Nutrition Information and Health Message on Sugar, Salt, and Fat Content on Ready-to-Serve Food Products in Indonesia: An Examination of Consumer and Producer Perspectives
Article Sidebar
Accepted
29 November 2024
Published
29 November 2024
Keywords:
-
consumer behavior, fast food, food label, health message, SSF
Abstract
The popularity of ready-to-serve foods has increased in Indonesia, particularly among busy consumers with limited time for cooking at home. However, the consumption of ready-to-serve foods high in sugar, salt, and fat (SSF) has prompted concerns regarding their potential adverse health impacts when consumed excessively. The present study aimed to investigate consumers’ behavior and perception regarding the purchase of ready-to-serve foods and the practice of food producers in providing these products. The study employed a structured questionnaire involving 100 consumers selected based on purposive sampling. Additionally, focus group discussions were conducted with 80 ready-to-serve food producers across five Indonesian cities using a cross-sectional research design. The data analysis, conducted using binary logistics, yielded significant findings regarding the relationship between consumers’ income and their purchase decisions regarding ready-to-serve food. This study revealed that price (42%), taste (31%), and accessibility (23%) were the primary factors influencing consumers’ food choices. However, it also indicated that nutrition and health aspects received inadequate attention from consumers, which is a cause for concern. Concurrently, the producers who participated in this study indicated that they prioritize sanitation and hygiene (53.8%) in their food production, citing regulatory requirements as the primary driver of this practice. It is regrettable that the majority of the producers (92.5%) lacked information regarding the nutrition content of their products. Moreover, they did not actively contribute (2%-11%) to controlling SSF levels except to respond to consumers’ demands. These findings underscore the necessity for enhanced awareness campaigns and implementation strategies involving all stakeholders to promote healthier, ready-to-serve foods. The implications of these findings for future policy and practice are significant, highlighting the need for a more comprehensive approach to nutrition education and labeling in the ready-to-serve food industry in Indonesia.
References
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Bleich, S. N., Economos, C. D., Spiker, M. L., Vercammen, K. A., VanEpps, E. M., Block, J. P., Elbel, B., Story, M., & Roberto, C. A. (2017). A systematic review of calorie labeling and modified calorie labeling interventions: impact on consumer and restaurant behavior. Obesity, 25(12),2018–2044. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21940
Calabro, R., Kemps, E., & Prichard, I. (2023). Socio-cognitive determinants of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among young people: A Systematic review and meta-analysis. Appetite. 180,106334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2022.106334.
Caruso, J., Miller, C., Turnbull, D., & Ettridge, K. (2022). A randomized experimental study comparing perceptions of two energy drink health warning labels. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 34(1), 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.655
Castillo, L. P., Bordonada, M. A. R., & Geromini, A. M. (2015). Information search behavior, understanding and use of nutrition labeling by residents of Madrid, Spain. Public Health, 129(3), 226-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2014.12.003.
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Falbe, J., Musicus, A. A, Sigala, D. M, Roberto, C. A, Solar, S.E, Lemmon, B., Sorscher, S., Nara, D., & Hall, M. G. (2023). Online RCT of icon added-sugar warning labels for restaurant menus. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 5(1),101-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2023.02.007.
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Fathin, F. F., Sosianika, A., Amalia, F. A., & Kania, R. (2023). The role of health consciousness and trust on gen y and gen z intention to purchase functional beverages. Journal of Consumer Sciences, 8(3), 360-378. https://doi.org/10.29244/jcs.8.3.360-378
Hajijah, R. N., & Retnaningsih, R. (2024). The Influence of Knowledge and Risk Perception on Food Label Reading Behavior among Adolescents in Rural and Urban Areas of Bogor. Journal of Consumer Sciences, 9(1), 82-101. https://doi.org/10.29244/jcs.9.1.82-101.
Han, J., Moon, H., Oh, Y., Chang, J.Y., Ham, S. (2020). Impacts of menu information quality and nutrition information quality on technology acceptance characteristics and behaviors toward fast food restaurants’ kiosks. Nutrition Research Practice, 14(2):167–174. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2020.14.2.167.
[IHME] The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. (2024, May 16). Global Burden of Disease: Findings from the GBD 2021 Study. healthdata.org. https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/gbd.
