Evaluasi Pestisida Nabati dengan Ekstrak Mimba (Azadirachta sp.) untuk Pengendalian Pertumbuhan Antraknosa pada Buah Cabai
Abstract
Evaluation of Plant-based Pesticide Containing Neem Extract (Azadirachta sp.) to Control Anthracnose Growth in Chili Fruits
Chili pepper is one of the important horticultural commodities in Indonesia. Anthracnose is one of the major diseases causing yield losses up to 35% of the total production. This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of plant-based pesticides containing neem extract for controlling anthracnose growth in chili fruits. The research was conducted at the Research Center for Biotechnology, LIPI, from March until August 2019. Assays of in vitro and in vivo were arranged in a factorial randomized block design with four replications of each treatment. In vitro assay was performed by observing the growth of Colletotrichum acutatum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in culture media supplemented each with two pesticide formulations (Agr I and Agr II) in six concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%. 3%, 4%, and 5%. In vivo assays were conducted by injecting spores of C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides into fresh fruits of long-large-fruited chilies and long-curly-fruited chilies treated with Agr I at concentrations 0%, 5%, 10, and 15%. Results of in vitro assay showed that both Agr I and Agr II could inhibit both Colletotrichum growth and Agr I inhibited both fungal growth higher than Agr II. However, results of in vivo tests showed that Agr I could not inhibit both Colletotrichum in all chili fruits.
Downloads
References
Ali M, Venita Y, Rahman B. 2012. Uji beberapa konsentrasi ekstrak daun mimba (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) untuk pengendalian penyakit antraknosa yang disebabkan jamur Colletotrichum capsici pada buah cabai merah pasca panen. J Sagu. 11(1):1–14.
Alves KF, Laranjeira D, Câmara MP, Câmara CA, Michereff SJ. 2015. Efficacy of plant extracts for anthracnose control in bell pepper fruits under controlled conditions. Horticultura Brasileira. 33(3):332–338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620150000300009.
AVRDC. 2007. AVRDC Report 2004. AVRDC Publication Number 07-691. Shanhua (TW): AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center. 158 pp.
Babu BS, Pandravada SR, Rao RDVJP, Anitha K, Chakrabarty SK, Varaprasad KS. 2011. Global sources of pepper genetic resources against arthropods, nematodes and pathogens. Crop Protection. 30(4):389–400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2010.12.011.
Badan Pusat Statistik. 2020. Produksi Tanaman Sayuran. https://www.bps.go.id/site/resultTab [diakses l 7 April 2020].
Fokunang CN, Ikotun T, Dixon AGO, Akem CN, Tembe EA, Nukenine EN. 2000. Efficacy of antimicrobial plant crude extracts on the growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis. Pakistan J Biol Sci. 3(6):928–932. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2000.928.932.
Idris H, Nurmansyah. 2015. Efektivitas ekstrak etanol beberapa tanaman obat sebagai bahan baku fungisida nabati untuk mengendalikan Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Bul Littro. 26(2):117–124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21082/bullittro.v26n2.2015.117-124.
Johnny L, Yusuf UK, Nulit R. 2011. Antifungal activity of selected plant leaves crude extracts against a pepper anthracnose fungus, Colletotrichum capsici (Sydow) Butler and Bisby (Ascomycota: Phyllachorales). Afr J Biotechnol. 10(20):4157–4165.
Kim KH, Yoon JB, Park HG, Park EW, Kim YH. 2004. Structural modifications and programmed cell death of chili pepper fruit related to resistance responses to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infection. Phytopathology. 94(12):1295–304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.12.1295.
Krishanti NPRA, Prianto AH. 2016. In-vitro assay of neem seed formulation against Fusarium Oxysporum, Causal agent of basal plate rot on onion. Proceeding of International Symposium for Sustainable Humanosphere. Bogor (ID): Pusat Penelitian Biomaterial LIPI. Hlm 177–182.
Krishnamurthy YL, Shashikala J. 2006. Inhibition of aflatoxin B production of Aspergillus flavus, isolated from soybean seeds by certain natural plant products. Lett Appl Microbiol. 43(5):469–474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2006.02011.x.
Martoredjo T, Tambunan RI, Sumardiyono C. 1997. Pengaruh ekstrak daun mimba terhadap perkembangan antraknos pada apel manalagi pascapanen. JPTI. 3(1):38–41.
Montri P, Taylor PWJ, Mongkolporn O. 2009. Pathotypes of Colletotrichum capsici, the causal agent of chili anthracnose, in Thailand. Plant Dis. 93:17–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-93-1-0017.
Mori M, Aoyama M, Doi S, Kanetoshi A, Hayashi T. 1997. Antifungal activity of bark extracts of deciduous trees. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff. 55:130–132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02990531.
Ngullie M, Daiho L, Upadhyay DN. 2010. Biological management of fruit rot in the world’s hottest chilli (Capsicum chinense Jacq.). J Plant Protection Research. 50(3):269–273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10045-010-0047-8.
Oktarina, Tripama B, Rohmah WN. 2017. Daya hambat biorasional ekstrak sirih dan tembakau pada Colletotrichum capsici penyebab penyakit antraknosa cabai. Agritrop. 15(2):194 – 202.
Prianto AH, Budiawan, Yulizar Y, Simanjuntak P. 2019. Pengaruh sinergi azadirachtin dan komponen minor dalam minyak biji mimba terhadap aktivitas antifeedant Spodoptera litura. Bul Littro. 30(1): 27–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21082/bullittro.v30n1.2019.27-34.
Rashid MM, Kabir MH, Hossain MM, Bhuiyan MR, Khan MAI. 2015. Eco-friendly management of chilli anthracnose (Colletotrichum capsici). Int J Plant Pathol. 6(1):1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ijpp.2015.1.11.
Sallam NMA. 2011. Control of tomato early blight disease by certain aqueous plant extracts. Plant Pathol J. 10(4):187–191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ppj.2011.187.191.
Semangun H. 2007. Penyakit-Penyakit Tanaman Hortikultura di Indonesia (Edisi Kedua). Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.
Sopialena, Sila S, Rosfiansyah, Nurdiana J. 2018. The role of neem leaves as organic pesticides in chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens). Nusantara Bioscience. 10(4): 246–250. DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n100408.
Stangarlin JR, Kuhn OJ, Assi L, Estrada KRFS. 2011. Control of plant diseases using extracts from medicinal plants and fungi. Di dalam: Vilas AM., editor. Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances. Badajoz: Formatex. v. 2. hlm 1033–1042.
Than PP, Prihastuti H, Phoulivong S, Taylor PW, Hyde KD. 2008. Chilli anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 9(10):764–778. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B0860007.
Trisnawati D, Nugroho LPE, Tondok ET. 2019. Pengaruh ekstrak daun sirih dan metode ekstraksinya dalam menghambat penyakit antraknosa pada cabai pascapanen. J Fitopatol Indones. 15(6):213–227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14692/jfi.15.6.213-227.
Wang J, Li J, Cao J, Jiang W. 2010. Antifungal activities of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel extract on postharvest diseases in fruit. Afr J Microbiol Res. 4(11):1100–1114.
Wong KV. 2017. The health benefits of hot, spicy foods, with the use of chili peppers. EC Nutrition. 9(2):116–120.
Copyright (c) 2021 Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
