Factors Associated with Stunting among 24–35-Month-Old Kalinga Indigenous Children in Pinukpuk, Kalinga, Philippines: A Case-Control Study
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Issue
Vol. 16 No. 2 (2021)
Accepted
17 May 2021
Published
29 July 2021
Keywords:
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case-control, family factors, stunting
Abstract
The study identified the risk factors associated with stunting among 24.35 months indigenous children in Pinukpuk, Kalinga using case control design; 174 children (87 cases and 87 controls) were randomly selected and information were collected through interview and anthropometric measurements. Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were used to measure association. Low birth weight, child drinking brewed or commercial coffee, no nutrient supplement intake since birth, and incomplete immunization were child risk factors of stunting. Exclusive breastfeeding from 0.6 months and weaning at >12 months have protective effect. Antenatal visits <4 times, fatherfs height <5 feet, parentfs education below secondary level were parental risk factors. Nuclear household and size of less than five members have protective effect against stunting. Having food restrictions among lactating mothers was cultural risk factors. Mothersf insufficient knowledge on exclusive breastfeeding, frequency of and proper way of breastfeeding, continuance of breastfeeding beyond 6 months, benefit of exclusive breastfeeding for six months to mothers and low self-confidence in preparing complementary food were all associated with stunting. Motherfs positive attitude on benefits of frequent feeding was found to have protective effect against stunting. Thus, these family factors could be used when designing an action plan to address the problem of stunting among the indigenous Kalinga children.
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Saaka M. 2014. Relationship between mothers’ nutritional knowledge in childcare practices and the growth of children living in impoverished rural communities. J Helath Popul Nutr 32(2):237‒248.
Save The Children. 2012. A Life Free From Hunger. Tackling Child Malnutrition. London (UK): SaveThe Children UK.
Semali IA, Tengia-Kessy A, Mmbaga EJ, Leyna G. 2015. Prevalence and determinants of stunting in under-five children in central Tanzania: Remaining threats to achieving Millennium Development Goal 4. BMC Public Health 15(1):1‒6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2507-6
Sharma D, Shastri S, Sharma P. 2016. Intrauterine growth restriction: Antenatal and postnatal aspects. Clinical Medicine Insights: Pediatrics 10: pp.CMPed-S40070. https://doi.org/10.4137/CMPed.S40070
Tanner S, Leonard WR, Reyes‐García V, TAPS Bolivia Study Team. 2014. The consequences of linear growth stunting: Influence on body composition among youth in the Bolivian Amazon. Am J Phys Anthropol 153(1):92‒102. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22413
Tiwari R, Ausman LM, Agho KE. 2014. Determinants of stunting and severe stunting among under-fives: Evidence from the 2011 Nepal demographic and health survey. BMC Pediatr 14(1):1‒15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-14-239
[UNICEF] United Nations Children's Fund. 2015. Annual report 2015. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/media/50046/file/UNICEF_Annual_Report_2015_ENG.pdf [Accessed 20th January 2016]
Akombi BJ, Agho KE, Hall JJ, Merom D, Astell-Burt T, Renzaho AMN. 2017. Stunting and severe stunting among children under-5 years in Nigeria: A multilevel analysis. BMC Pediatrics 17(1):1‒16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-016-0770-z
Batiro B, Demissie T, Halala Y, Anjulo AA. 2017. Determinants of stunting among children aged 6‒59 months at Kindo Didaye woreda, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: Unmatched case control study. Plos One 12(12):e0189106. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189106
Biswas S, Bose K. 2010. Sex differences in the effect of birth order and parents’ educational status on stunting: A study on Bengalee preschool children from eastern India. Homo 61(4):271‒276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchb.2010.03.001
Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA, Christian P, De Onis M, Ezzati M, Grantham-McGregor S, Katz J, Martorell R, et al. 2013. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet 382(9890):427‒451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X
Chirande L, Charwe D, Mbwana H, Victor R, Kimboka S, Issaka AI, Baines SK, Dibley MJ, Agho KE. 2015. Determinants of stunting and severe stunting among under-fives in Tanzania: Evidence from the 2010 cross-sectional household survey. BMC Pediatrics 15(1):1‒13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015-0482-9
Demilew YM. 2017. Factors associated with mothers’ knowledge on infant and young child feeding recommendation in slum areas of Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia: Cross sectional study. BMC Research Notes 10(1):1‒7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2510-3
El Taguri A, Betilmal I, Mahmud SM, Ahmed AM, Goulet O, Galan P, Hercberg S. 2009. Risk factors for stunting among under-fives in Libya. Public Health Nutr 12(8):1141‒1149. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980008003716
[EFSA] European Food Safety Authority. n.d. Food Supplements. https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/food-supplements [Accessed 23rd May 2021].