Kahono, G. A., Rahmawati, D., Putra, K., Prawira, Y., Gunawan Puteri, M. D. P. T., & Marpaung, A. M. (2019). Preferences and factors influencing the purchase intention of healthy snacks among millennials in Jakarta (Published master’s theses). Swiss German University.
Khomsan, A. (2022). Teknik Pengukuran Pengetahuan Gizi. Jilid 1. IPB Press.
Lamorte, W. W. (2022, November 3). The Theory Planned Behavior. Behavioral Change Models. https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/sb/behavioralchangetheories/BehavioralChangeTheories3.html#:
Mauludyani, A. V. R., Nasution, Z., Aries, M., Rimbawan, & Egayanti, Y. (2021). Knowledge on nutrition labels for processed food: effect on purchase decision among indonesian consumers. Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan, 1(1), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2021.16.1.47-56.
Ministry of Health. (2013, April 16). Regulation of Indonesian Ministry of Health No. 30 regarding The Inclusion of Sugar, Salt, Fat, and Health Messages for Processed and Ready-to-serve Food. Kemenkes. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/172111/permenkes-no-30-tahun-2013
Ministry of Health. (2024, January 31). Prevent increasing diabetes, do not consume too much sugar, salt, fat. sehatnegeriku. https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/rilis-media/20240131/2544885/cegah-meningkatnya-diabetes-jangan-berlebihan-konsumsi-gula-garam-lemak/
Ministry of Health. (2021, April 1). Regulation of Indonesian Ministry of Health No. 14 regarding Standards for Business Activities and Products in Risk-Based Health Sector Licensing. Kemenkes. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/203315/permenkes-no-14-tahun-2021
Munasiroh, D., Nurawali, D.O, Rahmah, D.A, Suhailah, F., & Yusup, I.R. (2019). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku konsumsi makanan cepat saji (fast food) pada mahasiswa An-Nadaa. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 6(2), 46-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/ann.v6i2.2681.
Puddephatt, J. A., Keenan, G. S., Fielden, A., Reaves, D. L., Halford. J. C. G., & Hardman, C. A. (2020). ‘Eating to survive’: A qualitative analysis of factors influencing food choice and eating behavior in a food-insecure population. Appetite. 147, 104547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104547
Rai, S., Wai, P. P., Koirala, P., Bromage, S., Nirmal, N. P., Pandiselvam, R., ... & Mehta, N. K. (2023). Food product quality, environmental and personal characteristics affecting consumer perception toward food. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7, 1222760. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1222760
Randall, T., Cousins, A. L., Neilson, L., Price, M., Hardman, C. A., & Wilkinson, L. L. (2024). Sustainable food consumption across Western and Non-Western cultures: A Scoping review considering the theory of planned behavior. Food Quality and Preference. 114, 105086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.105086.
Saha, S., Al Mamun, M. A., & Kabir, M. R. (2022). Factors affecting fast food consumption among college students in South Asia: a systematic review. Journal of the American Nutrition Association, 41(6), 626-636. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2021.1940354.
Sogari, G., Li, J., Lefebvre, M., Menozzi, D., Pellegrini, N., Cirelli, M., Gomez, M.I., & Mora, C. (2019). The influence of health messages in nudging consumption of whole grain pasta. Nutrients, 11(12), 2993. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122993.
Sogari, G., Pucci, T., & Caputo, V. (2023). The theory of planned behavior and health diet: Examining the mediating effect of traditional food. Food Quality and Preference, 104,104709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104709
Scapin, T., Fernandes, A. C., Curioni, C. C., Pettigrew, S., Neal, B., Coyle, D. H., Rodrigues, V. M., Bernardo, G. L., Uggioni, P. L., & Proenca, R. P. C. (2021). Influence of sugar label formats on consumer understanding and amount of sugar in food choices: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Nutrition Science,79(7), 788-801. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa108
Sumarwan, U. (2017). Perilaku Konsumen: Teori dan Penerapannya dalam Pemasaran. Ed. Kedua. Ghalia Indonesia.
