, Rajkovic J, Tsouh Fokou PV, Azzini E, Peluso I, et al. (2020) Lifestyle, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Back and Forth in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Diseases. Front. Physiol. 11:694. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00694
Susanty, Bachmid F. 2021. Perbandingan metode ekstraksi maserasi dan refluks terhadap kadar fenolik dari ekstrak tongkol jagung (Zea mays L.). Konversi. [diakses 2022 Jul 26]; 5(2):87-93. https://jurnal.umj.ac.id/index.php/konversi/article/view/1094
Tyagita N, Utami KP, Zulkarnaik FH, Rossandini SM, Pertiwi NP, Rifki MA, Safitri AH. 2019. Okra Infusion Water Improving Stress Oxidative and Inflammatory Markers on Hyperglycemic Rats. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science. 18(4):748-752. doi: 10.3329/bjms.v18i4.42879
Utami RP. 2018. Kandungan Gizi, Total Fenol, Kuersetin, dan Kapasitas Antioksidan Total pada Berbagai Proses Pemasakan Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) [Tesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Wahyuningsih SPA, Savira NII, Anggraini DW, Winarni D, Suhargo L, Kusuma BWA, Nindyasari F, Setianingsih N, Mwendolwa AA. 2020. Antioxidant and nephroprotective effects of okra pods extract (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) against lead acetate-induced toxicity in mice. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2020(4237205):1-10. doi: 10.1155/2020/4237205.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2018. Non Communicable Diseases Country Profiles. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Almira VG, Widyastuti N, Anjani G, Widyastiti NS, Panunggal B, Nissa C, Tsani AFA, Wijayanti HS, Purwanti R. 2020. The increasing of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in metabolic syndrome rats bu robusta coffee leaves (Coffea canephora). Food Research. 4(3):155-162. doi: 10.26656/fr.2017.4(S3).S10
Andrestian MD, Damanik MRM, Anwar F, Yuliana ND. 2019. Effects of torbangun leaves (Coleus amboinicus Lour) extract on blood glucose and super oxide dismutase activity in hyperglycemic rats. J Gizi Pangan. 14(3):149-156. doi: 10.25182/jgp.2019.14.3.149-156.
Anjani PP, Damayanthi E, Rimbawan R, Handharyani E. 2018. Potential of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Extract to Reduce Blood Glucose and Malondialdehyde (MDA) Liver in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. J Gizi Pangan. 13(1):47–54. doi: 10.25182/jgp.2018.13.1.47-54
Ayala A, Muñoz MF, Argüelles S. 2014. Lipid peroxidation: production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014(360438):1-31. doi: 10.1155/2014/360438.
Banjarnahor SDS, Artanti N. 2014. Antioxidant properties of flavonoids. Med J Indones. 23(4):239-244. doi: 10.13181/mji.v23i4.1015.
Cahyana AH, Kam N, Ellyn. 2017. Study on the stability of antioxidant and anti α-glucosidase activities using soaking treatment in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) mucilage extraction. Chemistry International. 3(3):202-211. ISSN: 2410-9649.
Chaemsawang W, Prasongchean W, Papadopoulos KI, Ritthidej G, Sukrong S, Wattanaarsakit P. 2019. The effect of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) seed extract on human cancer cell lines delivered in its native form and loaded in polymeric micelles. Int J Biomater. 2019(9404383):1-13. doi: 10.1155/2019/9404383
Darmawan M, Peranginangin R, Syarief R, Kusumaningrum I, Fransiska D. 2014. Pengaruh Penambahan Karagninan untuk Formulasi Tepung Puding Instan. JPB Perikanan. 9(1):83–95. doi: 10.15578/jpbkp.v9i1.102
Dyastasari Y. 2019. Kandungan Gizi, Total Fenol, dan Kapasitas Antioksidan Puding dengan Variasi Popping Boba berbahan Dasar Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) [Skripsi]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Fernandez-Sanchez A, Madrigal-Santillan E, Bautista M, Esquivel-Soto J, Morales-Gonzalez A, Esquivel-Chirino C, Durante-Montiel I, Sanchez-Rivera G, Valadez-Vega C, Morales-Gonzalez J. 2011. Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Obesity. Int J Mol Sci. 2011(12):3117-3132. doi:10.3390/ijms12053117
[FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization. 2001. Human Energy Requirements. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Habib FQ, Dardak RA, Zakaria S. 2011. Consumers’ preference and consumption towards fast food: Evidences from Malaysia. Business Management Quarterly Review. 2(1):14-26.
Ighodaro OM, Akinloye OA. 2018. First line defence antioxidants-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX): Their fundamental role in the entire antioxidant defence grid. Alexandria Journal of Medicine. 54(4):287-293. doi: 10.1016/j.ajme.2017.09.001
Janssen HG, Davies IG, Richardson LD, Stevenson L. 2018. Determinants of takeaway and fast food consumption: a narrative review. Nutrition Research Reviews. 31(2018):16-34. doi: 10.1017/S0954422417000178
Kozłowska A, Szostak-Węgierek D. 2019. Flavonoids-Food Sources, Health Benefits, and Mechanisms Involved. In: Merillon JM, Ramawat KG, editor. Bioactive Molecules in Food, Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. pg 53-78. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-78030-6_54
Kuchay MS, Choudhary NS, Mishra SK. 2020. Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying MAFLD. Diabetes Metab Syndr: Clin Res Rev. 14(2020):1875-1887. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.09.026.
