Dietary Supplementation of Purified Amino Acid Derived from Animal Blood on Immune Response and Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken
Abstract
The existences of protein are important to supply nutritional requirements and to support optimal growth performance in modern broiler chicken. The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of purified amino acid (PAA) isolated from animal blood on growth performance and immune response. A total of one hundred of 1-day old broiler chicken were used in the experiment, following a completely randomized design of 4 groups of treatment differed in concentrations of PAA supplementation (T1: control, no PAA addition; T2: 0.05%; T3: 0.1%; and T4: 0.5%) with 4 replicates for each group. Levels of various cytokines, such as IgA, IgG, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and interferon γ, were analyzed using an ELISA kit. Insulin-like growth factor 1, an important growth hormone, was also examined using an ELISA kit. The present result showed feed efficiency and average daily feed intake of broiler chicken increased significantly along with increasing concentrations of PAA (P<0.05). Plasma biochemical parameters and carcass traits were affected by supplementation of PAA. Insulin growth factor-1 levels were significantly increased along with increasing concentrations (until 0.5%) of PAA (P<0.05). Inflammatory marker levels significantly differed between the control and treatment groups. These results indicate that purified amino acid isolated from animal blood affected the immune response and growth performance of broiler chicken. Furthermore, PAA can be used in feed supplementation for broiler chickens without causing health issues. It suggests that the beneficial impacts of PAA on immune responses, as well as blood characteristics, may improve broiler performance.
References
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National Research Council (NRC). 1994. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. 1. Nutrient requirements for poultry. National Academic Press: Washington DC, USA.
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Reyes, F. C. C., A. T. A. Aguirre, E. M. Agbisit Jr, F. E. Merca, G. L. Manulat, & A. A. Angeles. 2018. Growth Performances and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed akasya [Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.] Pod Meal. Trop Anim Sci J., 41:46-52. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2018.41.1.46
Rosebrough, R. W. & J. P. McMurtry. 1993. Protein and energy relationships in the broiler chicken: 11. Effects of protein quantity and quality on metabolism. Br. J. Nutr. 70: 667-678. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19930162
Sklan, D. & Y. Noy. 2004. Catabolism and deposition of amino acids in growing chicks: effect of dietary supply. Poult. Sci. J. 83: 952-961. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.6.952
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Tuitoek, K., L. G. Young, C. F. De Lange, & B. J. Kerr. 1997. The effect of reducing excess dietary amino acids on growing-finishing pig performance: an elevation of the ideal protein concept. J. Anim. Sci. 75: 1575-1583. https://doi.org/10.2527/1997.7561575x
Wheelhouse, N. M., A. K. Stubbs, M. A. Lomax, J. C. MacRae, & D. G. Hazlerigg. 1999. Growth hormone and amino acid supply interact synergistically to control insulin-like growth factor-I production and gene expression in cultured ovine hepatocytes. J. Endocrinol. 163: 353-361. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1630353
Yan, L., Q. W. Meng, J. H. Lee, J. P. Wang, & I. H. Kim. 2011. Effects of dietary wild-ginseng adventitious root meal on growth performance, blood profiles, relative organ weight and meat quality in broiler chickens. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 24: 258-263. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2011.10222
Yang, C. J., I. Y. Yang, D. H. Oh, I. H. Bae, S. G. Cho, I. G. Kong, ... & K. S. Choi. 2003. Effect of green tea by-product on performance and body composition in broiler chicks. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 16: 867-872. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2003.867
Abdurrahman, Z. H., Y. B. Pramono, & N. Suthama. 2016. Meat characteristic of crossbred local chicken fed inulin of dahlia tuber and Lactobacillus sp. Med. Pet. 39:112-118. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2016.39.2.112
Aletor, V.A., I.I. Hamid, E. Nieb, & E. Pfeffer. 2000. Low-protein amino acid-supplemented diets in broiler chickens: effects on performance, carcass characteristics, whole-body composition and efficiencies of nutrient. J. Sci. Food Agric. 80:547–554. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(200004)80:5<547::AID-JSFA531>3.0.CO;2-C
Ambardekar, A. A., R. C. Reigh, & M. B. Williams. 2009. Absorption of amino acids from intact dietary proteins and purified amino acid supplements follows different time-courses in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aquaculture 291:179-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.02.044
An, B. K., H. J. Im, & C. W. Kang. 2007. Nutritional values of red pepper seed oil meal and effects of its supplementation on performances and physiological responses of broiler chicks. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 20:971. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2007.971
AOAC (Official Methods of Analysis). 1990. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 15th Edition. Arlington, USA.
Andrews, P. A., W. Zhou, & S. H. Sacks. 1995. Tissue synthesis of complement as an immune regulator. Molecular Medicine Today 1: 202-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1357-4310(95)91951-1
Bounous, G. & P. A. Kongshavn. 1978. The effect of dietary amino acids on immune reactivity. Immunology 35: 257.
cOoi, V. E. & F. Liu. 2000. Immunomodulation and anti-cancer activity of polysaccharide-protein complexes. Curr. Med. Chem. 7: 715-729.
Duque A.G. & A. Descoteaux. 2014. Macrophage cytokines: involvement in immunity and infectious diseases. Front Immunol. 5: 491.