Sumarwan, U., Atilah, S., & Lestari, V.L. (2019). Warning label and video efficacy on high school student consumption of soft drink and fast food. Journal of Consumer Sciences, 4(1), 48–60. https://doi.org/10.29244/jcs.4.1.48-60.
Sumarwan, U., Simanjuntak, M., & Yuliati, L.N. (2017). Meta-analysis study: reading behavior of food products label. Journal of Consumer Sciences, 2(2), 26. https://doi.org/10.29244/jcs.2.2.26-40.
Sutanto, F. V., & Gunawan, L. (2023). The effect of price, product, promotion towards consumers’ purchase intention at T4U Indonesia, West Surabaya Branch. Jurnal Entrepreneur Dan Entrepreneurship, 12(2), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.37715/jee.v12i2.4003
UK Government. (2021, July 27). The Calorie Labelling (Out of Home Sector) (England) Regulations 2021,909. legislation.gov.uk. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2021/909/made/data.pdf
[UNICEF] United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. (2021). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in The World: Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets. Rome. FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cb4474en
Wang, Y. C., Jia Hsu, C., & Cai, D. (2022). Effect of food nutrition labels on the health awareness of school-age children. BMC Public Health, 22,1249. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13613-y.
[WHO] World Health Organization. (2022, June 10). Reformulation of food and beverage products for healthier diets. Policy Brief. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/355755/9789240039919-eng.pdf?sequence=1.
Wulandari, A., & Sampouw, C.P. (2020). Proses pengambilan keputusan dalam Situs belanja online “Shopee” sebagai pemenuhan kebutuhan konsumen. Journal of Media and Communication Science, 3(2), 58-69. https://doi.org/10.29303/jcommsci.v3i2.68
Atmarita, A. (2016). Asupan gula, garam dan lemak di indonesia: analisis survei konsumsi makanan individu (SKMI) 2014. Journal of the Indonesian Nutrition Association. Gizi Indonesia, 39(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.36457/gizindo.v39i1.201.
Australian Government. (2022, November 22). Decisions regulation impact statement: menu labelling in Australia and New Zealand. OIA The Office of Impact Analysis. https://oia.pmc.gov.au/published-impact-analyses-and-reports/menu-labelling-australia-and-new-zealand
Bleich, S. N., Economos, C. D., Spiker, M. L., Vercammen, K. A., VanEpps, E. M., Block, J. P., Elbel, B., Story, M., & Roberto, C. A. (2017). A systematic review of calorie labeling and modified calorie labeling interventions: impact on consumer and restaurant behavior. Obesity, 25(12),2018–2044. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21940
Calabro, R., Kemps, E., & Prichard, I. (2023). Socio-cognitive determinants of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among young people: A Systematic review and meta-analysis. Appetite. 180,106334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2022.106334.
Caruso, J., Miller, C., Turnbull, D., & Ettridge, K. (2022). A randomized experimental study comparing perceptions of two energy drink health warning labels. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 34(1), 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.655
Castillo, L. P., Bordonada, M. A. R., & Geromini, A. M. (2015). Information search behavior, understanding and use of nutrition labeling by residents of Madrid, Spain. Public Health, 129(3), 226-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2014.12.003.
Databoks. (2023, February 10). Intensitas mengonsumsi makanan cepat saji dalam sepekan berdasarkan gender. katadata.co.id. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/publikasi/2023/02/10/top-brand-survey-fast-food
Falbe, J., Musicus, A. A, Sigala, D. M, Roberto, C. A, Solar, S.E, Lemmon, B., Sorscher, S., Nara, D., & Hall, M. G. (2023). Online RCT of icon added-sugar warning labels for restaurant menus. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 5(1),101-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2023.02.007.
