Nutrient Profiling Model Towards Recommendation of A Healthy Diet: A Scoping Review
Article Sidebar
Issue
Vol. 18 No. 3 (2023)
Accepted
16 November 2023
Published
30 November 2023
Keywords:
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adults, healthy diet, nutrient profiling, nutrient density, nutrient-rich food index
Abstract
The objective of this study is to identify the availability of Nutrient Profiling (NP) models worldwide and discuss their application. This scoping review is based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Extension for the Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) and the Arksey and O’Malley framework. Articles related to NP among adults published from 2012 to 2022, written in English, were retrieved from the Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, and Pubmed databases. Mendeley software was used for database acquisition and MS Excel for the syntesis process. Only 17 articles out of 2,019 article titles identified met the inclusion criteria for the review. This review discovers that the applications of NP in nutrition policies include food labelling, Front-Of-Pack (FOP), and regulations on food marketing, health, and nutrition. Fibre is the nutrient that needs to be included in the NP application compared to saturated fats, fatty acids, sodium, and total sugar. This scoping review demonstrates the scientific basis of the NP model’s development in public health policy, leading to advocacy and the recommendation of healthy diets.
References
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Drewnowski A, Fulgoni III VL. 2008. Nutrient profiling of foods: Creating a nutrient-rich food index. Nutr Rev 66(1):23‒39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.00003.x
Debeljak K, Pravst I, Košmelj K, Kač M. 2015. "Healthier" and "less healthy" classifications according to three nutrient profiling systems relative to nutrition and health claims on food labels. Acta Aliment 44(4):561‒1569. https://doi.org/10.1556/066.2015.44.0028
Drewnowski A, Dwyer J, King JC, Weaver CM. 2019. A proposed nutrient density score that includes food groups and nutrients to better align with dietary guidance. Nutr Rev 77(6):404‒416. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz002
Drewnowski A, Fulgoni III VL. 2020. New nutrient rich food nutrient density models that include nutrients and MyPlate food groups. Front Nutr 7:107. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.00107
Department of Health, Food Standards Agency, British Retail Consortium. 2013. Guide to creating a Front of Pack (FoP) nutrition label for pre packaged sold through detail outlets. https://extranet.who.int/nutrition/gina/sites/default/filesstore/GBR%202013%20Guide%20to%20creating%20a%20front-of-pack%20nutrition%20label.pdf [Accessed 20th October 2022]
Duran AC, Ricardo CZ, Mais LA, Martins APB. 2021. Role of different nutrient profiling models in identifying targeted foods for front-of-package food labelling in Brazil. Public Health Nutr 24(6):1514‒1525. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980019005056
[EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2008. The EFSA's 9th scientific colloquium-nutrient profiling for foods bearing nutrition and health claims. EFSA Support Publ 5(7):122. https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2008.EN-119
Egnell M, Galan P, Farpour-Lambert NJ, Talati Z, Pettigrew S, Hercberg S, Julia C. 2020. Compared to other front-of-pack nutrition labels, the nutri-score emerged as the most efficient to inform Swiss consumers on the nutritional quality of food products. Plos One 15(2):e0228179. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228179
Finkelstein EA, Ang FJL, Doble B, Wong WHM, van Dam RM. 2019. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the relative effectiveness of the multiple traffic light and nutri-score front of package nutrition labels. Nutrients 11(9):2236. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092236
Frank T, Thow AM, Ng SW, Ostrowski J, Bopape M, Swart EC. 2021. A fit-for-purpose nutrient profiling model to underpin food and nutrition policies in South Africa. Nutrients 13(8):2584. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082584
Fulgoni III VL, Keast DR, Drewnowski A. 2009. Development and validation of the nutrient-rich foods index: A tool to measure nutritional quality of foods. J Nutr 139(8):1549‒1554. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.101360
Hawkes C, Smith TG, Jewell J, Wardle J, Hammond RA, Friel S, Thow AM, Kain J. 2015. Smart food policies for obesity prevention. The Lancet 385(9985):2410–2421. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61745-1
Julia C, Fézeu LK, Ducrot P, Méjean C, Péneau S, Touvier M, Hercberg S, Kesse-Guyot E. 2015. The nutrient profile of foods consumed using the British Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system is associated with metabolic syndrome in the SU. VI. MAX cohort. J Nutr 145(10):2355‒2361. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.213629
