Growth Performance and Pork Quality of Finishing Pigs Fed Diet Supplemented with Sacha Inchi Oil and Herbal Plants
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary soybean oil (SO) substitution with Sacha inchi oil (SIO) supplemented with herbal plants (HP, Bidens pilosa, Angelica sinensis, and Ramulus cinnamomi) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and pork quality parameters. A total of 144 Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire) crossbred pigs (63.1 ± 0.4 kg) were randomly allocated to one of the three dietary treatments: a basal diet containing 2% SO without HP (CONT), a basal diet containing 1% SO, 1% SIO and 1% HP (TRT1), and a basal diet containing 2% SIO and 1% HP (TRT2). Each treatment includes 4 replicate pens containing 12 pigs, balanced by sex and body weight. The experiment lasted for 70 days. The results show no effects of the dietary treatments on average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed efficiency. Likewise, there were no differences in carcass moisture losses, lean percentage, pH, and colors between the dietary treatments. The pigs fed the SIO diets with HP had lower backfat thickness (p=0.02) than their counterparts fed the SO diet. In pork, a significant decrease in lipid and cholesterol, and an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially omega-3 and omega-6, were found (p<0.01) in the SIO groups when compared to the control one. The PUFA percentage increased linearly with the levels of SIO. In conclusion, replacing SO with SIO associated with HP did not affect animal performance but produced a leaner carcass and upgraded pork quality.
References
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Cárdenas, D. M., L. J. G. Rave, & J. A. Soto. 2021. Biological activity of Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis linneo) and potential uses in human health: A review. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 59:253–266. https://doi.org/10.17113/ftb.59.03.21.6683
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Chirinos, R., R. Pedreschi, G. Domínguez, & D. Campos. 2015. Comparison of the physico-chemical and phytochemical characteristics of the oil of two Plukenetia species. Food Chem. 173:1203–1206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.120
Choi, J. S., H. J. Lee, S. K. Jin, Y. I. Choi, & J. J. Lee. 2014. Comparison of carcass characteristics and meat quality between Duroc and crossbred pigs. Korean J. Food Sci. Anim. Resour. 34:238–244. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.2.238
Ciftci, M., U. G. Simsek, A. Yuce, O. Yilmaz, & B. Dalkilic. 2010. Effects of dietary antibiotic and cinnamon oil supplementation on antioxidant enzyme activities, cholesterol levels and fatty acid compositions of serum and meat in broiler chickens. Acta Vet. Brno. 79:33–40. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201079010033
Corino, C., R. Rossi, S. Cannata, & S. Ratti. 2014. Effect of dietary linseed on the nutritional value and quality of pork and pork products: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Meat Sci. 98:679–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.06.041
Derewiaka, D. & M. Obiedziński. 2010. Cholesterol oxides content in selected animal products determined by GC-MS. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 112:1130–1137. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200900238
Dinh, T. C., T. N. T. Phuong, V. T. M. Thuc, N. D. Bac, N. V. Tien, P. L. Show, Y. Tao, V. T. N. Ngoc, N. T. B. Ngoc, & A. Jurgoński. 2019. The effects of green tea on lipid metabolism and its potential applications for obesity and related metabolic disorders-an existing update. Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research Reviews 13:1667–1673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2019.03.021
Falowo, A. B., F. E. Mukumbo, & V. Muchenje. 2019. Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Artemisia afra and Bidens pilosa essential oil in ground pork. Journal Essential Oil Bearing Plants 22:176–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2019.1574212
Fanali, C., L. Dugo, F. Cacciola, M. Beccaria, S. Grasso, M. Dachà, P. Dugo, & L. Mondello. 2011. Chemical characterization of sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) oil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59:13043–13049. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf203184y
González, J. & J. Ly. 2001. Nutritional effects of Bidens pilosa L. in growing pigs. Rev. Comput. Prod. Porc. Cuba. 8:20-29.
