Customary Forest Managements and Its Challenges in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: An Implication of Constitutional Court Decision 2012
Abstract
Customary forests have not been adequately recognized in state forest management in Indonesia for a long time. However, in the last decades, several fundamental policy changes occurred, and the roles of local communities significantly recognized in forest management. The forest tenure reforms for customary communities are actively addressed after the Constitutional Court Decision (CCD) Number 35 in 2012. The objectives of this study are (1) to determine the changes in customary forest management in response to the CCD and (2) to discuss policy challenges after the CCD in East Nusa Tenggara Province. This study employed qualitative descriptive analysis methods. The result showed the different responses of customary communities related to the institutional development towards CCD. The lack of local regulations regarding customary peoples' rights still need to be solved. Besides, the claims of customary communities for customary forests overlapping with state conservation areas and other customary forests can make the problem more complicated.
References
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Safitri, M. (2017). Dividing the land: Legal gaps in the recognition of customary land in Indonesian forest areas. Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, 30(2,1), 31–48.
Simarmata, R. (2019). The enforceability of formalised customary land rights in Indonesia. Australian Journal of Asian Law, 19(2), 115
Sirait, M., Fay, C., & Kusworo, A. (2000). Bagaimana hak-hak masyarakat hukum adat dalam mengelola sumber daya alam diatur. Southeast Asia Policy Research Working Paper, 24, 1–32.
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Subarudi. (2014). Kebijakan pengelolaan hutan adat pasca putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 35/Puu-X/2012: Suatu tinjauan kritis. Analisis Kebijakan Kehutanan, 11(3), 207–224. https://doi.org/10.20886/jakk.2014.11.3.207-224
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Tyson, A. D. (2010). Decentralization and adat revivalism in Indonesia: The politics of becoming indigenous (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203849903
Upton, S. (2017). Demography of Indonesia's ethnicity. Asian Studies Review, 41(1), 164–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2016.1202173
Van der Muur, W. (2018). Forest conflicts and the informal nature of realizing indigenous land rights in Indonesia. Citizenship Studies, 22(2), 160–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1445495
Vandergeest, P., & Peluso, N. L. (1995). Territorialization and state power in Thailand. Theory and Society, 24(3), 385426. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/658074
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Asmin, F. (2016). Reforma agraria bidang kehutanan: Sebuah tinjauan politik simbolik. Retrived from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303328634
Asmin, F., Darusman, D., Ichwandi, I., & Suharjito, D. (2019). Mainstreaming community-based forest management in west sumatra: Social forestry arguments, support, and implementation. Forest and Society, 3(1), 77–96. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v3i1.4047
Bakker, L., & Moniaga, S. (2010). The space between: Land claims and the law in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Social Science, 38(2), 187–203. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853110X490890
Bedner, A., & Arizona, Y. (2019). Adat in Indonesian land law: A promise for the future or a dead end? The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 20(5), 416–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2019.1670246
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[BRWA] Badan Registrasi Wilayah Adat. (2017). Wilayah adat Nua Wologai. Retrieved from: https://www.brwa.or.id/wa/view/XzYtblpPR3lDUjg
Budiman, I., Fujiwara, T., Sato, N., & Pamungkas, D. (2020). Another law in Indonesia: Customary land tenure system coexisting with state order in Mutis Forest. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 26(3), 244–253. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.26.3.244
Camacho, L. D., Combalicer, M. S., Yeo-Chang, Y., Combalicer, E. A., Carandang, A. P., Camacho, S. C., ..., & Rebugio, L. L. (2012). Traditional forest conservation knowledge/technologies in the Cordillera, Northern Philippines. Forest Policy and Economics, 22, 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2010.06.001
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). California: SAGE.
