THE MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LEATHER TANNED BY VEGETABLE TANNIN: A META-ANALYSIS STUDY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24961/j.tek.ind.pert.2025.35.3.271Abstract
Vegetable tanning is a promising technique to cut down on or get rid of chromium in traditional leather processing. It has already been used with a wide range of plant-based tannins. Even with this advancement, there aren't many systematic comparisons of how different vegetable tannins affect the quality of leather. This study performed a meta-analysis to assess the impact of vegetable tanning on essential physical and mechanical qualities of leather, utilizing data from thirteen peer-reviewed publications to fill this gap. Hedges' d was used to figure the effect sizes, and a random-effects model was used to put together results from several trials. Funnel plots were utilized to investigate potential publication bias. The meta-analysis showed that there were no big changes in shrinkage temperature, tensile strength, rip strength, or elongation at break (p > 0.05). However, certain plant sources were identified as significant contributors to the physical and mechanical properties of the resultant leather. On the other hand, the type of skin or the animal species did not have a big effect on the qualities of the leather. In general, the results reveal that the exact combination of tannins in the plant materials used for vegetable tanning has the largest effect on how leather works.
Keywords: meta-analysis, sustainability, tanning, vegetable tannin
References
Anggriyani E, Rachmawati L, Adetya NP. 2021. The use of non-chrome mineral tanning materials as a preferable environmentally friendly tanning material. Revista De Pielărie – Încălţăminte. 21(3): 173–182. doi: 10.24264/lfj.21.3.4.
Ashraf A, Bibi I, Niazi NK, Ok YS, Murtaza G, Shahdid M, Shahdid M, Kunhikrishnan A, Li D, Mahmood T. 2017. Chromium (VI) sorption efficiency of acid–activated banana peel over organo–montmorillonite in aqueous solution. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 19(7): 605–613.
Badea, E., Şendrea, C., Carşote, C., Adams, A., Blümich, B. & Iovu, H., 2016. Unilateral NMR and thermal microscopy studies of vegetable tanned leather exposed to dehydrothermal treatment and light irradiation. Microchemical Journal, 129, pp.158–165.
Badessa TS, Hailemariam MT, Ahmed SM. 2022. Greener approach for goat skin tanning. Cogent Engineering. 9: 2–17.
Bhargavi N, Jayakumar G, Sreeram K, Rao J, Nair B. 2015. Towards sustainable leather production: vegetable tanning in non–aqueous medium. Journal of American Leather Chemists Association, 110(4), pp.97–102.
Bharudin MA, Zakarian S, Chia CH. 2013. Condensed tannins from Acacia mangium bark: characterization by spot tests and FTIR. AIP Conference Proceedings. 153: 153–157.
Carsote C, Badea E, Miu L, Gatta GD. 2016. Study of the effect of tannins and animal species on the thermal stability of vegetable leather by differential scanning calorimetry. Journal of Thermal Analysis Calorimetry. 124: 1255–1266.
Cheng HM, Chen M, Li ZQ. 2014. The role of neutral salt for the hydrolysis and hierarchical structure of hide fiber in pickling. Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association. 109: 125–130.
Chiampo F, Shanthakumar S, Ricky R, Ganapathy GP. 2023. Tannery: Environmental impacts and sustainable technologies. Materials Today: Proceedings. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.02.025.
Chowdhury M, Mostafa M, Biswas T, Saha A. 2013. Treatment of leather industrial effluents by filtration and coagulation processes. Water Resources and Industry. 3:11–22.
Costa M, Klein CB. 2006. Toxicity and carcinogenicity of chromium compounds in humans. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 36(2):155–163.
Covington A, Wise W. 2019. Tanning Chemistry: the science of leather, 2nd ed. RSC Publishing.
Dellman HD, Brown EN. 1992. Textbook of Veterinary Histology, 3rd ed. Lea & Febiger.
DerSimonian R, Laird N. 1986. Meta–analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials. 7(3):177–188.
Dube JS, Reed JD, Ndlovu LR. 2001. Proanthocyanidins and other phenolics in Acacia leaves of Southern Africa. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 91(1-2):59–67.
