Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Changes in Nutritional Status and Physical Activities of School-Age Children: A Scoping Review
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Issue
Vol. 17 No. 3 (2022)
Accepted
7 September 2022
Published
30 November 2022
Keywords:
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COVID-19, nutritional status, physical activities, school-age children, sedentary lifestyle
Abstract
This study's objective is to review the consequence of the COVID-19 epidemic on physical activities, sedentary lifestyles, screen time, and changes in the nutritional status of school-age children. The outcomes of this study are intended to be applicable to obesity management in children. This study reviewed full-text articles and open-access publications on the sedentary lifestyle of children during the pandemic. and the data were analyzed using cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional designs. The results of reviewing 17 articles show that school-age children’s physical activities and nutritional status have decreased, but their sedentary lifestyle and screen time have increased due to social restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Children’s decreased physical activities are caused by the absence of a comparable replacement mechanism as that before the pandemic. Meanwhile, the increasingly sedentary lifestyle highly influences children’s physical and mental health. Screen time has also increased and is unavoidable during the pandemic because children’s activities were limited and their learning systems are switched to online learning; as a result, their supporting sedentary lifestyle increases while physical activities decrease. These factors have changed the nutritional status of children during the pandemic. These results support the idea that the pandemic will impact the health of school-age children, especially their nutritional status. This review concludes that it is important to establish policies that prevent children’s further health effects, such as obesity, caused by COVID-19.
References
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Runacres A, Mackintosh KA, Knight RL, Sheeran L, Thatcher R, Shelley J, Mcnarry MA. 2021. Impact of the covid-19 pandemic on sedentary time and behaviour in children and adults: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(21):11286. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111286
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Stverakova T, Jacisko J, Busch A, Safarova M, Kolar P, Kobesova A. 2021. The impact of covid-19 on physical activity of Czech Children. Plos One 16(7):e0254244. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254244
Ten Velde G, Lubrecht J, Arayess L, Van Loo C, Hesselink M, Reijnders D, Vreugdenhil A. 2021. Physical activity behaviour and screen time in Dutch Children during the covid-19 pandemic: Pre-, duringand post-school closures. Pediatr Obes 16(9):e12779. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12779
Treuth MS, Baggett CD, Pratt CA, Going SB, Elder JP, Charneco EY, Webber LS. 2009. A longitudinal study of sedentary behavior and overweight in adolescent girls. Obesity 17(5):1003‒1008. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.598
Vilchez JA, Kruse J, Puffer M, Dudovitz RN. 2021. Teachers and school health leaders' perspectives on distance learning physical education during the covid-19 pandemic. J Sch Health 91(7):541‒549. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.13030
Weaver RG, Hunt ET, Armstrong B, Beets MW, Brazendale K, Turner-Mcgrievy G, Pate RR, Youngstedt SD, Dugger R, Parker H et al. 2021. Covid-19 leads to accelerated increases in children's bmi z-score gain: An interrupted time-series study. Am J Prev Med 61(4):e161‒e169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2021.04.007
Zheng C, Huang WY, Sheridan S, Sit CH, Chen XK, Wong SH. 2020. Covid-19 pandemic brings a sedentary lifestyle In Young Adults: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.22.20110825
An R. 2020. Projecting the impact of the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic on childhood obesity in The United States: A microsimulation model. J Sport Health Sci 9:302‒312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.05.006
Arum AE, Susilaningsih E. 2020. Pembelajaran Daring dan Kajian Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 di Sekolah Dasar Kecamatan Muncar Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pascasarjana (page 438‒444), 2020. Semarang (ID): UNNES.
Brooks CG, Spencer JR, Sprafka JM, Roehl KA, Ma J, Londhe AA, He F, Cheng A, Brown CA, Page J. 2021. Pediatric bmi changes during covid-19 pandemic: An electronic health record-based retrospective cohort study. Eclinicalmedicine 38:101026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101026
Cachon-Zagalaz J, Zagalaz-Sanchez Ma, Arufe-Giraldez V, Sanmiguel-Rodriguez A, Gonzalez-Valero G. 2021. Physical activity and daily routine among children aged 0‒12 during the covid-19 pandemic in Spain. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(2):703. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph18020703
Chooi YC, Ding C, Magkos F. 2019. The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism 92:6‒10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. metabol.2018.09.005
Chusna PA, Utami ADM. 2020. Dampak pandemi COVID-19 terhadap peran orang tua dan guru dalam meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran daring anak usia sekolah dasar. Premiere: Journal of Islamic Elementary Education 2(1):11‒30. https:// doi.org/10.51675/jp.v2i1.84
Cucinotta D, Vanellli M. 2020. Who declares covid-19 a pandemic. Acta Biomedi 91(1):157‒160. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397
Dunton GF, Do B, Wang SD. 2020. Early effectsof the covid-19 pandemic on physical activity and sedentary behavior in children living in the US. BMC Public Health 20(1):1‒13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09429-3
[GNR] Global Nutrition Report. 2022. Country nutrition profiles. GNR https://globalnutritionreport.org/resources/nutrition-profiles/asia/south-eastern-asia/indonesia [Accessed 28th April 2022].
