Assessment of Adult Individuals' Fear of COVID-19, Healthy Living Behaviors, and Nutrition Knowledge Levels during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period
Article Sidebar
Issue
Vol. 19 No. 1 (2024)
Accepted
11 December 2023
Published
30 March 2024
Keywords:
-
fear of COVID-19, healthy lifestyle behaviors, nutritional knowledge level, pandemic
Abstract
This study determines the fear of COVID-19, healthy lifestyle behaviors, and nutrition knowledge levels of individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was conducted involving 509 people between the ages of 18 and 64 from December 2020 to April 2021. Data were collected online using a descriptive characteristics form, the COVID-19 Fear Scale, the Adult Nutrition Knowledge Level Scale, and the Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Scale II. It was found from the study that women feared COVID-19 more than men (p<0.05). Individuals aged 35–44 scored higher in basic nutrition knowledge, while those aged 18‒24 scored lower in food preference knowledge (p<0.05). It was also found that individuals who were between 55 and 64 years of age, married, highly educated, employed in the public sector, of good economic status, and ill scored higher on the Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Scale II (p<0.05). A weak positive correlation was found between the score of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale and scores of both food preference knowledge and health responsibility sub-dimensions (r=0.088, r=0.181; p<0.05). A weak positive correlation was also found between the nutrition knowledge score as well as the different sub-dimensions and the total score of the Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Scale II (r=0.164, r=0.196; p<0.05). It was observed that fear of COVID-19, nutrition knowledge level, and healthy lifestyle behaviors were influenced by various socio-demographic characteristics, and that there was a relationship between these three elements.
References
Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The fear of COVID- 19 scale: development and initial validation. International journal of mental health and addiction. 2020;20:1537-1545.
Akgün M. Investigation Of The Factors Affecting The Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Of İndividuals During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Specialization Thesis in Medicine, Ankara, 2021.
Akkartal Ş, Gezer C. Is nutrition knowledge related to diet quality and obesity?. Ecol Food Nutr. 2020;59(2):119-129.
Aksoy NC, Kabadayi ET, Alan AK. An unintended consequence of Covid-19: Healthy nutrition. Appetite. 2021;166:105430.
Aktaç S, Sabuncular G, Kargin D, Gunes FE. Evaluation of nutrition knowledge of pregnant women before and after nutrition education according to sociodemographic characteristics. Ecol Food Nutr. 2018;57(6):441-455.
Alothman SA, Alghannam AF, Almasud AA, Altalhi AS, Al-Hazzaa HM. Lifestyle behaviors trend and their relationship with fear level of COVID-19: Cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. PLoS One. 2021;16(10):e0257904.
Altay B, Çavuşoğlu F, Güneştaş İ. Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi'nde çalışan hemşirelerin sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları ve etkileyen faktörler. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi. 2015;8(4):12-18.
Alzahrani SH, Malik AA, Bashawri J, et al. Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university. SAGE Open Med. 2019;7:1-7.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington. DC: American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books/9780890425596
Bahar Z, Beser A, Gördes N, Ersin F, Kısal A. Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları Ölçeği II’nin Geçerlilik Ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokul Dergisi. 2008;12(1):1-13.
Batmaz H. Yetişkinler İçin Beslenme Bilgi Düzeyi Ölçeği Geliştirilmesi Ve Geçerlik Güvenirlik Çalışması. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Beslenme ve Diyetetik Ana Bilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi. 2018.
Bonaccio M, Di Castelnuovo A, Costanzo S, et al: Moli-sani Project Investigators. Nutrition knowledge is associated with higher adherence to Mediterranean diet and lower prevalence of obesity, results from the Moli-sani study. Appetite. 2013;68:139-46.
Cecchetto C, Aiello M, Gentili C, Ionta S, Osimo SA. Increased emotional eating during COVID-19 associated with lockdown, psychological and social distress. Appetite. 2021;160:105122.