[Ditjen PSKL KLHK] Direktorat Jenderal Perhutanan Sosial dan Kemitraan Lingkungan Kementerian Kehutanan dan Lingkungan. (2019). Profil peta hutan adat dan wilayah indikatif hutan adat fase I. Retrieved from: http://dlhk.acehprov.go.id/2019/05/klhk-launching-peta-hutan-adat-dan-wilayah-indikatif-hutan-adat-fase-i/
Dunn, W. N. (1981). Public policy analysis: An introduction. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Grimes, C. E., Therik, T., Grimes, B. D., & Jacob, M. (1997). A guide to the people and languages of Nusa Tenggara. Kupang: Artha Wacana Press
Guest, P. (2017). Indonesia's indigenous voices turn on Widodo. Nikkei Asia Review. Retrieved from: https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Indonesia-s-indigenous-voices-turn-on-Widodo
Hidayat, H., Yogaswara, H., Herawati, T., Blazey, P., Wyatt, S., & Howitt, R. (2018). Forests, law and customary rights in Indonesia: Implications of a decision of the Indonesian Constitutional Court in 2012. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 59(3), 293–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12207
Iswandono, E., Zuhud, E. A. M., Hikmat, A., & Kosmaryandi, N. (2015). Integrating local culture into forest conservation: A case study of The Manggarai Tribe in Ruteng Mountains, Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 21(2), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.21.2.55
Iswandono, E., Zuhud, E. A. M., Hikmat, A., & Kosmaryandi, N. (2016). Traditional land practice and forest conservation: Case study of The Manggarai Tribe in Ruteng Mountains, Indonesia. Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture, 8(2), 256. https://doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v8i2.4945
Indonesian Geospatial Information Agency (2018). Peta RBI format shp. Retrived from: https://tanahair.indonesia.go.id/portal-web
Jampolsky, J. A., & Carpenter, K. A. (2015). Indigenous rights. In International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences: Second edition. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.86120-6
Kilkoda, M. (2015). Pulau-pulau kecil dan persoalan ruang hidup di Maluku Utara. Buletin Intip Hutan. Retrieved from: http://fwi.or.id/publikasi/pulau-pulau-kecil-dan-persoalan-ruang-hidup-di-maluku-utara/
Krishna, V. V., Kubitza, C., Pascual, U., & Qaim, M. (2017). Land markets, property rights, and deforestation: insights from Indonesia. World Development, 99, 335349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.05.018
Kriswoyo, K., Pello, J., & Kaho, L. M. R. (2019). Peranan tiga pilar dalam penyelesaian konflik tenurial di Taman Wisata Alam Ruteng, Flores, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Bumi Lestari Journal of Environment, 19(1), 3648. https://doi.org/10.24843/blje.2019.v19.i01.p05
Lund, C., & Rachman, N. F. (2018). Indirect recognition. Frontiers and territorialization around Mount Halimun-Salak National Park, Indonesia. World Development, 101(40), 417–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.04.003
[MoEF] Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2020). Ministry Regulation Number 17/2020. Retrieved from: http://jdih.menlhk.co.id/uploads/files/P_17_2020_HUTAN_ADAT_dan_HUTAN_HAK_menlhk_09252020092916.pdf
[MoHA] Ministry of Home Affair. (2014). Ministry Regulation Number 52/2014. Retrieved from: https://www.aman.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Permendagri-Nomor-52-Tahun-2014.pdf
Monk, K. A., De Fretes, Y., & Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1997). The ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Singapore: Periplus Editions.
Myers, R., Intarini, D., Sirait, M. T., & Maryudi, A. (2017). Claiming the forest: Inclusions and exclusions under Indonesia's 'new' forest policies on customary forests. Land Use Policy, 66, 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.04.039
Parera, A. D. M. (1994). Sejarah pemerintahan raja-raja Timor: Suatu kajian atas peta politik pemerintahan kerajaan-kerajaan di Timor sebelum kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia. (G. Neonbasu (Ed.). Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.
Peluso, N. L., & Vandergeest, P. (2001). Genealogies of the political forest and customary rights in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. The Journal of Asian Studies, 60(3), 761–812. https://doi.org/10.2307/2700109
Peluso, N. L., Afiff, S., & Rachman, N. F. (2008). Claiming the grounds for reform: Agrarian and environmental movements in Indonesia. Journal of Agrarian Change, 8(2–3), 377–407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2008.00174.x
Plaimo, P. E. (2020). Identifikasi faktor penunjang keberlanjutan tradisi budaya mulung. Retrived from https://doi.org/10.31227/osf.io/bpfsh.
