AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN ANTIHIPERKOLESTEROLEMIA IN VITRO DARI CAMPURAN EKSTRAK ANGKAK DAN BEKATUL
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Published
31 December 2018
Keywords:
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antihypercholesterolemia, antioxidant, HMG CoA reductase, red yeast rice, rice bran
Abstract
Red yeast rice (RYR) and rice bran (RB) have been reported to have many biological activities, such as anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetes and antihypercholesterolemia. This research aimed to determine the best fraction of RYR extract as a HMG CoA reductase inhibitor and the best ratio of the mixture of RYR and RB extract fraction as a HMG CoA reductase inhibitor and an antioxidant using in vitro assays. RYR and RB were individually extracted using ethanol 95%, followed by liquid-liquid fractionation using n-hexane, dichloromethane, etyhl acetate, and water. The RYR extract fraction with the best HMG CoA reductase inhibition was then mixed with RB extract in various ratios for HMG CoA reductase inhibition test and antioxidant activity by FRAP method, as well as analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids content. The results showed that the strongest inhibitory effect to the HMG CoA reductase was found in the water fraction of RYR extract (37.37%). The mixture of RYR and RB water extract fractions with a ratio of RYR:RB 1:3 had the strongest inhibition (51.85%) as compared to other ratios, followed by a ratio of 2:2 (51.03%) and 3:1 (42.36%). The best antioxidant activity was found in the RYR:RB ratio of 1:3 (24.76 mg TE/g). The highest total phenolic and flavonoid content was found in the RYR:RB ratio of 2:2 (11.17 mg GAE/g) and the RYR:RB ratio of 3:1 (7.44 mg QE/g). Overall, the addition of RB extract into the RYR extract was able to provide a significantly better HMG CoA reductase inhibitory effects and antioxidant acti-vity than RYR extract alone.
References
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Chobot V, Hadacek F, Bachmann G, Weckwerth W, Kubicova L. 2016. Pro and antioxidant activity of three selected flavan type flavonoids: cathe-cin, eriodictyol, and taxifolin. Int J Mol Sci 17: 1-9. DOI: 10.3390/ijms17121986.
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Hasim, Andrianto D, Satyaningtijas AS, Rosary F. 2015. Combination of angkak (Red yeast rice), red guava (Psidium guajava Linn) leaf extract and red guava fruit juice increase thrombocyte in quinine-exposed rats. IOSR J Pharm 5: 1-6.
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Ismail AI, Hasim, Falah S, Faridah DN. 2016. α-Glucosidase inhibition by red yeast rice extract and fractions as in vitro antidiabetes. Der Phar-ma Chemica 8: 46-49.
Kasim E, Kurniawati Y, Nurhidayat N. 2006. Peman-faatan isolat lokal Monascus purpureus untuk menurunkan kolesterol darah pada tikus putih galur sprague dawley. Biodiversitas 7: 123-126. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d070206.
Kasim E, Triana E, Yulinery T, Nurhidayat N. 2012. Pengaruh angkak hasil fermentasi oleh mona-scus purpureus JMBa terhadap aktivitas anti-oksidan dan gluthation perosidase (GPx) serta histopatologi hati tikus galur sprague dawley. Berita Biologi 11: 177-185.
Kawuri R. 2013. Red mold rice (angkak) sebagai makanan terfermentasi dari China: Suatu kaji-an pustaka. J Biologi Udayana 17: 24-28.
Kim SM, Lim ST. 2016. Enhanced antioxidant acti-vity of rice bran extract by carbohydrase treat-ment. J Cereal Sci 68: 116-121. DOI: 10.101 6/j.jcs.2016.01.006.
Koo M, Kim SH, Lee N, Yoo MY, Ryu SY, Kwon DY, Kim YS. 2008. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitory effect of Vitis vinifera. Fitoterapia 79: 204-206. DOI: 10.101 6/j.fitote.2007.11.005.
Lachenmeier DW, Monakhova YB, Kuballa T, Löbell-Behrends S, Maixner S, Kohl-Himmel-seher M, Waldner A, Steffen C. 2012. NMR evaluation of total statin content and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition in red yeast rice (Monascus spp.) food supplements. Chin Med-Uk 7: 8. DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-7-8.
Liu J, Zhang J, Shi Y, Grimsgaard S, Alraek T, Fonnebo V. 2006. Chinese red yeast rice (Mo-nascus purpureus) for primary hyperlipidemia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial. Chin Med-Uk 1: 1-13. DOI: 10.1186/ 1749-8546-1-4.
