Another Law in Indonesia: Customary Land Tenure System Coexisting with State Order in Mutis Forest
Abstract
Local wisdom has been coexisting with the state system in several places in Indonesia. The Mountain Mutis Nature Reserve in East Nusa Tenggara province is the strict nature reserves, but a customary land tenure system, called suf, exists so far in the nature reserve. The objectives of this study are (1) to organize the historical territorialization process, (2) to clarify the customary land tenure system and activities for livelihoods by local people, and (3) to discuss the challenges of its land tenure system to manage forests sustainably as well as policy methods to harmonize legal pluralism in Mutis Area. Field observation and in-depth interviews with key informants were employed for data collection, and the collected data were analyzed by a qualitative descriptive method. The findings showed the traditional reward and punishment systems regarding extracting non-timber forest products, grazing livestock, and preventing forest fires were working well for sustainable forest management. However, increased pressure on forests due to future population growth appears to have an impact on the traditional system. It also showed the government officers and local people started some discussions to recognize the suf in the formal legal order. However, there were institutional problems to introduce current state systems. Therefore, it is required to flexibly operate or revise the state laws according to the actual situation to harmonize society between state and people.
References
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Nordholt, H. S. (1971). The political system of the Atoni of Timor. Leiden: Brill Publishing.
Nurjaya, N. (2005). Sejarah hukum pengelolaan hutan di Indonesia. Jurisprudence, 2(1), 35–55.
Ormeling, F. J. (1955). The Timor problem. A geographical interpretation of an underdeveloped island [dissertation]. Jakarta-Groningen: JB Wolters.
Peluso, N. L. (1992). Rich forests, poor people: Resource control and resistance in Java. California: University of California Press.
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Salim, A. (2010). Dynamic legal pluralism in Indonesia: Contested legal orders in contemporary Aceh. The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 42(61), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.2010.10756640
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Wibowo, L., Murdiati. R., C., Race, D., & Murdiningrum, Y. (2012). Forest policy and legal pluralism: Case study in Luwu District, Indonesia. Indonesia Law Review, 2(1), 122.
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[BBKSDA NTT] Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Nusa Tenggara Timur. (2019). Profil CA Mutis Timau. Retrieved from http://bbksdantt.menlhk.go.id/
Benjamin, C. E. (2008). Legal pluralism and decentralization: Natural resource management in Mali. World Development, 36(11), 2255–2276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.03.005
[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2019). Statistik Indonesia 2019. Retrieved from https://www.bps.go.id/publication
Burns, P. (2004). The Leiden legacy: Concepts of law in Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press.
Crouch, M. (2013). Review essay: Legal pluralism in Indonesia. Australian Journal of Asian Law, 14(1).
Dako, F. X., Purwanto, R. H., Faida, L. R. W., & Sumardi, S. S. (2019). Tipologi pola konsumsi pangan untuk menjaga ketahanan pangan masyarakat sekitar kawasan hutan lindung Mutis Timau KPH Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan. Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional, 25(1), 92. https://doi.org/10.22146/jkn.39544
Fasseur, C. (2007). Colonial dilemma: Van Vollenhoven and the struggle between adat law and Western law in Indonesia. In The Revival of Tradition in Indoesian Politics (pp. 50–67).
Fisher, L., Moeliono, I., & Wodicka, S. (1999). The Nusa Tenggara uplands, Indonesia: Multiple-site lessons in conflict management. In D. Buckles (Ed.), Cultivating peace: Conflict and collaboration in natural resource management (pp. 61–80). World Bank, IDRC.
Graziani M., & Burnham P. (2005). Legal pluralism in the rain forests of South-eastern Cameroon. In K. Homewood K. (Eds.), Rural Resources & Local Livelihoods in Africa, (pp. 177–197). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-06615-2_9
Griffiths, J. (1986). What is legal pluralism? The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 18(24), 1–55.
Griffiths, J. (2015). Legal pluralism. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (2nd ed., pp. 757–761). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.86073-0
Hayes, T. M. (2006). Parks, people, and forest protection: An institutional assessment of the effectiveness of protected areas. World Development, 34(12), 2064–2075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.03.002
Hidayat, H., Yogaswara, H., Herawati, T., Blazey, P., Wyatt, S., & Howitt, R. (2018). Forests, law and customary rights in Indonesia: Implications of a decision of the Indonesian Constitutional Court in 2012. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 59(3), 293–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12s207
[IUCN] International Union for Conservation of Nature. (2008). Guidelines for applying protected area management categories. Retrieved from https://portals. iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/PAG-021.pdf
Jentoft, S., Bavinck, M., Johnson, D. S., & Thomson, K. T. (2009). Fisheries co-management and legal pluralism: How an analytical problem becomes an institutional one. Human Organization, 68(1), 27–38.
Jepson, P., & Whittaker, R. J. (2002). Histories of protected areas: Internationalisation of conservationist values and their adoption in the Netherlands Indies (Indonesia). Environment and History, 8(2), 129–172.
[Komnas HAM] Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia. (2016). Konflik agraria masyarakat hukum adat atas wilayahnya di kawasan hutan. Jakarta: Komnas HAM.