Julia C, Touvier M, Méjean C, Ducrot P, Péneau S, Hercberg S, Kesse-Guyot E. 2014. Development and validation of an individual dietary index based on the British Food Standard Agency nutrient profiling system in a French context. J Nutr 144(12):2009‒2017. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.199679
Kissock KR, Vieux F, Mathias KC, Drewnowski A, Seal CJ, Masset G, Smith J, Mejborn H, McKeown NM, Beck EJ. 2022. Aligning nutrient profiling with dietary guidelines: Modifying the nutri-Score algorithm to include whole grains. Eur J Nutr 1‒13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02718-6
Labonté MÈ, Poon T, Gladanac B, Ahmed M, Franco-Arellano B, Rayner M, L'Abbé MR. 2018. Nutrient profile models with applications in government-led nutrition policies aimed at health promotion and noncommunicable disease prevention: A systematic review. Adv Nutr 9(6):741‒788. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy045
Maillot M, Sondey J, Braesco V, Darmon N. 2018. The Simplified Nutrient Profiling System (SENS) adequately ranks foods in relation to the overall nutritional quality of diets: A validation study. Eur J Clin Nutr 72(4):593‒602. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0104-3
Mainardi F, Drewnowski A, Green H. 2019. Personalized nutrient profiling of food patterns: Nestlé's nutrition algorithm applied to dietary intakes from NHANES. Nutrients 11(2):379. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020379
Masset G, Scarborough P, Rayner M, Mishra G, Brunner EJ. 2015. Can nutrient profiling help to identify foods which diet variety should be encouraged? Results from the Whitehall II cohort. Br J Nutr 113(11):1800‒1809. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451500094X
Mhurchu CN, Brown R, Jiang Y, Eyles H, Dunford E, Neal B. 2016. Nutrient profile of 23 596 packaged supermarket foods and non-alcoholic beverages in Australia and New Zealand. Public Health Nutr 19(3):401‒408. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980015000968
Moore SG, Donnelly JK, Jones S, Cade JE. 2018. Effect of educational interventions on understanding and use of nutrition labels: A systematic review. Nutrients 10(10):1432. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101432
Nor NM, Rusli SFM, Asmawi UMM. 2023. Awareness, knowledge, and practices towards reading snack food labels among Malaysian adolescents. J Gizi Pangan 18(1):61‒70. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2023.18.1.61-70
Pandav C, Smith Taillie L, Miles DR, Hollingsworth BA, Popkin BM. 2021. The WHO South-East Asia region nutrient profile model is quite appropriate for India: An exploration of 31,516 food products. Nutrients 13(8):2799. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082799
Rayner M, Scarborough P, Kaur A. 2013. Nutrient profiling and the regulation of marketing to children. Possibilities and pitfalls. Appetite 62:232‒235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.021
Ridoutt B. 2021. An alternative Nutrient Rich Food Index (NRF-ai) incorporating prevalence of inadequate and excessive nutrient intake. Foods 10(12):3156. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10123156
Santos M, Rito AI, Matias FN, Assunção R, Castanheira I, Loureiro I. 2021. Nutrient profile models a useful tool to facilitate healthier food choices: A comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci Technol 110:120‒131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.082
Scarborough P, Rayner M, Stockley L. 2007. Developing nutrient profile models: A systematic approach. Public Health Nutr 10(4):330‒336. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007223870
Sluik D, Streppel MT, van Lee L, Geelen A, Feskens EJ. 2015. Evaluation of a nutrient-rich food index score in the Netherlands. J Nutr Sci 4:14. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2015.4
Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O'Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, Moher D, Peters MDJ, Horsley T, Weeks L et al. 2018. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med 169(7):467‒473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
Vlassopoulos A, Masset G, Charles VR, Hoover C, Chesneau-Guillemont C, Leroy F, Lehmann U, Spieldenner J, Tee ES, Gibney M, et al. 2017. A nutrient profiling system for the (re) formulation of a global food and beverage portfolio. Eur J Nutr 56:1105‒1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1161-9
Voinea L, Popescu DV, Negrea TM, Dina R. 2020. Nutrient profiling of Romanian traditional dishes-prerequisite for supporting the flexitarian eating Style. Information 11(11):514. https://doi.org/10.3390/info11110514
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2011. Nutrient profiling: Report of a WHO/IASO Technical Meeting. Geneva (CH): WHO.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2015. Healthy diet. Fact sheet No. 394. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/healthy-diet-factsheet394 [Accessed 25 June 2022].