Chen PJ, Antonelli M. Conceptual models of food choice: Influential factors related to foods, individual differences and society. Foods. 2020;9(12):1898.
Chopra S, Ranjan P, Singh V, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on lifestyle-related behaviours- a cross-sectional audit of responses from nine hundred and ninety-five participants from India. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(6):2021-2030.
Demirtaş-Madran HA. Accepting restrictions and compliance with recommended preventive behaviors for COVID-19: A discussion based on the key approaches and current research on fear appeals. Front Psychol. 2021;12:558437.
De Vriendt T, Matthys C, Verbeke W, Pynaert I, De Henauw S. Determinants of nutrition knowledge in young and middle-aged Belgian women and the association with their dietary behaviour. Appetite. 2009;52(3):788-792.
Dilber A, Dilber F. Koronavirüs (COVID-19) salgınının bireylerin beslenme alışkanlıkları üzerindeki etkisi. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies. 2020;8(3):2144-2162.
Duralı Ö. Yetişkin Kadın Bireylerde Beslenme Bilgi Düzeyinin Ve Beslenme Durumunun Saptanması, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Beslenme ve Diyetetik Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Edirne: Trakya Üniversitesi. 2019.
Farías P. The Use of Fear versus Hope in Health Advertisements: The moderating role of ındividual characteristics on subsequent health decisions in Chile. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(23):9148.
Haklı G, Asil E, Ucar A, et al. Nutritional knowledge and behavior of adults: Their relations with sociodemographic factors. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2016;15(6):532.
Haktanır A, Seki T, Dilmaç B. Adaptation and evaluation of Turkish version of the fear of COVID-19 Scale. Death Stud. 2022;46(3):719-727.
Harper CA, Satchell LP, Fido D, Latzman RD. Functional fear predicts public health compliance in the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2021;19(5):1875-1888.
Hendrie GA, Coveney J, Cox D. Exploring nutrition knowledge and the demographic variation in knowledge levels in an Australian community sample. Public Health Nutr. 2008;11(12):1365-1371.
Hosseini M, Ashktorab T, Taghdisi MH, Vardanjani AE, Rafiei H. Health-promoting behaviors and their association with certain demographic characteristics of nursing students of Tehran City in 2013. Glob J Health Sci. 2014;7(2):264-272.
Kessels LT, Ruiter RA, Brug J, Jansma BM. The effects of tailored and threatening nutrition information on message attention. Evidence from an event-related potential study. Appetite. 2011;56(1):32-38.
Kilani HA, Bataineh MAF, Al-Nawayseh A, et al. Healthy lifestyle behaviors are major predictors of mental wellbeing during COVID-19 pandemic confinement: A study on adult Arabs in higher educational institutions. PLoS One. 2020;15(12):e0243524.
Koch F, Hoffmann I, Claupein E. Types of nutrition knowledge, their socio-demographic determinants and their association with food consumption: results of the NEMONIT study. Front Nutr. 2021;8:630014.
Korukcu O, Ozkaya M, Faruk Boran O, Boran M. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on community mental health: A psychometric and prevalence study in Turkey. Health Soc Care Community. 2021;29(5):e204-e213.
Labban L. Nutritional knowledge assessment of syrian university students. J Sci Soc. 2015;42(2):71-77.
Landaeta-Díaz L, González-Medina G, Agüero SD. Anxiety, anhedonia and food consumption during the COVID-19 quarantine in Chile. Appetite. 2021;164:105259.
Liu Q, Huang S, Qu X, Yin A. The status of health promotion lifestyle and its related factors in Shandong Province, China. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1146.
López-Hernández L, Martínez-Arnau FM, Pérez-Ros P, Drehmer E, Pablos A. Improved nutritional knowledge in the obese adult population modifies eating habits and serum and anthropometric markers. Nutrients. 2020;12(11):3355.
Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD. The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behavior. Journal of Concurrent Disorders. 2020;2(1):58-63.