Powell, J. (Ed.), Hartanto, H., Short, C. (Ed.), Rangan, H., Thorburn, C. C., & Kull, C. A. (2008). Strategic Engagement and Dynamic Adaptation: Customary Forest Management in Kerinci Central Sumatra Indonesia. 1 - 30. Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of Commons, http//dic.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00003827/(website hosted at Champagne-Urbana Indiana).
Roth, D. (2011). The subak in diaspora: Balinese farmers and the subak in South Sulawesi. Human Ecology, 39(1), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-010-9374-7
Safitri, M. (2017). Dividing the land: Legal gaps in the recognition of customary land in Indonesian forest areas. Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, 30(2,1), 31–48.
Simarmata, R. (2019). The enforceability of formalised customary land rights in Indonesia. Australian Journal of Asian Law, 19(2), 115
Sirait, M., Fay, C., & Kusworo, A. (2000). Bagaimana hak-hak masyarakat hukum adat dalam mengelola sumber daya alam diatur. Southeast Asia Policy Research Working Paper, 24, 1–32.
Siscawati, M., Banjade, M. R., Liswanti, N., Herawati, T., Mwangi, E., Wulandari, C., ... & Silaya, T. (2017). Overview of forest tenure reforms in Indonesia (Working Paper 223). Center for International Forestry Research. https://doi.org/10.17528/cifor/006402
Soemardjan, S. (1962). Land reform in Indonesia. Asian Survey, 1(12), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.2307/3023456
Sopian, N. L. (2015). Informal dispute resolution based on adat law: A case study of land dispute in Flores, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Indonesia Law Review, 5(2), 106. https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v5n2.157
Suartika, G. A. M. (2007). Territoriality and the market system-adat land v.s. state regulations on land matters in Bali. Habitat International, 31(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2006.11.001
Subarudi. (2014). Kebijakan pengelolaan hutan adat pasca putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 35/Puu-X/2012: Suatu tinjauan kritis. Analisis Kebijakan Kehutanan, 11(3), 207–224. https://doi.org/10.20886/jakk.2014.11.3.207-224
Suryadi, S. (2013, July 2). Eksistensi hutan adat paska putusan MK 35 [Conference Presentation]. Seminar Pembangunan Kehutanan Berkelanjutan dalam Perspektif Tata Ruang. Balai Litbang Kehutanan Kupang.
Tyson, A. D. (2010). Decentralization and adat revivalism in Indonesia: The politics of becoming indigenous (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203849903
Upton, S. (2017). Demography of Indonesia's ethnicity. Asian Studies Review, 41(1), 164–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2016.1202173
Van der Muur, W. (2018). Forest conflicts and the informal nature of realizing indigenous land rights in Indonesia. Citizenship Studies, 22(2), 160–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1445495
Vandergeest, P., & Peluso, N. L. (1995). Territorialization and state power in Thailand. Theory and Society, 24(3), 385426. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/658074
Vandergeest, P., & Peluso, N. L. (2015). Political forests. In R. L. Bryant (Ed.), The international handbook of political ecology (pp.162175). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857936172.00020
Wibowo, L. R., Murdianti, C. W., Race, D., & Murdiningrum, Y. A. (2014). Forest policy and legal pluralism: A case study in Luwu District, Indonesia. Indonesia Law Review, 2(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v2n1.9
[WWF] World Wildlife Fund Indonesia. (2019). Impact stories 2018. Jakarta: WWF Indonesia. Retrieved from: https://www.wwf.id/publikasi/wwf-indonesia-impact-stories-2018
Authors
BudimanI., FujiwaraT., HaradaK., & SatoN. (2021). Customary Forest Managements and Its Challenges in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: An Implication of Constitutional Court Decision 2012. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 27(2), 69. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.27.2.69
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