Kumar S, Pandey AK. 2013. Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: An overview. The Scientific World Journal. 2013(162750):1-16. doi: 10.1155/2013/162750.
Kurutas EB. 2016. The importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular response against oxidative/nitrosative stress: current state. Nutrition Journal. 15(71):1-22. doi: 10.1186/s12937-016-0186-5
Majd NE, Azizian H, Tabandeh MR, Shahriari A. 2019. Effect of Abelmoschus esculentus Powder on Ovarian Histology, Expression of Apoptotic Genes and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Rats Fed with High Fat Diet. Iran J Pharm Res. 18(1):369–382. PMID: 31089371.
Manickavasagam M, Subramanyam K, Ishwarya R, Elayaraja D, Ganapathi A. 2015. Assessment of factors influencing the tissue culture-independent Agrobacterium-mediated in plant genetic transformation of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 123(2):309–320. doi: 10.1007/s11240-015-0836-x.
Menon V, Ram M, Dorn J, Armstrong D, Muti P, Freudenheim JL, Browne R, H. Schuneman, Trevisan M. 2004. Oxidative stress and glucose levels in a population-based sample. Diabetic Medicinie. 21:1346-1352.
Moussa Z, Judeh ZMA, Ahmed SA. 2019. Nonenzymatic exogenous and endogenous antioxidants. London: IntechOpen.
Nabila M, Damayanthi E, Marliyati SA. 2018. Extracts of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) improves dyslipidemia by ameliorating lipid profile while not affecting hs-crp levels in streptozotocin-induced rats. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 196(012039):1-5. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/196/1/012039.
Notoatmodjo S. 2012. Metodologi penelitian kesehatan. Rineka Cipta: Jakarta.
Nurhidayati VA, Martianto D, Sinaga T. 2017. Energi dan Zat Gizi dalam Penyelenggaraan Makanan di Taman Kanak-kanak dan Perbandingannya terhadap Subjek Tanpa Penyelenggaraan Makanan. J Gizi Pangan. 12(1):69-78. doi: 10.25182/jgp.2017.12.1.69-78
Paivarinta E, Itkonen ST, Pellinen T, Lehtovirta M, erkkola M, Pajari AM. 2020. Replacing Animal-Based Proteins with Plant-Based Proteins Changes the Composition of a Whole Diet-A Randomised Clinical Trial in Healthy Finnish Adults. Nutrients. 12(943):1-16. doi: 10.3390/nu12040943
Procházková D, Boušová I, Wilhelmová N. 2011. Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of flavonoids. Fitoterapia. 82(4):513-523. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.01.018.
Rifkowaty EE, Wardanu AP. 2016. Pengaruh ekstraksi cara basah dan cara kering terhadap aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak cengkodok (Melastoma malabathricum L.). JATP. 5(1):10-15. doi: 10.17728/jatp.v5i1.33.
Roy A, Shrivastava SL, Mandal SM. 2014. Functional properties of Okra Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Moench): traditional claims and scientific evidences. Plant Science Today. 1(3):121-130. doi: 10.14719/pst.2014.1.3.63
Sachdeva M, Karan M, Singh T, Dhingra S. 2014. Oxidants and antioxidants in complementary and alternative medicine: a review. Spatula. 4(1):1-16. doi: 10.5455/spatula.20140131074751.
Sharifi-Rad M, Anil Kumar NV, Zucca P, Varoni EM, Dini L, Panzarini E, Rajkovic J, Tsouh Fokou PV, Azzini E, Peluso I, et al. (2020) Lifestyle, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Back and Forth in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Diseases. Front. Physiol. 11:694. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00694
Susanty, Bachmid F. 2021. Perbandingan metode ekstraksi maserasi dan refluks terhadap kadar fenolik dari ekstrak tongkol jagung (Zea mays L.). Konversi. [diakses 2022 Jul 26]; 5(2):87-93. https://jurnal.umj.ac.id/index.php/konversi/article/view/1094
Tyagita N, Utami KP, Zulkarnaik FH, Rossandini SM, Pertiwi NP, Rifki MA, Safitri AH. 2019. Okra Infusion Water Improving Stress Oxidative and Inflammatory Markers on Hyperglycemic Rats. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science. 18(4):748-752. doi: 10.3329/bjms.v18i4.42879
Utami RP. 2018. Kandungan Gizi, Total Fenol, Kuersetin, dan Kapasitas Antioksidan Total pada Berbagai Proses Pemasakan Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) [Tesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Wahyuningsih SPA, Savira NII, Anggraini DW, Winarni D, Suhargo L, Kusuma BWA, Nindyasari F, Setianingsih N, Mwendolwa AA. 2020. Antioxidant and nephroprotective effects of okra pods extract (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) against lead acetate-induced toxicity in mice. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2020(4237205):1-10. doi: 10.1155/2020/4237205.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2018. Non Communicable Diseases Country Profiles. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Authors
DamayanthiE., Mira Dewi, Muhammad Aries, & NasutionZ. (2024). Intervention with Purple Okra Pudding and Supplement to Improve Antioxidant Status in Healthy Adults. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 19(1), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2024.19.1.31-40
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