Formulasi dan evaluasi krim antijerawat berbahan limbah cangkang kerang bulu (Anadara antiquata Linn.) Formulation and evaluation of anti acne cream from shellfish shells (Anadara antiquata Linn.)
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Accepted
7 April 2023
Published
9 August 2023
Keywords:
-
anti acne, antioxidant, chitosan, cream formula, shellfish shells
Abstract
Shellfish shells contain chitosan that is known having antibacterial agent. This property makes chitosan can be used as an anti-acne cream. This study aimed to determine physicochemical characteristics and to evaluate bioactivity of the chitosan-based anti-acne cream with various concentrations of chitosan (5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3) (w/v)). Chitosan from shellfish shells had a moisture content, yield, and deacetylation degree of 3.49, 47.63, and 97.49%, respectively. Physicochemical analysis showed that all the anti-acne creams had pH of 5, homogeneous distribution and granules, and O/W emulsion. Spread-ability decreased with increasing concentration of chitosan. The highest antioxidant activity was observed from F3 while the bacterial inhibitory activity was observed from F1. The selected formula F1 was more preferred by sensory panelist than other formula.
References
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Divya, K., Vijayan, S., George, T. K., & Jisha, M. S. (2017). Antimicrobial properties of chitosan nanoparticles: mode of action and factors affecting activity. Fibers and Polymers, 18(2), 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-017-6690-1.
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Je, J. Y., & Kim, S. K. (2006). Reactive oxygen species scavenging activity of aminoderivatized chitosan with different degree of deacetylation. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 14(17), 5989-5994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2006.05.016.
Jiang, Y., Fu, C., Wu, S., Liu, G., Guo, J., & Su, Z. (2017). Determination of the deacetylation degree of chitooligosaccharides. Marine Drugs, 15(11), 332. https://doi.org/10.3390/md15110332.
Kim, J. H., Yu, D., Eom, S. H, Kim, S.-H., Oh, J., & Jung, W. K. (2017). Synergistic antibacterial effects of chitosan-caffeic acid conjugate against antibiotic-resistant acne-related bacteria. Marine Drugs, 15(6), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/md15060167.
Lumentut, N., Edy, H. J., & Rumondor, E. M. (2020). Formulasi dan uji stabilitas fisik sediaan krim ekstrak etanol kulit buah pisang goroho (Musa acuminafe L.) konsentrasi 12.5% sebagai tabir surya. Jurnal MIPA, 9(2), 42-46.
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McLaughlin, J., Watterson, S., Layton, A. M., Bjourson, A. J., Barnard, E., & McDowell, A. (2019). Propionibacterium acnes and acne vulgaris: new insights from the integration of population genetic, multi-omic, biochemical and host-microbe studies. Microorganisms, 7(5), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7050128.
Mills, O. H., Criscito, M. C., Schlesinger, T. E., Verdicchio, R., & Szoke, E. (2016). Addressing free radical oxidation in acne vulgaris. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 9(1), 25-30.
Molyneux, P. (2004). The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 26(2), 211-219.
Moosa, A. A., Ridha, A. M., & Kadhim, N. A. (2016). Use of biocomposite adsorbents for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution. American Journal of Materials Science, 6(5), 135-146. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.materials.20160605.03.
Nadia, L. M. H, Suptijah, P., & Ibrahim, B. (2014). Produksi dan karakterisasi nano kitosan dari cangkang udang windu dengan metode gelasi ionik. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 17(2), 119-126. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v17i2.8700.
Nagy, A., Harrison, A., Sabbani, S., Munson, R. S., Dutta, P. K., & Waldman, W. J. (2011). Silver nanoparticles embedded in zeolite membranes: release of silver ions and mechanism of antibacterial action. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 6, 1833-1852. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S24019.
Nealma, S., & Nurkholis. (2020). Formulasi dan evaluasi fisik krim kosmetik dengan variasi ekstrak kayu secang (Caesalpinia sappan) dan beeswax Sumbawa. Jurnal Tambora, 4(2), 8-15.
Nurainy, F., Rizal, S., & Yudiantoro, Y. (2008). Pengaruh konsentrasi kitosan terhadap aktivitas antibakteri metode difusi agar (sumur). Jurnal Teknologi Industri dan Hasil Pertanian, 13(2), 117-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtihp.v13i2.117%20-%20125.
