Thyroid Dysfunction, Total Cholesterol Levels and Anthropometric Status in Women of Reproductive Age in Iodine Deficient Area of Prambanan Sub-District, Sleman Regency, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Issue
Vol. 17 No. 2 (2022)
Accepted
18 April 2022
Published
31 July 2022
Keywords:
-
body mass index, thyroid dysfunction, total cholesterol levels, waist circumference, waist to hip circumference ratio
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the relationship between thyroid dysfunction with Total Cholesterol levels (TC), Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC) and Waist to hip Circumference Ratio (WHR). The cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the endemic iodine deficiency areas in Prambanan Sub-district, Sleman Regency. A total subject of 134 women of reproductive age were selected randomly from the source population of 592. Thyroid dysfunction determined by Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Free Thyroxine (FT4) level were measured by ELISA method. Total cholesterol level was measured by colorimetric method using a spectrophotometer. We also measured the weight and height for BMI calculation as well as the WC and Hip Circumference (HC). Chi-Square test was applied to analyze association between thyroid dysfunction with TC levels, BMI, WC and WHR. Results found the percentage of thyroid dysfunction in subjects was 39.6% (hypothyroidism 4.5% and hyperthyroidism 35.1%). The percentage of subjects with hypercholesterolemia was 34.3%. The BMI calculation found that the underweight, overweight and obesity proportions were 6.7%; 16.4% and 27.6% respectively; WC >80 cm was 29.9% and WHR >0.85 was 38.8%. There was no association between thyroid dysfunction and TC levels, BMI and WC (p>0.05) respectively. Meanwhile thyroid dysfunction was significantly associated with WHR (p<0.05). Therefore, women in reproductive age with thyroid dysfunction should be aware of their increasing abdominal adiposity.
References
Adegoke O, Ozoh OB, Odeniyi IA, Bello BT, Akinkugbe AO, Ojo OO, Agabi OP, Okubadejo NU. 2021. Prevalence of obesity and an interrogation of the correlation between anthropometric indices and blood pressures in urban Lagos, Nigeria. Scientific Reports 11(1):1−12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83055-w
Arce-Sánchez L, Vitale SG, Flores-Robles CM, Godines-Enriquez MS, Noventa M, Urquia-Figueroa CM, Martínez-Cruz N, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Sosa SEY, Romo-Yañez J, et al. 2021. Effect of the cut-off level for thyroid-stimulating hormone on the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism among infertile Mexican women. Diagnostics 11(3):417. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11030417
Aubert CE, Floriani C, Bauer DC, Da Costa BR, Segna D, Blum MR, Collet TH, Fink HA, Cappola AR, Syrogiannaoli L, et al. 2017. Thyroid function tests in the reference range and fracture: Individual participant analysis of prospective cohorts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 102(8):2719−2728. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-00294
Castello R, Caputo M. 2019. Thyroid diseases and gender. Italian Journal of Gender-Specific Medicine 5(3):136−141. https://doi.org/10.1723/3245.32148
Eastman CJ, Ma G, Li M. 2019. Optimal assessment and quantification of iodine nutrition in pregnancy and lactation: Laboratory and clinical methods, controversies and future directions. Nutrients 11(10):2378. https://doi.org/10.1177/089033448700300322
Eastman C, Zimmermann M. 2018. The iodine deficiency disorder (Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A (ed.): Updated 20). Endotext [Internet].
Fitriyanti AR, Sulchan M, Tjahjono K, Sunarto S. 2019. Prediction of insulin resistance in late adolescent based on anthropometric index. J Gizi Pangan 14(2):53−60. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2019.14.2.53-60
Harbuwono DS, Tahapary DL, Tarigan, TJE, Yunir E. 2020. New proposed cut-off of waist circumference for central obesity as risk factor for diabetes mellitus: Evidence from the Indonesian Basic National Health Survey. Plos One 15(11):e0242417. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242417
[IDF] International Diabetes Federation. 2007. IDF Consensus Worldwide Definition of the Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents. Belgium (BE): IDF.