Gilbert AS, Schmidt L, Beck A, Kepper MM, Mazzucca S, Eyler A. 2021. Associations of physical activity and sedentary behaviors with child mental well-being during the covid-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health 21(1):1‒12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11805-
Gobbi E, Maltagliati S, Sarrazin P, Di Fronso S, Colangelo A, Cheval B, Escriva-Boulley G, Tessier D, Demirhan G, Erturan G et al. 2020. Promoting physical activity during school closures imposed by the first wave of the covid-19 pandemic: Physical education teachers' behaviors in France, Italy and Turkey. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(24):9431. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249431
Lange SJ, Kompaniyets L, Freedman DS, Kraus EM, Porter R, Black HM, Goodman AB. 2021. Longitudinal trends in body mass index before and during the covid-19 pandemic among persons aged 2‒19 years-United States, 2018‒2020. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 70(37):1278‒1283. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7037a3
Megawati RN, Norazizah R, Sofia N. 2021. Pengaruh sedentary behavior terhadap obesitas pada anak sekolah. Jurnal Kebidanan 11(2):651‒661. https://doi.org/10.33486/jurnal_kebidanan.v11i2.152
Moore SA, Faulkner G, Rhodes RE, Brussoni M, Chulak-Bozzer T, Ferguson LJ, Mitra R, O'reilly N, Spence JC, Vanderloo LM, Tremblay MS. 2020. Impact of the covid-19 virus outbreak on movement and play behaviours of Canadian children and youth: A national survey. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 17(1):1‒11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-00987-8
Musa S, Elyamani R, Dergaa I. 2022. Covid-19 and screen-based sedentary behaviour: Systematic review of digital screen time and metabolic syndrome in adolescents. Plos One 17(3):e0265560. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265560
Olive LS, Sciberras E, Berkowitz TS, Hoare E, Telford RM, O'neil A, Mikocka-Walus A, Evans S, Hutchinson D, Mcgillivray JA et al. 2021. Child and parent physical activity, sleep, and screen time during covid-19 and associations with mental health: Implications for future psycho-cardiological disease? Front Psychiatry 2332. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.774858
Rachmawati Y, Kurniawati L, Suardi M. 2021. Curiosity in young children. Proceedings of The 5th International Conference on Early Childhood Education (Icece 2020), 15‒16 October. Bandung (ID): UPI.
Runacres A, Mackintosh KA, Knight RL, Sheeran L, Thatcher R, Shelley J, Mcnarry MA. 2021. Impact of the covid-19 pandemic on sedentary time and behaviour in children and adults: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(21):11286. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111286
Sahoo K, Sahoo B, Choudhury AK, Sofi NY, Kumar R, Bhadoria AS. 2015. Childhood obesity: Causes and consequences. J Family Med Prim Care 4(2):187‒192. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.154628
Stverakova T, Jacisko J, Busch A, Safarova M, Kolar P, Kobesova A. 2021. The impact of covid-19 on physical activity of Czech Children. Plos One 16(7):e0254244. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254244
Ten Velde G, Lubrecht J, Arayess L, Van Loo C, Hesselink M, Reijnders D, Vreugdenhil A. 2021. Physical activity behaviour and screen time in Dutch Children during the covid-19 pandemic: Pre-, duringand post-school closures. Pediatr Obes 16(9):e12779. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12779
Treuth MS, Baggett CD, Pratt CA, Going SB, Elder JP, Charneco EY, Webber LS. 2009. A longitudinal study of sedentary behavior and overweight in adolescent girls. Obesity 17(5):1003‒1008. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.598
Vilchez JA, Kruse J, Puffer M, Dudovitz RN. 2021. Teachers and school health leaders' perspectives on distance learning physical education during the covid-19 pandemic. J Sch Health 91(7):541‒549. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.13030
Weaver RG, Hunt ET, Armstrong B, Beets MW, Brazendale K, Turner-Mcgrievy G, Pate RR, Youngstedt SD, Dugger R, Parker H et al. 2021. Covid-19 leads to accelerated increases in children's bmi z-score gain: An interrupted time-series study. Am J Prev Med 61(4):e161‒e169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2021.04.007
Zheng C, Huang WY, Sheridan S, Sit CH, Chen XK, Wong SH. 2020. Covid-19 pandemic brings a sedentary lifestyle In Young Adults: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.22.20110825
Authors
NugrohoF., RuchainaA. N., & WicaksonoA. G. L. (2022). Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Changes in Nutritional Status and Physical Activities of School-Age Children: A Scoping Review. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 17(3), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2022.17.3.139-148
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