Maiolino G, Rossitto G, Caielli P, Bisogni V, Rossi GP, and Calò LA. 2013. The role of oxidized low-density lipoproteins inatherosclerosis: The myths and the facts. review article. Mediat In-flamm 2013: 1-13 DOI: 10.1155/2013/714653.
Mei LX, Hai SX, Wen DZ, Ren SG. 2011. Advances on the pharmacological effects of red yeast rice. Chin J Nat Medicines 9: 161-166.
Moongngarm A, Daomukda N, Khumpika S. 2012. Chemical compositions, phytochemicals, and antioxidant capacity of rice bran, rice bran layer, and rice germ. APCBEE Proc 2: 73–79. DOI:
10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.06.014.
Okwuosa IS, Lewsey SC, Adesiyun T, Blumenthal RS, Yancy CW. 2016. Worldwide disparities in cardiovascular disease: Challenges. Int J Car-diol 202: 433-440. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015. 08.172.
Park HJ, Kim IS. 2011. Antioxidant activities and an-ticancer effects of red yeast rice grown in the medium containing garlic. Food Sci Biotechnol 20: 297-302. DOI: 10.1007/s10068-011-0042-5.
Peng LX, Zou L, Wang JB, Zhao JL, Xiang DB, Zhao G. 2015. Flavonoids, antioxidant activity and aroma compounds analysis from different kinds of tartary buckwheat tea. Indian J Pharm Sci 77: 661-667. DOI: 10.4103/0250-474X.174972.
Pichandi S, Pasupathi P, Raoc YY, Farook J, Ambika A, Ponnusha BS, Subramaniyam S, Virumandy R, Subramaniyam B. 2011. The role of statin drugs in combating cardiovascular di-seases. Int J Curr Sci Res 1: 47-56.
Razak DLA, Rashid NYA, Jamaluddin A, Sharifudin SA, Long K. 2014. Enhancement of phenolic acid content and antioxidant activity of rice bran fermented with rhizopus oligosporus and mo-nascus purpureus. Biocatal Agr Biotechnol 4: 33-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2014.11.003.
Salvamani S, Gunasekaran B, Shukor MY, Shaharuddin NA, Sabullah MK, Ahmad SA. 2016. Anti-HMG-CoA reductase, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of Amaranthus viridis leaf extract as a potential treatment for hypercholesterolemia. Evid-Based Compl Alt 2016: 1-10. DOI: 10.1155/2016/8090841.
Singh UN, Kumar S, Dhakal S. 2017. Study of oxida-tive stress in hypercholesterolemia. Int J Con-temp Med Res 4: 1204-1207.
Tananuwong K, Tewaruth W. 2010. Extraction and application of antioxidants from black glutinous rice. LWT-Food Sci Technol 43: 476-481. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2009.09.014.
Tursiman, Ardiningsih P, Nofiani R. 2012. Total fenol fraksi etil asetat dari buah asam kandis (Gar-cinia dioica Blime). J Kimia Khatulistiwa 1: 45-48.
Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J, 2007. Free radicals and antioxi-dants in normal physiological functions and hu-man disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 39: 44-84. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001.
Vongsak B, Sithisarna P, Mangmool S, Thong-praditchote S, Wongkrajang Y, Gritsanapan W. 2012. Maximizing total phenollics, total flavor-noids contents and antioxidant activity of mori-nga oleifera leaf extract by the appropriate ex-traction method. Ind Crop Prod 44: 566-571. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.09.021
Wahyuningrum I, Zubaidah E. 2016. Pengaruh ang-kak dengan penambahan bekatul terhadap pe-nurunan profil lipid tikus wistar jantan hiper-kolesterolemia. J Pangan Agroind 4: 127-136.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2015. Data Sta-tistik Kesehatan.
Yeap SK, Beh BK, Kong J, Ho WY, Yusof HY, Mohamad NE, Hussin A, Jaganath IB, Alitheen NB, Jamaluddin A. 2014. In vivo hypocholeste-rolemic effect of MARDI fermented red yeast rice water extract in high cholesterol diet fed mice. Evid-Based Compl Alt 2014: 1-7. DOI: 10. 1155/2014/707829.
Arab F, Alemzadeh I, Maghsoudi V. 2011. Determi-nation of antioxidant component and activity of rice bran extract. Sci Iran 18: 1402-1406. DOI: 10.1016/j.scient.2011.09.014.
Badgujar SB, Patel VV, Bandivdekar AH. 2014. Foe-niculum vulgare mill: A review of its botany phy-tochemistry, pharmacology, cotemporary appli-cation and toxicology. Biomed Res Int 2014: 1-32. DOI: 10.1155/2014/842674.