Khatiwada S, Sah SK, KC R, Baral N, Lamsal M. 2016. Thyroid dysfunction in metabolic syndrome patients and its relationship with components of metabolic syndrome. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2(1):1−5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40842-016-0021-0
Mahdavi M, Amouzegar A, Mehran L, Madreseh E, Tohidi M, Azizi F. 2021. Investigating the prevalence of primary thyroid dysfunction in obese and overweight individuals: Tehran thyroid study. BMC Endocr Disord 21(1):1−12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-021-00743-4
Miharja L, Karyana M. 2019. Hyperthyroidism in Indonesian community: A mini review. Endocrinology Metab Int J 7(2):52−53. https://doi.org/10.15406/emij.2019.07.00241
Mulyasari I, Pontang GS. 2018. Waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio as indicators for excess adiposity in adolescents. J Gizi Pangan 13(3):131−136. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2018.13.3.131-136
Mutalazimah M, Mulyono B, Murti B, Azwar S. 2013. Asupan Yodium, ekskresi yodium urine, dan goiter pada wanita usia subur di daerah endemis defisiensi yodium. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional 8(3):133−138. https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v8i3.359
Motamed B, Eftekharzadeh A, Hosseinpanah F, Tohidi M, Hasheminia M, Azizi F. 2016. The relation between changes in thyroid function and anthropometric indices during long-term follow-up of euthyroid subjects: The Tehran thyroid Study (TTS). Eur J Endocrinol 175(4):247−253. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-16-0414
Nurcahyani YD, Sukandar PB, Fitriyanto RE, Akhmad SA. 2020. Relationship between thyroid hormone and lipid profile in patients with struma at the iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) clinic of research and development center Magelang. Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia 11(2):130−140. https://doi.org/10.20885/JKKI.Vol11.Iss2.art5
Pearce EN, Lazarus JH, Moreno-Reyes R, Zimmermann MB. 2016. Consequences of iodine deficiency and excess in pregnant women: An overview of current knowns and unknowns. Am J Clin Nutr 104:918S−923S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.110429
Pengpid S, Peltzer K. 2017. The prevalence of underweight, overweight/obesity and their related lifestyle factors in Indonesia, 2014−15. AIMS Public Health 4(6):633−649. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2017.6.633
Prihantini NN. 2021. Correlation between dieting patterns with total cholesterol levels in blood in the hkbp church congregation on September 2018. Int J Res Granthaalayah 9(4):240−255. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i4.2021.3864
Razvi S, Ryan V, Ingoe L, Pearce SH, Wilkes S. 2020. Age-related serum thyroid-stimulating hormone reference range in older patients treated with levothyroxine: A randomized controlled feasibility trial (SORTED 1). Eur Thyroid J 9(1):40−48. https://doi.org/10.1159/000504047
Ríos-Prego M, Anibarro L, Sánchez-Sobrino P. 2019. Relationship between thyroid dysfunction and body weight: A not so evident paradigm. Int J Gen Med 12:299−304. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S206983
Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Greenlee MC, Laurberg P, Maia AL, Rivkees SA, Samuels M, Sosa JA, Stan MN, et al. 2016. 2016 American thyroid association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid 26(10):1343−1421. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2016.0229
Ross R, Neeland IJ, Yamashita S, Shai I, Seidell J, Magni P, Santos RD, Arsenault B, Cuevas A, Hu FB, et al. 2020. Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: A Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 16(3):177−189. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0310-7