[FDA] Food and Drug Administration United States Government. (2014). Food labeling: nutrition labeling of standard menu items in restaurants and similar retail food establishments. Federal Register, 79(230), 71156-71259. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2014-12-01/pdf/2014-27833.pdf
[FDA] Food and Drug Administration Indonesia. (2022, January 22). Peraturan Kepala Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Nomor 1 Tahun 2022 Tentang Pengawasan Klaim pada Label dan Iklan Pangan Olahan. BPOM. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/223956/peraturan-bpom-no-1-tahun-2022
[FDA] Food and Drug Administration Indonesia. (2021, November 2). Peraturan Kepala Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Nomor 26 Tahun 2021 Tentang Informasi Nilai Gizi pada Label Pangan Olahan. BPOM. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/223934/peraturan-bpom-no-26-tahun-2021
[FDA] Food and Drug Administration Indonesia. (2021, August 2). Peraturan Kepala Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Nomor 20 Tahun 2021 Tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan BPOM Nomor 31 Tahun 2018 tentang Label Pangan Olahan. BPOM. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/181758/peraturan-bpom-no-20-tahun-2021
[FDA] Food and Drug Administration Indonesia. (2021). Keputusan Kepala Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Nomor HK.02.02.1.2.12.21.494 Tahun 2021 tentang Penambahan Jenis, Deskripsi, Nilai Kandungan Gizi, dan Takaran Saji Pangan Olahan yang Diproduksi oleh Usaha Mikro dan Usaha Kecil yang Wajib Mencantumkan Informasi Nilai Gizi. BPOM. https://bikinpabrik.id/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/HK.02_.02_.1_.2_.12_.21_.494_Kepka_Penambahan_ING_untuk_JDIH.pdf
Fathin, F. F., Sosianika, A., Amalia, F. A., & Kania, R. (2023). The role of health consciousness and trust on gen y and gen z intention to purchase functional beverages. Journal of Consumer Sciences, 8(3), 360-378. https://doi.org/10.29244/jcs.8.3.360-378
Hajijah, R. N., & Retnaningsih, R. (2024). The Influence of Knowledge and Risk Perception on Food Label Reading Behavior among Adolescents in Rural and Urban Areas of Bogor. Journal of Consumer Sciences, 9(1), 82-101. https://doi.org/10.29244/jcs.9.1.82-101.
Han, J., Moon, H., Oh, Y., Chang, J.Y., Ham, S. (2020). Impacts of menu information quality and nutrition information quality on technology acceptance characteristics and behaviors toward fast food restaurants’ kiosks. Nutrition Research Practice, 14(2):167–174. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2020.14.2.167.
[IHME] The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. (2024, May 16). Global Burden of Disease: Findings from the GBD 2021 Study. healthdata.org. https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/gbd.
Kahono, G. A., Rahmawati, D., Putra, K., Prawira, Y., Gunawan Puteri, M. D. P. T., & Marpaung, A. M. (2019). Preferences and factors influencing the purchase intention of healthy snacks among millennials in Jakarta (Published master’s theses). Swiss German University.
Khomsan, A. (2022). Teknik Pengukuran Pengetahuan Gizi. Jilid 1. IPB Press.
Lamorte, W. W. (2022, November 3). The Theory Planned Behavior. Behavioral Change Models. https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/sb/behavioralchangetheories/BehavioralChangeTheories3.html#:
Mauludyani, A. V. R., Nasution, Z., Aries, M., Rimbawan, & Egayanti, Y. (2021). Knowledge on nutrition labels for processed food: effect on purchase decision among indonesian consumers. Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan, 1(1), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2021.16.1.47-56.
Ministry of Health. (2013, April 16). Regulation of Indonesian Ministry of Health No. 30 regarding The Inclusion of Sugar, Salt, Fat, and Health Messages for Processed and Ready-to-serve Food. Kemenkes. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/172111/permenkes-no-30-tahun-2013
Ministry of Health. (2024, January 31). Prevent increasing diabetes, do not consume too much sugar, salt, fat. sehatnegeriku. https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/rilis-media/20240131/2544885/cegah-meningkatnya-diabetes-jangan-berlebihan-konsumsi-gula-garam-lemak/
Ministry of Health. (2021, April 1). Regulation of Indonesian Ministry of Health No. 14 regarding Standards for Business Activities and Products in Risk-Based Health Sector Licensing. Kemenkes. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/203315/permenkes-no-14-tahun-2021
Munasiroh, D., Nurawali, D.O, Rahmah, D.A, Suhailah, F., & Yusup, I.R. (2019). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku konsumsi makanan cepat saji (fast food) pada mahasiswa An-Nadaa. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 6(2), 46-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/ann.v6i2.2681.