Gorriti, A., J. Arroyo, F. Quispe, B. Cisneros, M. Condorhuamán, Y. Almora, & V. Chumpitaz. 2010. Oral toxicity at 60-days of Sacha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) and linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), and determination of lethal dose 50 in rodents. Rev. Peru. Med. Exp. Salud Publica. 27:352–360. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1726-46342010000300007
Hanczakowska, E., M. Świątkiewicz, & E. R. Grela. 2015. Effect of dietary inclusion of a herbal extract mixture and different oils on pig performance and meat quality. Meat Sci. 108:61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.05.020
Hou, C., M. Yin, P. Lan, H. Wang, H. Nie, & X. Ji. 2021. Recent progress in the research of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels polysaccharides: Extraction, purification, structure and bioactivities. Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric. 8:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-021-00214-x
Huang, C., L. I. Chiba, W. E. Magee, Y. Wang, S. P. Rodning, C. L. Bratcher, W. G. Bergen, & E. A. Spangler. 2020. Effect of flaxseed oil, poultry fat, and vitamin E supplementation on physical and organoleptic characteristics and fatty acid profile of pork, and expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism. Livest. Sci. 231:103849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103849
Kalakuntla, S., N. K. Nagiredy, A. K. Panda, N. Jatoth, R. Thirunahari, & R. R. Vangoor. 2017. Effect of dietary incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids rich oil sources on fatty acid profile, keeping quality and sensory attributes of broiler chicken meat. Anim. Nutr. 3:386–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2017.08.001
Kishawy, A. T., S. A. Amer, M. E. Abd El-Hack, I. M. Saadeldin, & A. A. Swelum. 2019. The impact of dietary linseed oil and pomegranate peel extract on broiler growth, carcass traits, serum lipid profile, and meat fatty acid, phenol, and flavonoid contents. Asian-australas. J. Anim. Sci. 32:1161–1171. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0522
Leikus, R., V. Juskiene, R. Juska, R. Juodka, D. Stankeviciene, R. Nainiene, & A. Siukscius. 2018. Effect of linseed oil sediment in the diet of pigs on the growth performance and fatty acid profile of meat. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 47: e20170104. https://doi.org/10.1590/rbz4720170104
Li, X. T., B. Wang, J. L. Li, R. Yang, S. C. Li, M. Zhang, W. Huang, & L. Cao. 2013. Effects of Dangguibuxue Tang, a Chinese herbal medicine, on growth performance and immune responses in broiler chicks. Biol. Res. 46:183–188. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-97602013000200010
Lillehoj, H., Y. Liu, S. Calsamiglia, M. E. Fernandez-Miyakawa, F. Chi, R. L. Cravens, S. Oh, & C. G. Gay. 2018. Phytochemicals as antibiotic alternatives to promote growth and enhance host health. Vet. Res. 49:76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-018-0562-6
Lima, B. T. M., N. S. Takahashi, Y. A. Tabata, R. S. Hattori, C. S. Ribeiro, & R. G. Moreira. 2019. Balanced omega-3 and -6 vegetable oil of Amazonian Sacha inchi act as LC-PUFA precursors in rainbow trout juveniles: Effects on growth and fatty acid biosynthesis. Aquaculture 509:236–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.05.004
Luo, Q., N. Li, Z. Zheng, L. Chen, S. Mu, L. Chen, Z. Liu, J. Yan, & C. Sun. 2020. Dietary cinnamaldehyde supplementation improves the growth performance, oxidative stability, immune function, and meat quality in finishing pigs. Livest. Sci. 240:104221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104221
Ma, X., Z. Jiang, & C. Lai. 2016. Significance of increasing n-3 PUFA content in pork on human health. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 56:858–870. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2013.850059
MARD. 2019. Decision No. 204/QD-BNN-TT dated January 14, 2019 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development on Special Recognition of New Medicinal Plant. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Vietnam.
Mirshekar, R., F. Boldaji, B. Dastar, & A. Yamchi. 2014. Effect of substituting soybean oil with flaxseed oil for different durations on broiler performance, carcass composition and n-3 enrichment of chicken breast and thigh. Anim. Prod. Res. 3:21-31.
Mirshekar, R., F. Boldaji, B. Dastar, A. Yamchi, & S. Pashaei. 2015. Longer consumption of flaxseed oil enhances n-3 fatty acid content of chicken meat and expression of FADS2 gene. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 117:810–819. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201300500
Nájera, P. R. A., H. I. V. Lara, S. E. L. Sampedro, & H. Patricio. 2018. Evaluation of three levels of Sacha inchi oil (plukenetia volubilis) in broilers chicken diet. Rev. caribeña Cienc. Soc. 1–24.
Nguyen, D. V., B. S. Malau-Aduli, J. Cavalieri, P. D. Nichols, & A. E. Malau-Aduli. 2018. Supplementation with plant-derived oils rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for lamb production. Vet. Anim. Sci. 6:29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2018.08.001
Normén, L., L. Ellegard, H. Brants, P. Dutta, & H. Andersson. 2007. A phytosterol database: Fatty foods consumed in Sweden and the Netherlands. J. Food Compost. Anal. 20:193–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2006.06.002
NRC. 2012. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA.
Oanh, N. C., Bernard, P. K. Dang, D. D. Luc, M. Nassim, N. T. Huyen, N. H. Thinh, D. Georges, J. Bindelle, V. D. Ton, & J. L. Hornick. 2019. Growth performance, carcass quality characteristics and colonic microbiota profiles in finishing pigs fed diets with different inclusion levels of rice distillers’ by-product. Anim. Sci. J. 90:948–960. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.13229
Oanh, N. C., N. T. Huyen, P. K. Dang, V. D. Ton, & J. L. Hornick. 2021. Growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality and composition in pigs fed diets supplemented with medicinal plants (Bidens pilosa L., Urena lobata L. and Ramulus cinnamomi) powder. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 30:350–359. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/143106/2021
Oanh, N. C., N. V. Don, P. K. Dang, & J. L. Hornick. 2022. Effects of dietary Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) oil and medicinal plant powder supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits, and breast meat quality of colored broiler chickens raised in Vietnam. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 54:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02994-8
Ordoñez, G. M., G. S. Pereyra, Z. L. Gallardo, & B. L. Cortéz. 2019. Effect of dietary Sacha inchi pressed cake as a protein source on guinea pig carcass yield and meat quality. Pak. J. Nutr. 18:1021–1027. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2019.1021.1027
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Authors
OanhN. C., ThuC. T. T., DonN. V., & HornickJ. L. (2023). Growth Performance and Pork Quality of Finishing Pigs Fed Diet Supplemented with Sacha Inchi Oil and Herbal Plants. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 46(4), 471-477. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2023.46.4.471
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