CHARACTERISTICS OF SAPPAN WOOD (Caesalpinia sappan L.) EXTRACTION USING THE HYDRODYNAMIC CAVITATION METHOD AND ITS POTENTIAL AS AN INDICATOR FOR AMMONIA ANALYSIS

Dyah Purnawati; Henny Purwaningsih; Dyah  Iswantini; Min Rahminiwati

doi:10.24961/j.tek.ind.pert.2026.36.2.125

Authors

Dyah Purnawati Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University,
Henny Purwaningsih Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB Unversity
Dyah Iswantini Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University
Min Rahminiwati Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University,

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24961/j.tek.ind.pert.2026.36.2.125

Abstract

Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) contains phenolic
compounds, such as brazilin, that can be used as colour indicators. The bioactive
ingredient of sappan wood will decrease its sensitivity as a colour indicator if it
experiences oxidation due to heating, so selecting an appropriate extraction method
is necessary. Extraction using hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is considered
environmentally friendly because it requires less energy, extraction process without
heating, cheaper equipment, and can be easily scaled up for large-scale production.
In a hydrodynamic system, cavitation is caused by a pressure drop through a narrow
gap in a closed loop. This study investigated how extraction time, airflow rate, and
ethanol concentration affect HC extraction results from Sappan wood. The HC
extracts were characterized using total phenolic content (TPC) measurements,
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, and
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that an
extraction time of 60 min, an airflow rate of 2L/min, and 60% ethanol as the solvent
yielded the best TPC result of 8.22 ± 0.07%. The FT-IR spectrum of the HC extract
showed several peaks, especially at 1,029 cm-1, 1,455 cm-1, 1,603 cm-1, 2,921
cm-1, and 3,320 cm-1, which characterized phenolic compounds. The UV-VIS
spectrum of the HC extract shows two maximum absorption wavelengths (λ max),
recorded at 450 and 540 nm in the initial form of the extract at pH 5.25. Brazilin
content in sappan wood extract by HPLC was 70.63 ± 0.76 mg/g. HC extraction
yielded a higher TPC content than the maceration method. Using the HC extract as
a colour indicator in ammonia analysis produced good results, with an analysis
recovery rate (%R) ranging from 101 to 105%.