Duki A, Antunes APM, Covington AD, Guthrie-Strachan J. 2013. The stability of metal-tanned and semi-metal tanned collagen. XXXII Congress of IULTCS.
El Sissi HI, El Sherbeiny AEA. 1967. Local plants as potential sources of tannins in Egypt: part III. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 14:28–36.
Palumbo G, De Clemente IM. 2020. Circular economy and sustainability of the tanning industry. Scholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management. 7(12): 443–450.
IARC. 1987. Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC Monographs, Vol. 1. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry. 2014. Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia No. 5 Year 2014: Wastewater Quality Standard. Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
John G. 1997. Possible Defects in Leather Production. Druk Partners Rubeimann.
Kasmudjiastuti E. Murti RS. 2019. The effect of level concentration Ceriops tagal on leather tanning of barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fish skin on chemical, mechanical, and leather morphology properties. IOP Conference Series: Material Science and Engineering, 536.
Kholifah N, Darmanto YS, Wijayanti I. 2014. The difference concentration of mimosa in tanning process on physical and chemical quality of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) leather. Jurnal Pengolahan dan Bioteknologi Hasil Perikanan. 3(4): 113–118.
Kuria A, Ombui J, Onyuka A, Sasia A, Kipyegon C, Kaimenyi P, Ngugi A. 2016. Quality evaluation of leathers produced by selected vegetable tanning materials from Laikipia county, Kenya. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. 9(4): 13–17.
Li Y, Zhang C, Luo F, Peng B. 2018. A new approach for quantitative characterization of hydrolytic action of proteases to elastin in leather manufacturing. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 102(24): 10485–10494.
Liu CK, Latona NP, Taylor MM, Latona RJ. 2013. Effects of bating, pickling and crosslinking treatments on the characteristics of fibrous networks from un-tanned hides. Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association. 108: 79–85.
Mahdi A, Palmina K, Glavtch I. 2006. Characterization of Acacia nilotica as an indigenous tanning material of Sudan. Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 18(3): 181–187.
Malan E. 1991. Derivatives of (+)-catechin-5-gallate from the bark of Acacia nilotica. Photochemistry. 6(2): 472–486.
Midha V, Dey A. 2008. Biological treatment of tannery wastewater for sulfide removal. International Journal Chemical Science. 6(2): 472–486.
Missio AL, Tischer B, Santos PSD, Codevilla C, De Menezes CR, Barin JS, Haselein CR, Labidi J, Gatto DA, Petutschnigg A, Tondi G. 2017. Analytical characterization of purified mimosa (Acacia mearnsii) industrial tannin extract: Single and sequential fractionation. Separation and Purification Technology. 186: 218–225. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.06.010.
Mohammed SA, Naisini A, Madhan B, Demessie BA. 2020. Rumex abyssinicus (mekmeko): a newer alternative for leather manufacture. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy. 39(6): e13453.
Moursi AIN. 2011. Using some plants and their crude extracts in leather tanning. Doctoral Thesis, Alexandria University. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18638.25922.
Mustafa MA, Noyon MAR, Uddin ME, Islam R. 2024. Sustainable leather tanning with Pontederia crassipes tannin: A promising eco-friendly alternative. Cleaner Engineering and Technology. 18: 100717. doi: 10.1016/j.clet.2023.100717.
Nalyanya KM, Rop RK, Onyuka A, Birech Z, Sasia A. 2018. Effect of crusting operations on the physical properties of leather. Leather and Footwear Journal. 18(4): 283–294.
Nasr AI, Abdelsalam MM, Azzam AH. 2017. Comparison leather properties of Barki and Abu–Dleek sheeps. Egyptian Journal and Feeds. 20(1): 41–46.
Nasr AI, Mueller H, Abdelsalam MM, Azzam AH, Jungandreas C, Poppitz W. 2017. Evaluation of potential application for sunt pod extracts (Acacia nilotica) in leather tanning. Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association. 112(1): 23–32.