Rahmawati, D., Sukmawati, A., & Indrayudha, P. (2010). Formulasi krim minyak atsiri rimpang temu giring (Curcuma heyneana Val & Zijp): uji sifat fisik dan daya antijamur terhadap Candida albicans secara in vitro. Majalah Obat Tradisional, 15(2), 56-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/tradmedj.8070.
Riski, R., & Sami, F. J. (2015). Formulasi krim anti jerawat dari nanopartikel kitosan cangkang udang windu (Penaeus monodon). Jurnal Farmasi FIK UINAM, 3(4), 153-161. https://doi.org/10.24252/jurfar.v3i4.2261.
Sa’adah, H., Supomo, & Musaenah. (2020). Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak air kulit bawang merah (Allium cepa L.) terhadap bakteri Propionibacterium acnes. Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia, 2(2), 80-88. https://doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v2i2.73.
Safitri, R., & Hanizar, E. (2019). Efek konsumsi kerang bulu (Anadara antiquata) terhadap kuantitas dan kualitas spermatozoa. Jurnal Biologi Al-Kauniyah, 12(2), 207-219. https://doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v12i2.11794.
Sari, S. R., Baehaki, A., & Lestari, S. D. (2013). Aktivitas antioksidan kompleks kitosan monosakarida. Jurnal Fishtech, 11(1), 69-73. https://doi.org/10.36706/fishtech.v2i1.1104.
Saryanti, D., Setiawan, I., & Safitri, R. A. (2019). Optimasi formula sediaan krim M/A dari ekstrak kulit pisang kepok (Musa acuminata L.). Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia, 1(3), 225-237. https://doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v1i3.44.
Sayuti, N. A. (2015). Formulasi dan uji stabilitas fisik sediaan gel ekstrak daun ketepeng cina (Cassia alata L.). Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia, 5(2), 74-82. https://doi.org/10.22435/jki.v5i2.4401.74-82.
Solang, M., Lamondo, D., & Kumaji, S. S. (2019, Oktober 12). Analisis potensi kitosan cangkang kerang bulu dalam memperbaiki kualitas produk kerang darah sebagai alternatif pangan bagi anak stunting [Conference Session]. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia.
Somba, G. C. J., Edy, H. J., & Siampa, J. P. (2019). Uji efektivitas antibakteri sediaan krim ekstrak etanol daun kaliandra (Calliandra surinamensis) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal MIPA, 8(3), 105-107. https://doi.org/10.35799/jmuo.8.3.2019.25776.
Tari, A. A., Duan, F. K., & Amalo, D. (2018). Analisis kandungan gizi jenis-jenis kerang yang biasa dikonsumsi masyarakat Nembe Desa Oeseli Kecamatan Rote Barat Daya Kabupaten Rote Ndao NTT. Jurnal Biotropikal Sains, 15(2), 1-9.
Wardaningsih, S., Untari, E. K., & Fauziah, Y. (2014). Antibakteri fraksi n-heksana kulit Hylocereus polyrhizus terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Propionibacterium acnes. Pharmaceutical Sciences & Resesearch, 1(3), 180-193.
Xie, W., Xu, P., & Liu, Q. (2001). Antioxidant activity of water-soluble chitosan derivatives. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 11(3), 1699-1701. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-894X(01)00285-2.
Zeniusa, P., Ramadhian, M. R, Nasution, S. H, & Karima, N. (2019). Uji daya hambat ekstrak etanol teh hijau terhadap Escherichia coli secara in vitro. Majority, 8(2), 136-143.
Andrianto, D., Widianti, W., & Bintang, M. (2017, 4 November). Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of Phyllanthus acidus fruit extracts [Conference session]. The 3rd International Seminar On Sciences "Sciences On Precision And Sustainable Agriculture" (ISS-2016), Bogor, Indonesia IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 58, 012022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/58/1/012022.
Ariyanti, A., Fajaryanti, N., Nuari, A., & Syahputra, M. (2019). Gambaran perbandingan kadar rendemen kitosan cangkang kerang bulu dengan duri ikan bandeng. Jurnal Farmasetis, 8(1), 9-14. https://doi.org/10.32583/farmasetis.v8i1.483
Avelelas, F., Horta, A., Pinto, L. F. V., Marques, S. C., Nunes, P. M., Pedrosa, R., & Leandro, S. M. (2019). Antifungal and antioxidant properties of chitosan polymers obtained from nontraditional Polybius henslowii sources. Marine Drugs, 17, 239. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17040239
Badan Standardisasi Nasional. (1996). Sediaan Tabir Surya. SNI 16-4399-1996.