[FNRI-DOST] Food and Nutrition Research Institute. 2015. 2015 Updating of the Nutrition Status of the Filipino Children and other Population Group: Anthropometric Survey. Department of Science and Technology. Taguig City, Metro Manila. Philippines.
Habimana S, Biracyaza E. 2019. Risk factors of stunting among children under 5 years of age in the eastern and western provinces of Rwanda: Analysis of Rwanda demographic and health survey 2014/2015. Pediatric Health Med Ther 10:115‒130. https://doi.org/10.2147/PHMT.S222198
Hamel C, Enne J, Omer K, Ayara n, Yarima Y, Cockrocft A, Andersson N. 2015. Childhood malnutrition is associated with maternal care during pregnancy and childbirth: A cross sectional study in Bauchi and Cross River State Nigeria. J Public Health Res 4(1):408 https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2015.408
Horta BL, Santos RV, Welch JR, Cardoso AM, dos Santos JV, Assis AMO, Lira PC, Coimbra Jr CEA. 2013. Nutritional status of indigenous children: Findings from the first national survey of Indigenous people’s health and nutrition in Brazil. Int J Equity Health 12(1):1‒13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-12-23
Jesmin A, Yamamoto SS, Malik AA, Haque MA. 2011. Prevalence and determinants of chronic malnutrition among preschool children: a cross-sectional study in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Journal of Health Popul Nutr 29(5):494‒499. https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v29i5.8903
Kuhnt J, Vollmer S 2017. Antenatal care services and its implications for vital and health outcomes of children: Evidence from 193 surveys in 69 low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ Open 7(11): p.e017122. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017122
Martorell R, Horta BL, Adair LS, Stein AD, Richer L, Fall CHD, Bhargava SK, Biswas SKD, Perez L, Barris FC, et al. 2010. Weight gain in the first two years of life is an important predictor of schooling outcome in pooled analysis from five births cohorts from low- and middle-income countries. J Nutr 140(2):348‒354. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.112300
Mahyar A, Ayazi P, Fallahi M, Haji SJT, Farkhondehmehr B, Javadi A, Kalantari Z. 2010. Prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting among children in Qazvin, Iran. Iranian J Pediatr Soc 2(1):37‒43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.05.024
Mauludyani AVR, Fahmida U, Santika O. 2012. Undernutrition prevalence among children under two years old in Indonesia during economic crisis and its related factors. J Gizi Pangan 7(3):169‒174. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2012.7.3.169-174
[NIH] National Institute of Health. 2021. Fact sheet for health professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/calcium-HealthProfessional/#en16 [Accessed 29th June 2021].
Pem D. 2015. Factors affecting early childhood growth and development: Golden 1000 days. Adv Practice Nurs 1(101):2573‒0347.https://10.4172/25730347.1000101
Prentice AM, Ward KA, Goldberg GR, Jarjou LM, Moore SE, Fulford AJ, Prentice A. 2013. Critical windows for nutritional interventions against stunting. Am J Clin.Nutr 97(5):911‒918. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.052332
Saaka M. 2014. Relationship between mothers’ nutritional knowledge in childcare practices and the growth of children living in impoverished rural communities. J Helath Popul Nutr 32(2):237‒248.
Save The Children. 2012. A Life Free From Hunger. Tackling Child Malnutrition. London (UK): SaveThe Children UK.
Semali IA, Tengia-Kessy A, Mmbaga EJ, Leyna G. 2015. Prevalence and determinants of stunting in under-five children in central Tanzania: Remaining threats to achieving Millennium Development Goal 4. BMC Public Health 15(1):1‒6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2507-6
Sharma D, Shastri S, Sharma P. 2016. Intrauterine growth restriction: Antenatal and postnatal aspects. Clinical Medicine Insights: Pediatrics 10: pp.CMPed-S40070. https://doi.org/10.4137/CMPed.S40070
Tanner S, Leonard WR, Reyes‐García V, TAPS Bolivia Study Team. 2014. The consequences of linear growth stunting: Influence on body composition among youth in the Bolivian Amazon. Am J Phys Anthropol 153(1):92‒102. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22413
Tiwari R, Ausman LM, Agho KE. 2014. Determinants of stunting and severe stunting among under-fives: Evidence from the 2011 Nepal demographic and health survey. BMC Pediatr 14(1):1‒15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-14-239
[UNICEF] United Nations Children's Fund. 2015. Annual report 2015. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/media/50046/file/UNICEF_Annual_Report_2015_ENG.pdf [Accessed 20th January 2016]
Authors
PiniliwM. B., AfricaL. S., & AgneJ. P. (2021). Factors Associated with Stunting among 24–35-Month-Old Kalinga Indigenous Children in Pinukpuk, Kalinga, Philippines: A Case-Control Study. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 16(2), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2021.16.2.81-90
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