[WHO] World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. 2016. Action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases in the WHO European Region. Denmark (DK): WHO
Drewnowski A, Fulgoni III VL. 2008. Nutrient profiling of foods: Creating a nutrient-rich food index. Nutr Rev 66(1):23‒39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.00003.x
Debeljak K, Pravst I, Košmelj K, Kač M. 2015. "Healthier" and "less healthy" classifications according to three nutrient profiling systems relative to nutrition and health claims on food labels. Acta Aliment 44(4):561‒1569. https://doi.org/10.1556/066.2015.44.0028
Drewnowski A, Dwyer J, King JC, Weaver CM. 2019. A proposed nutrient density score that includes food groups and nutrients to better align with dietary guidance. Nutr Rev 77(6):404‒416. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz002
Drewnowski A, Fulgoni III VL. 2020. New nutrient rich food nutrient density models that include nutrients and MyPlate food groups. Front Nutr 7:107. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.00107
Department of Health, Food Standards Agency, British Retail Consortium. 2013. Guide to creating a Front of Pack (FoP) nutrition label for pre packaged sold through detail outlets. https://extranet.who.int/nutrition/gina/sites/default/filesstore/GBR%202013%20Guide%20to%20creating%20a%20front-of-pack%20nutrition%20label.pdf [Accessed 20th October 2022]
Duran AC, Ricardo CZ, Mais LA, Martins APB. 2021. Role of different nutrient profiling models in identifying targeted foods for front-of-package food labelling in Brazil. Public Health Nutr 24(6):1514‒1525. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980019005056
[EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. 2008. The EFSA's 9th scientific colloquium-nutrient profiling for foods bearing nutrition and health claims. EFSA Support Publ 5(7):122. https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2008.EN-119
Egnell M, Galan P, Farpour-Lambert NJ, Talati Z, Pettigrew S, Hercberg S, Julia C. 2020. Compared to other front-of-pack nutrition labels, the nutri-score emerged as the most efficient to inform Swiss consumers on the nutritional quality of food products. Plos One 15(2):e0228179. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228179
Finkelstein EA, Ang FJL, Doble B, Wong WHM, van Dam RM. 2019. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the relative effectiveness of the multiple traffic light and nutri-score front of package nutrition labels. Nutrients 11(9):2236. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092236
Frank T, Thow AM, Ng SW, Ostrowski J, Bopape M, Swart EC. 2021. A fit-for-purpose nutrient profiling model to underpin food and nutrition policies in South Africa. Nutrients 13(8):2584. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082584
Fulgoni III VL, Keast DR, Drewnowski A. 2009. Development and validation of the nutrient-rich foods index: A tool to measure nutritional quality of foods. J Nutr 139(8):1549‒1554. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.101360
Hawkes C, Smith TG, Jewell J, Wardle J, Hammond RA, Friel S, Thow AM, Kain J. 2015. Smart food policies for obesity prevention. The Lancet 385(9985):2410–2421. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61745-1
Julia C, Fézeu LK, Ducrot P, Méjean C, Péneau S, Touvier M, Hercberg S, Kesse-Guyot E. 2015. The nutrient profile of foods consumed using the British Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system is associated with metabolic syndrome in the SU. VI. MAX cohort. J Nutr 145(10):2355‒2361. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.213629
Julia C, Touvier M, Méjean C, Ducrot P, Péneau S, Hercberg S, Kesse-Guyot E. 2014. Development and validation of an individual dietary index based on the British Food Standard Agency nutrient profiling system in a French context. J Nutr 144(12):2009‒2017. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.199679
Kissock KR, Vieux F, Mathias KC, Drewnowski A, Seal CJ, Masset G, Smith J, Mejborn H, McKeown NM, Beck EJ. 2022. Aligning nutrient profiling with dietary guidelines: Modifying the nutri-Score algorithm to include whole grains. Eur J Nutr 1‒13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02718-6
Labonté MÈ, Poon T, Gladanac B, Ahmed M, Franco-Arellano B, Rayner M, L'Abbé MR. 2018. Nutrient profile models with applications in government-led nutrition policies aimed at health promotion and noncommunicable disease prevention: A systematic review. Adv Nutr 9(6):741‒788. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy045