Roininen K, Lähteenmäki L, Tuorila H. An application of means-end chain approach to consumers’ orientation to health and hedonic characteristics of foods. Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 2000;39(12):61–81.
Sakib N, Bhuiyan AKMI, Hossain S, et al. Psychometric validation of the Bangla Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Rasch Analysis. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2022;20:2623-2634.
Santella ME, Hagedorn RL, Wattick RA, Barr ML, Horacek TM, Olfert MD. Learn first, practice second approach to increase health professionals' nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2020;71(3):370-377.
Satici B, Gocet-Tekin E, Deniz ME, Satici SA. Adaptation of the fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2021;19(6):1980-1988.
Shultz JM, Cooper JL, Baingana F, et al. The role of fear-related behaviors in the 2013- 2016 West Africa Ebola Virus disease outbreak. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18(11):104.
Spronk I, Kullen C, Burdon C, O'Connor H. Relationship between nutrition knowledge and dietary intake. Br J Nutr. 2014;111(10):1713-1726.
Suliga E, Cieśla E, Michel S, et al. Diet Quality compared to the nutritional knowledge of Polish, German, and Slovakian University students-preliminary research. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(23):9062.
Tam R, Flood VM, Beck KL, O'Connor HT, Gifford JA. Measuring the sports nutrition knowledge of elite Australian athletes using the platform to evaluate athlete knowledge of sports nutrition questionnaire. Nutr Diet. 2021;78(5):535-543.
Taş S. Vücut Kitle İndeksi İle Beslenme Bilgi Düzeyi, Fiziksel Aktivite Ve Yeme Tutumu Arasındaki İlişkinin Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara: Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi. 2021.
Taspinar B, Taspinar F, Gulmez H, Kizilirmak AS. Fizyoterapistlerde COVID-19 korkusu ve yaşam kalitesi arasındaki ilişki. Forbes Tıp Dergisi. 2021;2(2):108-115.
Walker SN, Hill-Polerecky DM. Psychometric evaluation of HPLP II. Unpublished Manuscript. University of Nebraska Medical Center. 1996.
Zabetakis I, Lordan R, Norton C, Tsoupras A. COVID-19: The inflammation link and the role of nutrition in potential mitigation. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1466.
Zaborowicz K, Czarnocińska J, Galiński G, Kaźmierczak P, Górska K, Durczewski P. Evaluation of selected dietary behaviours of students according to gender and nutritional knowledge. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2016;67(1):45-50.
Zhou C, Zheng W, Tan F, Lai S, Yuan Q. Influence of health promoting lifestyle on health management intentions and behaviors among Chinese residents under the integrated healthcare system. PLoS One. 2022;17(1):e0263004.
Akgün M. Investigation Of The Factors Affecting The Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Of İndividuals During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Specialization Thesis in Medicine, Ankara, 2021.
Akkartal Ş, Gezer C. Is nutrition knowledge related to diet quality and obesity?. Ecol Food Nutr. 2020;59(2):119-129.
Aksoy NC, Kabadayi ET, Alan AK. An unintended consequence of Covid-19: Healthy nutrition. Appetite. 2021;166:105430.
Aktaç S, Sabuncular G, Kargin D, Gunes FE. Evaluation of nutrition knowledge of pregnant women before and after nutrition education according to sociodemographic characteristics. Ecol Food Nutr. 2018;57(6):441-455.
Alothman SA, Alghannam AF, Almasud AA, Altalhi AS, Al-Hazzaa HM. Lifestyle behaviors trend and their relationship with fear level of COVID-19: Cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. PLoS One. 2021;16(10):e0257904.
Altay B, Çavuşoğlu F, Güneştaş İ. Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi'nde çalışan hemşirelerin sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları ve etkileyen faktörler. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi. 2015;8(4):12-18.
Alzahrani SH, Malik AA, Bashawri J, et al. Health-promoting lifestyle profile and associated factors among medical students in a Saudi university. SAGE Open Med. 2019;7:1-7.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington. DC: American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books/9780890425596
Bahar Z, Beser A, Gördes N, Ersin F, Kısal A. Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları Ölçeği II’nin Geçerlilik Ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokul Dergisi. 2008;12(1):1-13.