Nugraha AW, Suparno O, Indrasti I. 2013. Effect of tanning materials derived from mangrove plants (Rhizophora stylosa) on the leather characteristics. Leather and Footwear Journal. 13(1): 33–39.
O’Mahony A, Kearney C. 2020. Introduction to tanning technologies. In: Leather Tanning, Elsevier.
Saha D, Saha SK, Dey A. 2021. A sustainable approach to tannin extraction from Acacia catechu for eco-friendly leather production. Journal of Industrial Chemistry. 45(8): 33–41.
Sen S. 2022. Vegetable Tanning Agents in Leather Industry. Elsevier.
Ashraf A, Bibi I, Niazi NK, Ok YS, Murtaza G, Shahdid M, Shahdid M, Kunhikrishnan A, Li D, Mahmood T. 2017. Chromium (VI) sorption efficiency of acid–activated banana peel over organo–montmorillonite in aqueous solution. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 19(7): 605–613.
Badea, E., Şendrea, C., Carşote, C., Adams, A., Blümich, B. & Iovu, H., 2016. Unilateral NMR and thermal microscopy studies of vegetable tanned leather exposed to dehydrothermal treatment and light irradiation. Microchemical Journal, 129, pp.158–165.
Badessa TS, Hailemariam MT, Ahmed SM. 2022. Greener approach for goat skin tanning. Cogent Engineering. 9: 2–17.
Bhargavi N, Jayakumar G, Sreeram K, Rao J, Nair B. 2015. Towards sustainable leather production: vegetable tanning in non–aqueous medium. Journal of American Leather Chemists Association, 110(4), pp.97–102.
Bharudin MA, Zakarian S, Chia CH. 2013. Condensed tannins from Acacia mangium bark: characterization by spot tests and FTIR. AIP Conference Proceedings. 153: 153–157.
Carsote C, Badea E, Miu L, Gatta GD. 2016. Study of the effect of tannins and animal species on the thermal stability of vegetable leather by differential scanning calorimetry. Journal of Thermal Analysis Calorimetry. 124: 1255–1266.
Cheng HM, Chen M, Li ZQ. 2014. The role of neutral salt for the hydrolysis and hierarchical structure of hide fiber in pickling. Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association. 109: 125–130.
Chiampo F, Shanthakumar S, Ricky R, Ganapathy GP. 2023. Tannery: Environmental impacts and sustainable technologies. Materials Today: Proceedings. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.02.025.
Chowdhury M, Mostafa M, Biswas T, Saha A. 2013. Treatment of leather industrial effluents by filtration and coagulation processes. Water Resources and Industry. 3:11–22.
Costa M, Klein CB. 2006. Toxicity and carcinogenicity of chromium compounds in humans. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 36(2):155–163.
Covington A, Wise W. 2019. Tanning Chemistry: the science of leather, 2nd ed. RSC Publishing.
Dellman HD, Brown EN. 1992. Textbook of Veterinary Histology, 3rd ed. Lea & Febiger.
DerSimonian R, Laird N. 1986. Meta–analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials. 7(3):177–188.
Dube JS, Reed JD, Ndlovu LR. 2001. Proanthocyanidins and other phenolics in Acacia leaves of Southern Africa. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 91(1-2):59–67.
Duki A, Antunes APM, Covington AD, Guthrie-Strachan J. 2013. The stability of metal-tanned and semi-metal tanned collagen. XXXII Congress of IULTCS.
El Sissi HI, El Sherbeiny AEA. 1967. Local plants as potential sources of tannins in Egypt: part III. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 14:28–36.
Palumbo G, De Clemente IM. 2020. Circular economy and sustainability of the tanning industry. Scholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management. 7(12): 443–450.
IARC. 1987. Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC Monographs, Vol. 1. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry. 2014. Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia No. 5 Year 2014: Wastewater Quality Standard. Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
John G. 1997. Possible Defects in Leather Production. Druk Partners Rubeimann.
Kasmudjiastuti E. Murti RS. 2019. The effect of level concentration Ceriops tagal on leather tanning of barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fish skin on chemical, mechanical, and leather morphology properties. IOP Conference Series: Material Science and Engineering, 536.