Silva JS, Ocarino NM, Serakides R. 2018. Thyroid hormones and female reproduction. Biology of Reproduction 99(5):907−921. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioy115
Shahvazi S, Nadjarzadeh A, Mehri Z, Salehi-Abarguoei A. 2017. Comparison between different criteria to estimate obesity prevalence and its correlates in female adults residing in central Iran. Prog Nutr 19(3):295−304. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v19i3.5175
Stefan M, Faustino LC. 2017. Genetics of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor-relevance for autoimmune thyroid disease. Front Endocrinol 8:57. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2017.00057
Volke L, Krause K. 2021. Effect of thyroid hormones on adipose tissue flexibility. Eur Thyroid J 10(1):1−9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000508483
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2014. Goitre as a Determinant of the Prevalence and Severity of Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Populations. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization
Wong JC, O'Neill S, Beck BR, Forwood MR, Khoo SK. 2021. Comparison of obesity and metabolic syndrome prevalence using fat mass index, body mass index and percentage body fat. Plos One 16:e0245436. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245436
Xu R, Huang F, Zhang S, Lv Y, Liu Q. 2019. Thyroid function, body mass index, and metabolic risk markers in euthyroid adults: A cohort study. BMC Endocr Disord 19(1):1−9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-019-0383-2
Arce-Sánchez L, Vitale SG, Flores-Robles CM, Godines-Enriquez MS, Noventa M, Urquia-Figueroa CM, Martínez-Cruz N, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Sosa SEY, Romo-Yañez J, et al. 2021. Effect of the cut-off level for thyroid-stimulating hormone on the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism among infertile Mexican women. Diagnostics 11(3):417. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11030417
Aubert CE, Floriani C, Bauer DC, Da Costa BR, Segna D, Blum MR, Collet TH, Fink HA, Cappola AR, Syrogiannaoli L, et al. 2017. Thyroid function tests in the reference range and fracture: Individual participant analysis of prospective cohorts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 102(8):2719−2728. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-00294
Castello R, Caputo M. 2019. Thyroid diseases and gender. Italian Journal of Gender-Specific Medicine 5(3):136−141. https://doi.org/10.1723/3245.32148
Eastman CJ, Ma G, Li M. 2019. Optimal assessment and quantification of iodine nutrition in pregnancy and lactation: Laboratory and clinical methods, controversies and future directions. Nutrients 11(10):2378. https://doi.org/10.1177/089033448700300322
Eastman C, Zimmermann M. 2018. The iodine deficiency disorder (Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A (ed.): Updated 20). Endotext [Internet].
Fitriyanti AR, Sulchan M, Tjahjono K, Sunarto S. 2019. Prediction of insulin resistance in late adolescent based on anthropometric index. J Gizi Pangan 14(2):53−60. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2019.14.2.53-60
Harbuwono DS, Tahapary DL, Tarigan, TJE, Yunir E. 2020. New proposed cut-off of waist circumference for central obesity as risk factor for diabetes mellitus: Evidence from the Indonesian Basic National Health Survey. Plos One 15(11):e0242417. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242417
[IDF] International Diabetes Federation. 2007. IDF Consensus Worldwide Definition of the Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents. Belgium (BE): IDF.