Batmaz H. Yetişkinler İçin Beslenme Bilgi Düzeyi Ölçeği Geliştirilmesi Ve Geçerlik Güvenirlik Çalışması. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Beslenme ve Diyetetik Ana Bilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi. 2018.
Bonaccio M, Di Castelnuovo A, Costanzo S, et al: Moli-sani Project Investigators. Nutrition knowledge is associated with higher adherence to Mediterranean diet and lower prevalence of obesity, results from the Moli-sani study. Appetite. 2013;68:139-46.
Cecchetto C, Aiello M, Gentili C, Ionta S, Osimo SA. Increased emotional eating during COVID-19 associated with lockdown, psychological and social distress. Appetite. 2021;160:105122.
Chen PJ, Antonelli M. Conceptual models of food choice: Influential factors related to foods, individual differences and society. Foods. 2020;9(12):1898.
Chopra S, Ranjan P, Singh V, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on lifestyle-related behaviours- a cross-sectional audit of responses from nine hundred and ninety-five participants from India. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(6):2021-2030.
Demirtaş-Madran HA. Accepting restrictions and compliance with recommended preventive behaviors for COVID-19: A discussion based on the key approaches and current research on fear appeals. Front Psychol. 2021;12:558437.
De Vriendt T, Matthys C, Verbeke W, Pynaert I, De Henauw S. Determinants of nutrition knowledge in young and middle-aged Belgian women and the association with their dietary behaviour. Appetite. 2009;52(3):788-792.
Dilber A, Dilber F. Koronavirüs (COVID-19) salgınının bireylerin beslenme alışkanlıkları üzerindeki etkisi. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies. 2020;8(3):2144-2162.
Duralı Ö. Yetişkin Kadın Bireylerde Beslenme Bilgi Düzeyinin Ve Beslenme Durumunun Saptanması, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Beslenme ve Diyetetik Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Edirne: Trakya Üniversitesi. 2019.
Farías P. The Use of Fear versus Hope in Health Advertisements: The moderating role of ındividual characteristics on subsequent health decisions in Chile. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(23):9148.
Haklı G, Asil E, Ucar A, et al. Nutritional knowledge and behavior of adults: Their relations with sociodemographic factors. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2016;15(6):532.
Haktanır A, Seki T, Dilmaç B. Adaptation and evaluation of Turkish version of the fear of COVID-19 Scale. Death Stud. 2022;46(3):719-727.
Harper CA, Satchell LP, Fido D, Latzman RD. Functional fear predicts public health compliance in the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2021;19(5):1875-1888.
Hendrie GA, Coveney J, Cox D. Exploring nutrition knowledge and the demographic variation in knowledge levels in an Australian community sample. Public Health Nutr. 2008;11(12):1365-1371.
Hosseini M, Ashktorab T, Taghdisi MH, Vardanjani AE, Rafiei H. Health-promoting behaviors and their association with certain demographic characteristics of nursing students of Tehran City in 2013. Glob J Health Sci. 2014;7(2):264-272.
Kessels LT, Ruiter RA, Brug J, Jansma BM. The effects of tailored and threatening nutrition information on message attention. Evidence from an event-related potential study. Appetite. 2011;56(1):32-38.
Kilani HA, Bataineh MAF, Al-Nawayseh A, et al. Healthy lifestyle behaviors are major predictors of mental wellbeing during COVID-19 pandemic confinement: A study on adult Arabs in higher educational institutions. PLoS One. 2020;15(12):e0243524.
Koch F, Hoffmann I, Claupein E. Types of nutrition knowledge, their socio-demographic determinants and their association with food consumption: results of the NEMONIT study. Front Nutr. 2021;8:630014.