Baskaran G, Salvamani S, Ahmad SA, Shaharudin NA, Pattiram PD, Shukor MY. 2015. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity and phythochompo-nent investigation of basella alba leaf extract as a treatment for hypercholesterolemia. Drug Des Devel Ther 9: 509-517. DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S7 5056.
Benzie IFF, Strain JJ. 1996. The ferric reducing abili-ty of plasma as a measure of “antioxidant po-wer” the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem 239: 70-76. DOI: 10.1006/abio.1996.0292.
Chan KW, Khong NMH, Iqbal S, Ismail M. 2013. Iso-lation and antioxidative properties of phenolics-saponins rich fraction from defatted rice bran. J Cereal Sci 57: 480-485. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.20 13.02.002.
Chobot V, Hadacek F, Bachmann G, Weckwerth W, Kubicova L. 2016. Pro and antioxidant activity of three selected flavan type flavonoids: cathe-cin, eriodictyol, and taxifolin. Int J Mol Sci 17: 1-9. DOI: 10.3390/ijms17121986.
Cicero AFG, Derosa G. 2005. Rice bran and its mian component: Potential role in the management of coronary risk factors. Curr Top Nutraceut R 3: 29-46.
Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZE, Juraimi AS, Tayebi-Meigooni A. 2015. Comparative evaluation of different extraction techniques and solvents for the assay of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of hashemi rice bran. Molecules 20: 10822-10838. DOI: 10.3390/molecules2006108 22.
Gholamhoseinian A, Shahouzehi B, Sharifi-Far F. 2010. Inhibitory activity of some plant methanol extracts on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coen-zyme a reductase. Int J Pharmacol 6: 705-711. DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2010.705.711.
Goufo P, Trindade H. 2014. Rice antioxidants: phe-nolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proantho-cyanidins, tocopherols, tocotrienols, γ-oryzanol, and phytic acid. Food Sci Nutr 2: 75-104. DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.86.
Hasanah Q, Hasim, Faridah DN, Andrianto D. 2016. Inhibition activity of HMG-CoA reductase by rice brain extract and its fraction as anticholesterole-mia In vitro study. Der Pharma Chemica 8: 1-5.
Hasim, Andrianto D, Satyaningtijas AS, Rosary F. 2015. Combination of angkak (Red yeast rice), red guava (Psidium guajava Linn) leaf extract and red guava fruit juice increase thrombocyte in quinine-exposed rats. IOSR J Pharm 5: 1-6.
Iqbal D, Khan MS, Khan A, Khan MS, Ahmad S, Srivastava AK, Bagga P. 2014. In vitro screen-ing for β-hydroxy-β-methulglutaryl-CoA reduc-tase inhibitory and antioxidant activity of se-quentially extracted fractions of ficus palmata forsk. Biomed Res Int 2014: 1-10. DOI: 10.115 5/2014/762620.
Ismail AI, Hasim, Falah S, Faridah DN. 2016. α-Glucosidase inhibition by red yeast rice extract and fractions as in vitro antidiabetes. Der Phar-ma Chemica 8: 46-49.
Kasim E, Kurniawati Y, Nurhidayat N. 2006. Peman-faatan isolat lokal Monascus purpureus untuk menurunkan kolesterol darah pada tikus putih galur sprague dawley. Biodiversitas 7: 123-126. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d070206.
Kasim E, Triana E, Yulinery T, Nurhidayat N. 2012. Pengaruh angkak hasil fermentasi oleh mona-scus purpureus JMBa terhadap aktivitas anti-oksidan dan gluthation perosidase (GPx) serta histopatologi hati tikus galur sprague dawley. Berita Biologi 11: 177-185.
Kawuri R. 2013. Red mold rice (angkak) sebagai makanan terfermentasi dari China: Suatu kaji-an pustaka. J Biologi Udayana 17: 24-28.
Kim SM, Lim ST. 2016. Enhanced antioxidant acti-vity of rice bran extract by carbohydrase treat-ment. J Cereal Sci 68: 116-121. DOI: 10.101 6/j.jcs.2016.01.006.
Koo M, Kim SH, Lee N, Yoo MY, Ryu SY, Kwon DY, Kim YS. 2008. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitory effect of Vitis vinifera. Fitoterapia 79: 204-206. DOI: 10.101 6/j.fitote.2007.11.005.
Lachenmeier DW, Monakhova YB, Kuballa T, Löbell-Behrends S, Maixner S, Kohl-Himmel-seher M, Waldner A, Steffen C. 2012. NMR evaluation of total statin content and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition in red yeast rice (Monascus spp.) food supplements. Chin Med-Uk 7: 8. DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-7-8.