Puddephatt, J. A., Keenan, G. S., Fielden, A., Reaves, D. L., Halford. J. C. G., & Hardman, C. A. (2020). ‘Eating to survive’: A qualitative analysis of factors influencing food choice and eating behavior in a food-insecure population. Appetite. 147, 104547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104547
Rai, S., Wai, P. P., Koirala, P., Bromage, S., Nirmal, N. P., Pandiselvam, R., ... & Mehta, N. K. (2023). Food product quality, environmental and personal characteristics affecting consumer perception toward food. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7, 1222760. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1222760
Randall, T., Cousins, A. L., Neilson, L., Price, M., Hardman, C. A., & Wilkinson, L. L. (2024). Sustainable food consumption across Western and Non-Western cultures: A Scoping review considering the theory of planned behavior. Food Quality and Preference. 114, 105086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.105086.
Saha, S., Al Mamun, M. A., & Kabir, M. R. (2022). Factors affecting fast food consumption among college students in South Asia: a systematic review. Journal of the American Nutrition Association, 41(6), 626-636. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2021.1940354.
Sogari, G., Li, J., Lefebvre, M., Menozzi, D., Pellegrini, N., Cirelli, M., Gomez, M.I., & Mora, C. (2019). The influence of health messages in nudging consumption of whole grain pasta. Nutrients, 11(12), 2993. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122993.
Sogari, G., Pucci, T., & Caputo, V. (2023). The theory of planned behavior and health diet: Examining the mediating effect of traditional food. Food Quality and Preference, 104,104709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104709
Scapin, T., Fernandes, A. C., Curioni, C. C., Pettigrew, S., Neal, B., Coyle, D. H., Rodrigues, V. M., Bernardo, G. L., Uggioni, P. L., & Proenca, R. P. C. (2021). Influence of sugar label formats on consumer understanding and amount of sugar in food choices: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Nutrition Science,79(7), 788-801. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa108
Sumarwan, U. (2017). Perilaku Konsumen: Teori dan Penerapannya dalam Pemasaran. Ed. Kedua. Ghalia Indonesia.
Sumarwan, U., Atilah, S., & Lestari, V.L. (2019). Warning label and video efficacy on high school student consumption of soft drink and fast food. Journal of Consumer Sciences, 4(1), 48–60. https://doi.org/10.29244/jcs.4.1.48-60.
Sumarwan, U., Simanjuntak, M., & Yuliati, L.N. (2017). Meta-analysis study: reading behavior of food products label. Journal of Consumer Sciences, 2(2), 26. https://doi.org/10.29244/jcs.2.2.26-40.
Sutanto, F. V., & Gunawan, L. (2023). The effect of price, product, promotion towards consumers’ purchase intention at T4U Indonesia, West Surabaya Branch. Jurnal Entrepreneur Dan Entrepreneurship, 12(2), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.37715/jee.v12i2.4003
UK Government. (2021, July 27). The Calorie Labelling (Out of Home Sector) (England) Regulations 2021,909. legislation.gov.uk. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2021/909/made/data.pdf
[UNICEF] United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. (2021). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in The World: Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets. Rome. FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cb4474en
Wang, Y. C., Jia Hsu, C., & Cai, D. (2022). Effect of food nutrition labels on the health awareness of school-age children. BMC Public Health, 22,1249. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13613-y.
[WHO] World Health Organization. (2022, June 10). Reformulation of food and beverage products for healthier diets. Policy Brief. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/355755/9789240039919-eng.pdf?sequence=1.
Wulandari, A., & Sampouw, C.P. (2020). Proses pengambilan keputusan dalam Situs belanja online “Shopee” sebagai pemenuhan kebutuhan konsumen. Journal of Media and Communication Science, 3(2), 58-69. https://doi.org/10.29303/jcommsci.v3i2.68
Authors
NasutionZ., RimbawanR., FajriatyD., NasirS. Q., SutrisnaA., SariE. K., & SusantiE. (2024). Nutrition Information and Health Message on Sugar, Salt, and Fat Content on Ready-to-Serve Food Products in Indonesia: An Examination of Consumer and Producer Perspectives. Journal of Consumer Sciences, 9(3), 451-475. https://doi.org/10.29244/jcs.9.3.451-475
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