Baharuddin, S., & Isnaeni, D. (2020). Isolasi dan uji aktivitas kitosan cangkang kerang bulu (Anadara inflata) sebagai antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Escherichia coli. Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana, 3(2), 60-69. https://doi.org/10.24123/mpi.v3i2.3181.
Bhagawan, W. S., Kusumawati, D., Annisa, R., & Zatalini, D. F. (2020). Formulasi dan aktivitas gel HPMC-kitosan terhadap proses penyembuhan luka bakar derajat IIA pada tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) galur wistar. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan dan Sains, 1(1), 67-69.
Davis, W. W., & Stout, T. R. (1971). Disc plate method of microbiological antibiotic assay. Applied Microbiology, 22(4), 659-665. https://doi.org/10.1128/am.22.4.659-665.1971.
Divya, K., Vijayan, S., George, T. K., & Jisha, M. S. (2017). Antimicrobial properties of chitosan nanoparticles: mode of action and factors affecting activity. Fibers and Polymers, 18(2), 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-017-6690-1.
Djaenudin, Budianto, E., Saepudin, E., & Nasir, M. (2019). Ekstraksi kitosan dari cangkang rajungan pada lama dan pengulangan perendaman yang berbeda. Jurnal Teknologi Perikanan dan Kelautan, 10(1), 49-59. https://doi.org/10.24319/jtpk.10.49-59.
European Food Safety Authority. (2010). Scientific opinion on the safety of chitin-glucan as a novel food ingredient. European Food Safety Authority Journal, 8(7), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1687.
Je, J. Y., & Kim, S. K. (2006). Reactive oxygen species scavenging activity of aminoderivatized chitosan with different degree of deacetylation. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 14(17), 5989-5994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2006.05.016.
Jiang, Y., Fu, C., Wu, S., Liu, G., Guo, J., & Su, Z. (2017). Determination of the deacetylation degree of chitooligosaccharides. Marine Drugs, 15(11), 332. https://doi.org/10.3390/md15110332.
Kim, J. H., Yu, D., Eom, S. H, Kim, S.-H., Oh, J., & Jung, W. K. (2017). Synergistic antibacterial effects of chitosan-caffeic acid conjugate against antibiotic-resistant acne-related bacteria. Marine Drugs, 15(6), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/md15060167.
Lumentut, N., Edy, H. J., & Rumondor, E. M. (2020). Formulasi dan uji stabilitas fisik sediaan krim ekstrak etanol kulit buah pisang goroho (Musa acuminafe L.) konsentrasi 12.5% sebagai tabir surya. Jurnal MIPA, 9(2), 42-46.
Masruriati, E., Ariyanti, Imadahidayah, T., & Sulistianingsih, E. N. (2020). Pemanfaatan kitosan dari cangkang kerang bulu (Anadara antiquata) sebagai pengawet ikan pari (Dasyatis sp.) dan udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei). Riset Informasi Kesehatan, 9(1), 12-21. https://doi.org/10.30644/rik.v9i1.241.
McLaughlin, J., Watterson, S., Layton, A. M., Bjourson, A. J., Barnard, E., & McDowell, A. (2019). Propionibacterium acnes and acne vulgaris: new insights from the integration of population genetic, multi-omic, biochemical and host-microbe studies. Microorganisms, 7(5), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7050128.
Mills, O. H., Criscito, M. C., Schlesinger, T. E., Verdicchio, R., & Szoke, E. (2016). Addressing free radical oxidation in acne vulgaris. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 9(1), 25-30.
Molyneux, P. (2004). The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 26(2), 211-219.
Moosa, A. A., Ridha, A. M., & Kadhim, N. A. (2016). Use of biocomposite adsorbents for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution. American Journal of Materials Science, 6(5), 135-146. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.materials.20160605.03.
Nadia, L. M. H, Suptijah, P., & Ibrahim, B. (2014). Produksi dan karakterisasi nano kitosan dari cangkang udang windu dengan metode gelasi ionik. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 17(2), 119-126. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v17i2.8700.
Nagy, A., Harrison, A., Sabbani, S., Munson, R. S., Dutta, P. K., & Waldman, W. J. (2011). Silver nanoparticles embedded in zeolite membranes: release of silver ions and mechanism of antibacterial action. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 6, 1833-1852. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S24019.