Kholifah N, Darmanto YS, Wijayanti I. 2014. The difference concentration of mimosa in tanning process on physical and chemical quality of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) leather. Jurnal Pengolahan dan Bioteknologi Hasil Perikanan. 3(4): 113–118.
Kuria A, Ombui J, Onyuka A, Sasia A, Kipyegon C, Kaimenyi P, Ngugi A. 2016. Quality evaluation of leathers produced by selected vegetable tanning materials from Laikipia county, Kenya. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. 9(4): 13–17.
Li Y, Zhang C, Luo F, Peng B. 2018. A new approach for quantitative characterization of hydrolytic action of proteases to elastin in leather manufacturing. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 102(24): 10485–10494.
Liu CK, Latona NP, Taylor MM, Latona RJ. 2013. Effects of bating, pickling and crosslinking treatments on the characteristics of fibrous networks from un-tanned hides. Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association. 108: 79–85.
Mahdi A, Palmina K, Glavtch I. 2006. Characterization of Acacia nilotica as an indigenous tanning material of Sudan. Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 18(3): 181–187.
Malan E. 1991. Derivatives of (+)-catechin-5-gallate from the bark of Acacia nilotica. Photochemistry. 6(2): 472–486.
Midha V, Dey A. 2008. Biological treatment of tannery wastewater for sulfide removal. International Journal Chemical Science. 6(2): 472–486.
Missio AL, Tischer B, Santos PSD, Codevilla C, De Menezes CR, Barin JS, Haselein CR, Labidi J, Gatto DA, Petutschnigg A, Tondi G. 2017. Analytical characterization of purified mimosa (Acacia mearnsii) industrial tannin extract: Single and sequential fractionation. Separation and Purification Technology. 186: 218–225. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.06.010.
Mohammed SA, Naisini A, Madhan B, Demessie BA. 2020. Rumex abyssinicus (mekmeko): a newer alternative for leather manufacture. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy. 39(6): e13453.
Moursi AIN. 2011. Using some plants and their crude extracts in leather tanning. Doctoral Thesis, Alexandria University. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18638.25922.
Mustafa MA, Noyon MAR, Uddin ME, Islam R. 2024. Sustainable leather tanning with Pontederia crassipes tannin: A promising eco-friendly alternative. Cleaner Engineering and Technology. 18: 100717. doi: 10.1016/j.clet.2023.100717.
Nalyanya KM, Rop RK, Onyuka A, Birech Z, Sasia A. 2018. Effect of crusting operations on the physical properties of leather. Leather and Footwear Journal. 18(4): 283–294.
Nasr AI, Abdelsalam MM, Azzam AH. 2017. Comparison leather properties of Barki and Abu–Dleek sheeps. Egyptian Journal and Feeds. 20(1): 41–46.
Nasr AI, Mueller H, Abdelsalam MM, Azzam AH, Jungandreas C, Poppitz W. 2017. Evaluation of potential application for sunt pod extracts (Acacia nilotica) in leather tanning. Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association. 112(1): 23–32.
Nugraha AW, Suparno O, Indrasti I. 2013. Effect of tanning materials derived from mangrove plants (Rhizophora stylosa) on the leather characteristics. Leather and Footwear Journal. 13(1): 33–39.
O’Mahony A, Kearney C. 2020. Introduction to tanning technologies. In: Leather Tanning, Elsevier.
Saha D, Saha SK, Dey A. 2021. A sustainable approach to tannin extraction from Acacia catechu for eco-friendly leather production. Journal of Industrial Chemistry. 45(8): 33–41.
Sen S. 2022. Vegetable Tanning Agents in Leather Industry. Elsevier.
Downloads
Published
2025-12-30
Issue
Section
Articles
How to Cite
THE MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LEATHER TANNED BY VEGETABLE TANNIN: A META-ANALYSIS STUDY. (2025). Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian, 35(3), 271-285. https://doi.org/10.24961/j.tek.ind.pert.2025.35.3.271
_page-00013.jpg)
_(1).png){kind=logo}
