Identification and antibiotic resistance testing of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria in birds of paradise (Paradisaeidae sp.)
Downloads
Antibiotic resistance represents a critical global health challenge, and is characterised by the loss of effectiveness of antibiotics against bacterial growth. This phenomenon complicates treatment options for infections, underscoring the need to understand bacterial resistance mechanisms, particularly in protected species such as birds of paradise. This study aimed to identify the bacterial species present in faecal samples from three different species of birds of paradise and evaluate the efficacy of various antibiotics against these bacteria. Samples were collected from Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) in East Jakarta. Using MacConkey Agar for bacterial isolation and subsequent identification through Gram staining and biochemical tests, this study identified Serratia sp., Klebsiella sp., and Citrobacter sp. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against seven antibiotics: erythromycin, gentamicin, oxytetracycline, cefotaxime, sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline, and nalidixic acid. These findings revealed that sulfamethoxazole was notably more effective than the other antibiotics tested, highlighting its potential for treating infections in birds of paradise.
Alhumaid S, Al Mutair A, Al Alawi Z, Alzahrani AJ, Tobaiqy M, Alre-sasi AM, Bu-Shehab I, Al-Hadary I, Alhmeed N, Alismail M, Aldera AH. 2021. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria: A 5-year retrospective analysis at a multi-hospital healthcare system in Saudi Arabia. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 20(43):1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-021-00450-x | PMid:34118930 PMCid:PMC8196925 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-021-00450-x
Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Stayley JT, Garrity GM. 2005. Bergey's manual of systemic bacteriology. 2nd Edition. New York (NY): Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28021-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28021-9
Brunton L. 2010. Goodman and gilman: Manual farmakologi dan terapi. EGC.
[CLSI] Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2023. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 33th Edition. West Valley (US): Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
Cowan ST, Steel's KJ. 2003. Cowan and Steel's Manual for The Identification of Medical Bacteria. London (UK): Cambridge University Press.
Gauba A, Rahman KM. 2023. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance mechanisms in Gram-negative bacteria. Antibiotics. 12(11):1590. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12111590 | PMid:37998792 PMCid:PMC10668847 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12111590
Jacoby GA. 2005. Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 41(2):120-126. https://doi.org/10.1086/428052 | PMid:15942878 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/428052
De Lucia A, Rabie A, Smith RP, Davies R, Ostanello F, Ajayi D, Petrovska L, Martelli F. 2018. Role of wild birds and environmental contamination in the epidemiology of Salmonella infection in an out-door pig farm. Veterinary Microbiology. 227(2018):148-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.003 | PMid:30473346 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.003
Ramey AM. 2021. Antimicrobial resistance: Wildlife as indicators of anthropogenic environmental contamination across space and through time. Current Biology. 31(20):1385-1387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.037 | PMid:34699802 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.037
Stokes HS, Berg ML, Bennett ATD. 2021. A review of chlamydial infections in wild birds. Pathogens.10(8):948. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080948 | PMid:34451412 PMCid:PMC8398480 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080948
Tian GB, Wang HN, Zou LK, Tang JN, Zhao YW, Ye MY, Tang JY, Zhang Y, Zhang AY, Yang X, Xu CW, Fu YJ. 2009. Detection of CTX-M-15, CTX-M-22, and SHV-2 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in Escherichia coli fecal-sample isolates from pig farms in China. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 6(3):297-304. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2008.0164 | PMid:19272004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2008.0164
Wang X, Zhao J, Ji F, Wang M, Wu B, Qin J, Dong G, Zhao R, Wang C. 2023.Genomic characteristics and molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains carried by wild birds. Microbiology Spectrum.11(2):e02691- e02622. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.02691-22 | PMid:36840587 PMCid:PMC10101063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.02691-22
All articles published in this journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0).
This license permits use, distribution, reproduction, and adaptation in any medium, including for commercial purposes, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the license is given, and any changes made are indicated. Any derivative work must be distributed under the same license or a compatible license.
How to Cite