Khatiwada S, Sah SK, KC R, Baral N, Lamsal M. 2016. Thyroid dysfunction in metabolic syndrome patients and its relationship with components of metabolic syndrome. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2(1):1−5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40842-016-0021-0
Mahdavi M, Amouzegar A, Mehran L, Madreseh E, Tohidi M, Azizi F. 2021. Investigating the prevalence of primary thyroid dysfunction in obese and overweight individuals: Tehran thyroid study. BMC Endocr Disord 21(1):1−12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-021-00743-4
Miharja L, Karyana M. 2019. Hyperthyroidism in Indonesian community: A mini review. Endocrinology Metab Int J 7(2):52−53. https://doi.org/10.15406/emij.2019.07.00241
Mulyasari I, Pontang GS. 2018. Waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio as indicators for excess adiposity in adolescents. J Gizi Pangan 13(3):131−136. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2018.13.3.131-136
Mutalazimah M, Mulyono B, Murti B, Azwar S. 2013. Asupan Yodium, ekskresi yodium urine, dan goiter pada wanita usia subur di daerah endemis defisiensi yodium. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional 8(3):133−138. https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v8i3.359
Motamed B, Eftekharzadeh A, Hosseinpanah F, Tohidi M, Hasheminia M, Azizi F. 2016. The relation between changes in thyroid function and anthropometric indices during long-term follow-up of euthyroid subjects: The Tehran thyroid Study (TTS). Eur J Endocrinol 175(4):247−253. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-16-0414
Nurcahyani YD, Sukandar PB, Fitriyanto RE, Akhmad SA. 2020. Relationship between thyroid hormone and lipid profile in patients with struma at the iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) clinic of research and development center Magelang. Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia 11(2):130−140. https://doi.org/10.20885/JKKI.Vol11.Iss2.art5
Pearce EN, Lazarus JH, Moreno-Reyes R, Zimmermann MB. 2016. Consequences of iodine deficiency and excess in pregnant women: An overview of current knowns and unknowns. Am J Clin Nutr 104:918S−923S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.110429
Pengpid S, Peltzer K. 2017. The prevalence of underweight, overweight/obesity and their related lifestyle factors in Indonesia, 2014−15. AIMS Public Health 4(6):633−649. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2017.6.633
Prihantini NN. 2021. Correlation between dieting patterns with total cholesterol levels in blood in the hkbp church congregation on September 2018. Int J Res Granthaalayah 9(4):240−255. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i4.2021.3864
Razvi S, Ryan V, Ingoe L, Pearce SH, Wilkes S. 2020. Age-related serum thyroid-stimulating hormone reference range in older patients treated with levothyroxine: A randomized controlled feasibility trial (SORTED 1). Eur Thyroid J 9(1):40−48. https://doi.org/10.1159/000504047
Ríos-Prego M, Anibarro L, Sánchez-Sobrino P. 2019. Relationship between thyroid dysfunction and body weight: A not so evident paradigm. Int J Gen Med 12:299−304. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S206983
Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Greenlee MC, Laurberg P, Maia AL, Rivkees SA, Samuels M, Sosa JA, Stan MN, et al. 2016. 2016 American thyroid association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid 26(10):1343−1421. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2016.0229
Ross R, Neeland IJ, Yamashita S, Shai I, Seidell J, Magni P, Santos RD, Arsenault B, Cuevas A, Hu FB, et al. 2020. Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: A Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 16(3):177−189. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0310-7
Silva JS, Ocarino NM, Serakides R. 2018. Thyroid hormones and female reproduction. Biology of Reproduction 99(5):907−921. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioy115
Shahvazi S, Nadjarzadeh A, Mehri Z, Salehi-Abarguoei A. 2017. Comparison between different criteria to estimate obesity prevalence and its correlates in female adults residing in central Iran. Prog Nutr 19(3):295−304. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v19i3.5175
Stefan M, Faustino LC. 2017. Genetics of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor-relevance for autoimmune thyroid disease. Front Endocrinol 8:57. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2017.00057
Volke L, Krause K. 2021. Effect of thyroid hormones on adipose tissue flexibility. Eur Thyroid J 10(1):1−9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000508483
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2014. Goitre as a Determinant of the Prevalence and Severity of Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Populations. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization
Wong JC, O'Neill S, Beck BR, Forwood MR, Khoo SK. 2021. Comparison of obesity and metabolic syndrome prevalence using fat mass index, body mass index and percentage body fat. Plos One 16:e0245436. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245436
Xu R, Huang F, Zhang S, Lv Y, Liu Q. 2019. Thyroid function, body mass index, and metabolic risk markers in euthyroid adults: A cohort study. BMC Endocr Disord 19(1):1−9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-019-0383-2
Authors
MutalazimahM., AppannahG., MardiyatiN. L., IsnaeniF. N., & KurniaP. (2022). Thyroid Dysfunction, Total Cholesterol Levels and Anthropometric Status in Women of Reproductive Age in Iodine Deficient Area of Prambanan Sub-District, Sleman Regency, Indonesia. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 17(2), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2022.17.2.67-76
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Article Details