Liu J, Zhang J, Shi Y, Grimsgaard S, Alraek T, Fonnebo V. 2006. Chinese red yeast rice (Mo-nascus purpureus) for primary hyperlipidemia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial. Chin Med-Uk 1: 1-13. DOI: 10.1186/ 1749-8546-1-4.
Maiolino G, Rossitto G, Caielli P, Bisogni V, Rossi GP, and Calò LA. 2013. The role of oxidized low-density lipoproteins inatherosclerosis: The myths and the facts. review article. Mediat In-flamm 2013: 1-13 DOI: 10.1155/2013/714653.
Mei LX, Hai SX, Wen DZ, Ren SG. 2011. Advances on the pharmacological effects of red yeast rice. Chin J Nat Medicines 9: 161-166.
Moongngarm A, Daomukda N, Khumpika S. 2012. Chemical compositions, phytochemicals, and antioxidant capacity of rice bran, rice bran layer, and rice germ. APCBEE Proc 2: 73–79. DOI:
10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.06.014.
Okwuosa IS, Lewsey SC, Adesiyun T, Blumenthal RS, Yancy CW. 2016. Worldwide disparities in cardiovascular disease: Challenges. Int J Car-diol 202: 433-440. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015. 08.172.
Park HJ, Kim IS. 2011. Antioxidant activities and an-ticancer effects of red yeast rice grown in the medium containing garlic. Food Sci Biotechnol 20: 297-302. DOI: 10.1007/s10068-011-0042-5.
Peng LX, Zou L, Wang JB, Zhao JL, Xiang DB, Zhao G. 2015. Flavonoids, antioxidant activity and aroma compounds analysis from different kinds of tartary buckwheat tea. Indian J Pharm Sci 77: 661-667. DOI: 10.4103/0250-474X.174972.
Pichandi S, Pasupathi P, Raoc YY, Farook J, Ambika A, Ponnusha BS, Subramaniyam S, Virumandy R, Subramaniyam B. 2011. The role of statin drugs in combating cardiovascular di-seases. Int J Curr Sci Res 1: 47-56.
Razak DLA, Rashid NYA, Jamaluddin A, Sharifudin SA, Long K. 2014. Enhancement of phenolic acid content and antioxidant activity of rice bran fermented with rhizopus oligosporus and mo-nascus purpureus. Biocatal Agr Biotechnol 4: 33-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2014.11.003.
Salvamani S, Gunasekaran B, Shukor MY, Shaharuddin NA, Sabullah MK, Ahmad SA. 2016. Anti-HMG-CoA reductase, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of Amaranthus viridis leaf extract as a potential treatment for hypercholesterolemia. Evid-Based Compl Alt 2016: 1-10. DOI: 10.1155/2016/8090841.
Singh UN, Kumar S, Dhakal S. 2017. Study of oxida-tive stress in hypercholesterolemia. Int J Con-temp Med Res 4: 1204-1207.
Tananuwong K, Tewaruth W. 2010. Extraction and application of antioxidants from black glutinous rice. LWT-Food Sci Technol 43: 476-481. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2009.09.014.
Tursiman, Ardiningsih P, Nofiani R. 2012. Total fenol fraksi etil asetat dari buah asam kandis (Gar-cinia dioica Blime). J Kimia Khatulistiwa 1: 45-48.
Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J, 2007. Free radicals and antioxi-dants in normal physiological functions and hu-man disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 39: 44-84. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001.
Vongsak B, Sithisarna P, Mangmool S, Thong-praditchote S, Wongkrajang Y, Gritsanapan W. 2012. Maximizing total phenollics, total flavor-noids contents and antioxidant activity of mori-nga oleifera leaf extract by the appropriate ex-traction method. Ind Crop Prod 44: 566-571. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.09.021
Wahyuningrum I, Zubaidah E. 2016. Pengaruh ang-kak dengan penambahan bekatul terhadap pe-nurunan profil lipid tikus wistar jantan hiper-kolesterolemia. J Pangan Agroind 4: 127-136.
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2015. Data Sta-tistik Kesehatan.
Yeap SK, Beh BK, Kong J, Ho WY, Yusof HY, Mohamad NE, Hussin A, Jaganath IB, Alitheen NB, Jamaluddin A. 2014. In vivo hypocholeste-rolemic effect of MARDI fermented red yeast rice water extract in high cholesterol diet fed mice. Evid-Based Compl Alt 2014: 1-7. DOI: 10. 1155/2014/707829.
Authors
-H., HasanahQ., AndriantoD., & Nur FaridahD. (2018). AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN ANTIHIPERKOLESTEROLEMIA IN VITRO DARI CAMPURAN EKSTRAK ANGKAK DAN BEKATUL. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Industri Pangan, 29(2), 145-154. https://doi.org/10.6066/jtip.2018.29.2.145
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