Kurniadi, R., & Rumboko, L. (2016). Implementasi kebijakan silvopastur di Cagar Alam Gunung Mutis dan perlawanan masyarakat lokal. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 19(2), 169. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.10852
Kurniawan, M., & Iswandono, E. (2018). Tabukah Cagar Alam Mutis berubah fungsi? Kupang: BBKSDA NTT.
Lentz, C., & Bowe, M. (1998, June 10–14). Environmental management in Gunung Mutis: A case study from Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia [Paper presentation]. The International Association for the Study of Common Property, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Lund, C., & Rachman, N. F. (2018). Indirect recognition. Frontiers and territorialization around Mount Halimun-Salak National Park, Indonesia. World Development, 101(40), 417–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.04.003
Maiwa, A., Umar, S., Golar, G., & Rahman, A. (2018). Resolusi konflik dalam pengelolaan Taman Nasional Lore Lindu. Jurnal Warta Rimba, 6(2). 47–54.
McWilliam, A. (2006). Historical reflections on customary land rights in Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 7(1), 45–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442210600551859
Meinzen-Dick, R., & Nkonya, L. (2005). Understanding legal pluralism in water rights: Lessons from Africa and Asia. African Water Laws Workshop: Plural Legislative Frameworks for Rural Water Management in Africa.
Merry, S. E. (1988). Legal pluralism. Law & Society Review, 22(5), 869–896.
[MoEF] Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2020). Sejarah KSDAE. Retrieved from http://ksdae.menlhk.go.id/sejarah-ksdae.html
Myers, R., & Muhajir, M. (2015). Searching for justice: Rights vs 'benefits' in Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park, Indonesia. Conservation and Society, 13(4), 370–381.
Myers, R., Intarini, D., Sirait, M. T., & Maryudi, A. (2017). Claiming the forest: Inclusions and exclusions under Indonesia's 'new' forest policies on customary forests. Land Use Policy, 66, 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.04.039
Nordholt, H. S. (1971). The political system of the Atoni of Timor. Leiden: Brill Publishing.
Nurjaya, N. (2005). Sejarah hukum pengelolaan hutan di Indonesia. Jurisprudence, 2(1), 35–55.
Ormeling, F. J. (1955). The Timor problem. A geographical interpretation of an underdeveloped island [dissertation]. Jakarta-Groningen: JB Wolters.
Peluso, N. L. (1992). Rich forests, poor people: Resource control and resistance in Java. California: University of California Press.
Pujiono, E., Sadono, R., Hartono, & Imron, M. A. (2019). Assessment of causes and future deforestation in the mountainous tropical forest of Timor Island, Indonesia. Journal of Mountain Science, 16(10), 2215–2231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-019-5480-1
Riggs, R. A., Sayer, J., Margules, C., Boedhihartono, A. K., Langston, J. D., & Sutanto, H. (2016). Forest tenure and conflict in Indonesia: Contested rights in Rempek Village, Lombok. Land Use Policy, 57, 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.06.002
Riwu Kaho, N., & Marimpan, L. (2014). Pemetaan pola kebakaran berbasis fire regime di Cagar Alam Gunung Mutis, Timor Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Buletin Leguminosae, 19.
Roth, D. (2011). The Subak in diaspora: Balinese farmers and the Subak in South Sulawesi. Human Ecology, 39(1), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-010-9374-7
Salim, A. (2010). Dynamic legal pluralism in Indonesia: Contested legal orders in contemporary Aceh. The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 42(61), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.2010.10756640
Sivaramakrishnan, K. (1995). Colonialism and forestry in India: Imagining the past in present politics. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 37(1), 3–40. https://doi.org/10.2307/179375
Sopian, N. L. (2015). Informal dispute resolution based on adat law: A case study of land dispute in Flores, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Indonesia Law Review, 5(2), 106. https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v5n2.157
Stroomberg, J. (2018). Hindia Belanda 1930. Yogyakarta: IRCiSoD.
Suartika, G. A. M. (2007). Territoriality and the market system-Adat land vs. state regulations on land matters in Bali. Habitat International, 31(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2006.11.001
Vandergeest, P., & Peluso, N. L. (1995). Territorialization and state power in Thailand. Theory and Society, 24(3), 385–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00993352
Vandergeest, P., & Peluso, N. L. (2015). Political forests. In R. L. Bryant (Ed.), The International Handbook of Political Ecology (pp. 162–175). London: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Wibowo, L., Murdiati. R., C., Race, D., & Murdiningrum, Y. (2012). Forest policy and legal pluralism: Case study in Luwu District, Indonesia. Indonesia Law Review, 2(1), 122.
Wirartha, I. M. (2006). Metode penelitian sosial ekonomi. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset.
Yudistira, P. (2014). Sang pelopor: Peranan Dr. S. H. Koorders dalam sejarah perlindungan alam di Indonesia. Jakarta: Direktorat Kawasan Konservasi dan Bina Hutan Lindung, Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan.
Authors
BudimanI., FujiwaraT., SatoN., & Dani Pamungkas. (2020). Another Law in Indonesia: Customary Land Tenure System Coexisting with State Order in Mutis Forest. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 26(3), 244. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.26.3.244
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