Fisher, C. 1998. Lysine: amino acid requirements of broiler breeders. Poult Sci. 77: 124-133. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.1.124
Han, K. & J. H. Lee. 2000. The role of synthetic amino acids in monogastric animal production. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 13: 543-560. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2000.543
Han, Y., H. Suzuki, C.M. Parsons, & D.H. Baker. 1992. Amino acid fortification of a low protein corn-soybean meal diet for maximal weight gain and feed efficiency of chicks. Poult. Sci. 71:1168–1178. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0711168
Hansen, B. C. & A. J. Lewis. 1993. Effects of dietary protein concentration (corn: soybean meal ratio) and body weight on nitrogen balance of growing boars, barrows, and gilts: mathematical descriptions. J. Anim. Sci. 71: 2110-2121. https://doi.org/10.2527/1993.7182110x
Khawaja, T., S. H. Khan, & N. N. Ansari. 2007. Effect of different levels of blood meal on broiler performance during two phases of growth. Int. J. Poult Sci. 6: 860-865. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2007.860.865
Kim, Y. J., G. D. Lee, & I. H. Choi. 2014. Effects of dietary supplementation of red ginseng marc and α‐tocopherol on the growth performance and meat quality of broiler chicken. J. Sci. Food Agric. 94:1816-1821. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6497
Konashi, S., K. Takahashi, & Y. Akiba. 2000. Effects of dietary essential amino acid deficiencies on immunological variables in broiler chickens. Br. J. Nutr. 83: 449-456.
Korea, S. Korean statistical information service (KOSIS). 2015. Statistical Annual Report (2009/2010).
Leeson, S., L. Caston, & J. D. Summers. 1996. Broiler response to diet energy. Poult Sci. J. 75: 529-535. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0750529
Li, P., Y.L. Yin, D. Li, S.W. Kim, & G. Wu. 2007. Amino acids and immune function: a review. Br J. Nutr. 98:237–252. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711450769936X
Liu, Y., E. G. Shepherd, & L. D. Nelin. 2007. MAPK phosphatases—regulating the immune response. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 7: 202. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2035
Macari, M., R. L. Furlan, & E. Gonzales. 1994. Fisiologia aviária aplicada a frangos de corte. Funep.
McDonald, P., R. A. Edwards, J. F. D. Greenhalgh, & C. A. Morgan. 1992. Animal Nutrition. John Willey and Sons. Inc. New York.
National Research Council (NRC). 1994. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. 1. Nutrient requirements for poultry. National Academic Press: Washington DC, USA.
Rayani, T. F., R. Mutia, & Sumiati. 2017. Supplementation of Zinc and Vitamin E on apparent digestibility of nutrient, carcass traits, and mineral availability in broiler chickens. Med. Pet. 40:20-27. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2017.40.1.20
Reyes, F. C. C., A. T. A. Aguirre, E. M. Agbisit Jr, F. E. Merca, G. L. Manulat, & A. A. Angeles. 2018. Growth Performances and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed akasya [Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.] Pod Meal. Trop Anim Sci J., 41:46-52. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2018.41.1.46
Rosebrough, R. W. & J. P. McMurtry. 1993. Protein and energy relationships in the broiler chicken: 11. Effects of protein quantity and quality on metabolism. Br. J. Nutr. 70: 667-678. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19930162
Sklan, D. & Y. Noy. 2004. Catabolism and deposition of amino acids in growing chicks: effect of dietary supply. Poult. Sci. J. 83: 952-961. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.6.952
Seifdavati, J., B. Navidshad, R. Seyedsharifi, & A. Sobhani. 2008. Effects of a locally produced blood meal on performance, carcass traits and nitrogen retention of broiler chickens. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 11:1625-1629. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2008.1625.1629
Tuitoek, K., L. G. Young, C. F. De Lange, & B. J. Kerr. 1997. The effect of reducing excess dietary amino acids on growing-finishing pig performance: an elevation of the ideal protein concept. J. Anim. Sci. 75: 1575-1583. https://doi.org/10.2527/1997.7561575x
Wheelhouse, N. M., A. K. Stubbs, M. A. Lomax, J. C. MacRae, & D. G. Hazlerigg. 1999. Growth hormone and amino acid supply interact synergistically to control insulin-like growth factor-I production and gene expression in cultured ovine hepatocytes. J. Endocrinol. 163: 353-361. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1630353
Yan, L., Q. W. Meng, J. H. Lee, J. P. Wang, & I. H. Kim. 2011. Effects of dietary wild-ginseng adventitious root meal on growth performance, blood profiles, relative organ weight and meat quality in broiler chickens. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 24: 258-263. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2011.10222
Yang, C. J., I. Y. Yang, D. H. Oh, I. H. Bae, S. G. Cho, I. G. Kong, ... & K. S. Choi. 2003. Effect of green tea by-product on performance and body composition in broiler chicks. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 16: 867-872. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2003.867
Authors
WanditaT. G., JoshiN., NamI. S., YangS. H., ParkH. S., & HwangS. G. (2018). Dietary Supplementation of Purified Amino Acid Derived from Animal Blood on Immune Response and Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 41(2), 108-113. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2018.41.2.108
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