Maillot M, Sondey J, Braesco V, Darmon N. 2018. The Simplified Nutrient Profiling System (SENS) adequately ranks foods in relation to the overall nutritional quality of diets: A validation study. Eur J Clin Nutr 72(4):593‒602. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0104-3
Mainardi F, Drewnowski A, Green H. 2019. Personalized nutrient profiling of food patterns: Nestlé's nutrition algorithm applied to dietary intakes from NHANES. Nutrients 11(2):379. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020379
Masset G, Scarborough P, Rayner M, Mishra G, Brunner EJ. 2015. Can nutrient profiling help to identify foods which diet variety should be encouraged? Results from the Whitehall II cohort. Br J Nutr 113(11):1800‒1809. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451500094X
Mhurchu CN, Brown R, Jiang Y, Eyles H, Dunford E, Neal B. 2016. Nutrient profile of 23 596 packaged supermarket foods and non-alcoholic beverages in Australia and New Zealand. Public Health Nutr 19(3):401‒408. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980015000968
Moore SG, Donnelly JK, Jones S, Cade JE. 2018. Effect of educational interventions on understanding and use of nutrition labels: A systematic review. Nutrients 10(10):1432. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101432
Nor NM, Rusli SFM, Asmawi UMM. 2023. Awareness, knowledge, and practices towards reading snack food labels among Malaysian adolescents. J Gizi Pangan 18(1):61‒70. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2023.18.1.61-70
Pandav C, Smith Taillie L, Miles DR, Hollingsworth BA, Popkin BM. 2021. The WHO South-East Asia region nutrient profile model is quite appropriate for India: An exploration of 31,516 food products. Nutrients 13(8):2799. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082799
Rayner M, Scarborough P, Kaur A. 2013. Nutrient profiling and the regulation of marketing to children. Possibilities and pitfalls. Appetite 62:232‒235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.021
Ridoutt B. 2021. An alternative Nutrient Rich Food Index (NRF-ai) incorporating prevalence of inadequate and excessive nutrient intake. Foods 10(12):3156. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10123156
Santos M, Rito AI, Matias FN, Assunção R, Castanheira I, Loureiro I. 2021. Nutrient profile models a useful tool to facilitate healthier food choices: A comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci Technol 110:120‒131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.082
Scarborough P, Rayner M, Stockley L. 2007. Developing nutrient profile models: A systematic approach. Public Health Nutr 10(4):330‒336. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007223870
Sluik D, Streppel MT, van Lee L, Geelen A, Feskens EJ. 2015. Evaluation of a nutrient-rich food index score in the Netherlands. J Nutr Sci 4:14. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2015.4
Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O'Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, Moher D, Peters MDJ, Horsley T, Weeks L et al. 2018. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med 169(7):467‒473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
Vlassopoulos A, Masset G, Charles VR, Hoover C, Chesneau-Guillemont C, Leroy F, Lehmann U, Spieldenner J, Tee ES, Gibney M, et al. 2017. A nutrient profiling system for the (re) formulation of a global food and beverage portfolio. Eur J Nutr 56:1105‒1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1161-9
Voinea L, Popescu DV, Negrea TM, Dina R. 2020. Nutrient profiling of Romanian traditional dishes-prerequisite for supporting the flexitarian eating Style. Information 11(11):514. https://doi.org/10.3390/info11110514
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2011. Nutrient profiling: Report of a WHO/IASO Technical Meeting. Geneva (CH): WHO.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2015. Healthy diet. Fact sheet No. 394. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/healthy-diet-factsheet394 [Accessed 25 June 2022].
[WHO] World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. 2016. Action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases in the WHO European Region. Denmark (DK): WHO
Authors
SallehR., RajikanR., ShaharS., ShahrilM. R., EliasS. M., & AhmadN. A. (2023). Nutrient Profiling Model Towards Recommendation of A Healthy Diet: A Scoping Review . Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 18(3), 197-208. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2023.18.3.197-208
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