Determinants of Zinc (Zn) Bioavailability in Rice (Oryza sativa): A Systematic Literature Review
Abstract
This study systematically reviews the determinants of Zinc (Zn) bioavailability in rice (Oryza sativa) and evaluates strategies to improve its nutritional contribution. A PRISMA-based systematic literature review was conducted using Scopus, PubMed, SINTA, and Garuda databases. From 768 identified publications, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Quantitative evidence from the reviewed studies shows that disrupting phytic acid via genetic mutation increases Zn bioavailability by 1.8- to 2.2-fold, while reducing phytate by >50% through milling or cooking linearly enhances free Zn release by 15–25%. Biofortification strategies could increase Zn content, but their nutritional impact depended on simultaneous reduction of antinutritional factors. Overall, improving Zn bioavailability in rice requires an integrated approach involving genetic improvement, optimized processing techniques, and agronomic strategies to enhance the nutritional quality of rice-based diets.
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