Nealma, S., & Nurkholis. (2020). Formulasi dan evaluasi fisik krim kosmetik dengan variasi ekstrak kayu secang (Caesalpinia sappan) dan beeswax Sumbawa. Jurnal Tambora, 4(2), 8-15.
Nurainy, F., Rizal, S., & Yudiantoro, Y. (2008). Pengaruh konsentrasi kitosan terhadap aktivitas antibakteri metode difusi agar (sumur). Jurnal Teknologi Industri dan Hasil Pertanian, 13(2), 117-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtihp.v13i2.117%20-%20125.
Rahmawati, D., Sukmawati, A., & Indrayudha, P. (2010). Formulasi krim minyak atsiri rimpang temu giring (Curcuma heyneana Val & Zijp): uji sifat fisik dan daya antijamur terhadap Candida albicans secara in vitro. Majalah Obat Tradisional, 15(2), 56-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/tradmedj.8070.
Riski, R., & Sami, F. J. (2015). Formulasi krim anti jerawat dari nanopartikel kitosan cangkang udang windu (Penaeus monodon). Jurnal Farmasi FIK UINAM, 3(4), 153-161. https://doi.org/10.24252/jurfar.v3i4.2261.
Sa’adah, H., Supomo, & Musaenah. (2020). Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak air kulit bawang merah (Allium cepa L.) terhadap bakteri Propionibacterium acnes. Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia, 2(2), 80-88. https://doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v2i2.73.
Safitri, R., & Hanizar, E. (2019). Efek konsumsi kerang bulu (Anadara antiquata) terhadap kuantitas dan kualitas spermatozoa. Jurnal Biologi Al-Kauniyah, 12(2), 207-219. https://doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v12i2.11794.
Sari, S. R., Baehaki, A., & Lestari, S. D. (2013). Aktivitas antioksidan kompleks kitosan monosakarida. Jurnal Fishtech, 11(1), 69-73. https://doi.org/10.36706/fishtech.v2i1.1104.
Saryanti, D., Setiawan, I., & Safitri, R. A. (2019). Optimasi formula sediaan krim M/A dari ekstrak kulit pisang kepok (Musa acuminata L.). Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia, 1(3), 225-237. https://doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v1i3.44.
Sayuti, N. A. (2015). Formulasi dan uji stabilitas fisik sediaan gel ekstrak daun ketepeng cina (Cassia alata L.). Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia, 5(2), 74-82. https://doi.org/10.22435/jki.v5i2.4401.74-82.
Solang, M., Lamondo, D., & Kumaji, S. S. (2019, Oktober 12). Analisis potensi kitosan cangkang kerang bulu dalam memperbaiki kualitas produk kerang darah sebagai alternatif pangan bagi anak stunting [Conference Session]. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia.
Somba, G. C. J., Edy, H. J., & Siampa, J. P. (2019). Uji efektivitas antibakteri sediaan krim ekstrak etanol daun kaliandra (Calliandra surinamensis) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal MIPA, 8(3), 105-107. https://doi.org/10.35799/jmuo.8.3.2019.25776.
Tari, A. A., Duan, F. K., & Amalo, D. (2018). Analisis kandungan gizi jenis-jenis kerang yang biasa dikonsumsi masyarakat Nembe Desa Oeseli Kecamatan Rote Barat Daya Kabupaten Rote Ndao NTT. Jurnal Biotropikal Sains, 15(2), 1-9.
Wardaningsih, S., Untari, E. K., & Fauziah, Y. (2014). Antibakteri fraksi n-heksana kulit Hylocereus polyrhizus terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Propionibacterium acnes. Pharmaceutical Sciences & Resesearch, 1(3), 180-193.
Xie, W., Xu, P., & Liu, Q. (2001). Antioxidant activity of water-soluble chitosan derivatives. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 11(3), 1699-1701. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-894X(01)00285-2.
Zeniusa, P., Ramadhian, M. R, Nasution, S. H, & Karima, N. (2019). Uji daya hambat ekstrak etanol teh hijau terhadap Escherichia coli secara in vitro. Majority, 8(2), 136-143.
Authors
SyaefudinS., OktoviantiV., & AndriantoD. (2023). Formulasi dan evaluasi krim antijerawat berbahan limbah cangkang kerang bulu (Anadara antiquata Linn.): Formulation and evaluation of anti acne cream from shellfish shells (Anadara antiquata Linn.). Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 26(2), 314-325. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v26i2.44109
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