Korukcu O, Ozkaya M, Faruk Boran O, Boran M. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on community mental health: A psychometric and prevalence study in Turkey. Health Soc Care Community. 2021;29(5):e204-e213.
Labban L. Nutritional knowledge assessment of syrian university students. J Sci Soc. 2015;42(2):71-77.
Landaeta-Díaz L, González-Medina G, Agüero SD. Anxiety, anhedonia and food consumption during the COVID-19 quarantine in Chile. Appetite. 2021;164:105259.
Liu Q, Huang S, Qu X, Yin A. The status of health promotion lifestyle and its related factors in Shandong Province, China. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1146.
López-Hernández L, Martínez-Arnau FM, Pérez-Ros P, Drehmer E, Pablos A. Improved nutritional knowledge in the obese adult population modifies eating habits and serum and anthropometric markers. Nutrients. 2020;12(11):3355.
Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD. The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behavior. Journal of Concurrent Disorders. 2020;2(1):58-63.
Roininen K, Lähteenmäki L, Tuorila H. An application of means-end chain approach to consumers’ orientation to health and hedonic characteristics of foods. Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 2000;39(12):61–81.
Sakib N, Bhuiyan AKMI, Hossain S, et al. Psychometric validation of the Bangla Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Rasch Analysis. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2022;20:2623-2634.
Santella ME, Hagedorn RL, Wattick RA, Barr ML, Horacek TM, Olfert MD. Learn first, practice second approach to increase health professionals' nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2020;71(3):370-377.
Satici B, Gocet-Tekin E, Deniz ME, Satici SA. Adaptation of the fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2021;19(6):1980-1988.
Shultz JM, Cooper JL, Baingana F, et al. The role of fear-related behaviors in the 2013- 2016 West Africa Ebola Virus disease outbreak. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18(11):104.
Spronk I, Kullen C, Burdon C, O'Connor H. Relationship between nutrition knowledge and dietary intake. Br J Nutr. 2014;111(10):1713-1726.
Suliga E, Cieśla E, Michel S, et al. Diet Quality compared to the nutritional knowledge of Polish, German, and Slovakian University students-preliminary research. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(23):9062.
Tam R, Flood VM, Beck KL, O'Connor HT, Gifford JA. Measuring the sports nutrition knowledge of elite Australian athletes using the platform to evaluate athlete knowledge of sports nutrition questionnaire. Nutr Diet. 2021;78(5):535-543.
Taş S. Vücut Kitle İndeksi İle Beslenme Bilgi Düzeyi, Fiziksel Aktivite Ve Yeme Tutumu Arasındaki İlişkinin Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara: Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi. 2021.
Taspinar B, Taspinar F, Gulmez H, Kizilirmak AS. Fizyoterapistlerde COVID-19 korkusu ve yaşam kalitesi arasındaki ilişki. Forbes Tıp Dergisi. 2021;2(2):108-115.
Walker SN, Hill-Polerecky DM. Psychometric evaluation of HPLP II. Unpublished Manuscript. University of Nebraska Medical Center. 1996.
Zabetakis I, Lordan R, Norton C, Tsoupras A. COVID-19: The inflammation link and the role of nutrition in potential mitigation. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1466.
Zaborowicz K, Czarnocińska J, Galiński G, Kaźmierczak P, Górska K, Durczewski P. Evaluation of selected dietary behaviours of students according to gender and nutritional knowledge. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2016;67(1):45-50.
Zhou C, Zheng W, Tan F, Lai S, Yuan Q. Influence of health promoting lifestyle on health management intentions and behaviors among Chinese residents under the integrated healthcare system. PLoS One. 2022;17(1):e0263004.
Authors
SaltekinA., & Erzurum AlimN. (2024). Assessment of Adult Individuals’ Fear of COVID-19, Healthy Living Behaviors, and Nutrition Knowledge Levels during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 19(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2024.19.1.1-10
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The copyright of manuscripts of the article shall be assigned/transferred to Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan (Indonesian Journal of Nutrition and Food)
Article Details
