The estimation of mammal species loss and gain from shrubs to oil palm plantations in South Sumatera
Abstract
Several previous studies stated that land cover changes to oil palm plantations caused the loss of wildlife species, one of which was from the mammals. Therefore, data on the magnitude of this type of loss is needed. This study estimates the amount of loss and gain of mammal species due to the development of oil palm plantations. Data were taken by direct observation (strip transect method) in parallel at the oil palm plantation of PT. Rambang Agro Jaya, South Sumatra. This research was conducted on the land cover before (shrubs) and after the development of oil palm plantations. The study shows that the change from shrubs to oil palm plantations does not change the number of mammal species but increases the species richness index and decreases the species richness index. The similarity index of shrubs and oil palm plantation is 0.56. The development of oil palm plantations also causes the loss and gain of mammal species with the same percentage of 67%. The presence of mammals in oil palm plantation is thought to be due to the feed availability.
References
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Gray TNE, Phan C. 2011. Habitat preferences and activity patterns of the larger mammal community in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia. Raffles Bull Zool. 59(2):311–318.
Hayward MW, Slotow R. 2009. Temporal partitioning of activity in large african carnivores: Tests of multiple hypotheses. African J Wildl Res. 39(2):109–125. doi:10.3957/056.039.0207.
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Hon N, Phearoom N, Vengsong K, Vichet C. 2010. Food And Habitat Of Asian Small-Clawed Otters In Northeastern Cambodia.
Hood ASC, Aryawan AAK, Advento AD, Purnomo D, Wahyuningsih R, Luke SH, Ps S, Snaddon JL, Foster WA, Caliman JP, et al. 2019. Understory Vegetation in Oil Palm Plantations Promotes Leopard Cat Activity, but Does Not Affect Rats or Rat Damage. Front For Glob Chang. 2(September):1–12. doi:10.3389/ffgc.2019.00051.
Ikhsan M, Priyambodo S, Nurmansyah A, Hendarjanti H, Sahari B. 2020. Species diversity, abundance and damaged caused by rats in oil palm plantation in west and central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 21(12):5632–5639. doi:10.13057/biodiv/d211208.
Jennings AP, Naim M, Advento AD, Aryawan AAK, Ps S, Caliman JP, Verwilghen A, Veron G. 2015. Diversity and occupancy of small carnivores within oil palm plantations in central Sumatra, Indonesia. Mammal Res. 60(2):181–188. doi:10.1007/s13364-015-0217-1.
Knowlton JL, Mata Zayas EE, Ripley AJ, Valenzuela-Cordova B, Collado-Torres R. 2019. Mammal Diversity in Oil Palm Plantations and Forest Fragments in a Highly Modified Landscape in Southern Mexico. Front For Glob Chang. 2(November). doi:10.3389/ffgc.2019.00067.
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Kwatrina RT, Santosa Y, Bismark M, Santoso N. 2018. The impacts of oil palm plantation establishment on the habitat type, species diversity, and feeding guild of mammals and herpetofauna. Biodiversitas. 19(4):1213–1219. doi:10.13057/biodiv/d190405.
Kwatrina RT, Santosa Y, Maulana P. 2019. KEANEKARAGAMAN SPESIES HERPETOFAUNA PADA BERBAGAI TIPE TUTUPAN LAHAN DI LANSEKAP PERKEBUNAN SAWIT: Studi Kasus di PT. BLP Central Borneo. J Pengelolaan Sumberd Alam dan Lingkung (Journal Nat Resour Environ Manag. 9(2):304–313. doi:10.29244/jpsl.9.2.304-313.
Magurran AE. 1988. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. London: Chapman and Hall.
Marler PN, Jose ED, Castro LSG, Gonzalez JB. 2018. Mammals of Cleopatra’s Needle Critical Habitat: Outcomes of a rapid assessment. Palawan Sci. 10(2017):84–103. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jeric_Gonzalez/publication/326913396_Mammals_of_Cleopatra’s_Needle_Critical_Habitat_Outcomes_of_a_rapid_assessment/links/5b6bddca299bf14c6d96b396/Mammals-of-Cleopatras-Needle-Critical-Habitat-Outcomes-of-a-rapid-assess.
Marshall AR, Lovett JC, White PCL. 2008. Selection of line-transect methods for estimating the density of group-living animals: Lessons from the primates. Am J Primatol. 70(5):452–462. doi:10.1002/ajp.20516.
Mohd-Azlan J, Kaicheen SS, Lok L, Lawes MJ. 2019. The role of forest fragments in small mammal conservation in an oil palm plantation in northern Sarawak, Borneo. J Oil Palm Res. 31(3):422–436. doi:10.21894/jopr.2019.0034.
Morueta-Holme N, Flöjgaard C, Svenning JC. 2010. Climate change risks and conservation implications for a threatened small-range mammal species. PLoS One. 5(4):1–12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010360.
Muin A. 2013. Pengusahaan Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Berwawasan Konservasi. Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Noor NAM, A. Rahim NA, Ahmad NII, Abdullah MT. 2019. Taxonomic Composition of Non-volant Small Mammal Assemblages in Tasik Kenyir, Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu BT - Greater Kenyir Landscapes: Social Development and Environmental Sustainability: From Ridge to Reef. In: Abdullah MT, Mohammad A, Nor Zalipah M, Safiih Lola M, editors. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92264-5_17.
Nugroho SS, Santosa Y. 2018. The Estimation Loss and Gain of Mammal Species Diversity due to Oil Palm Plantations: A Case Study of BPME Estate, Riau, Indonesia. In: E3S Web of Conferences. Vol. 52.
Pardo LE, Campbell MJ, Edwards W, Clements GR, Laurance WF. 2018. Terrestrial mammal responses to oil palm dominated landscapes in Colombia. PLoS One. 13(5):1–22. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197539.
Pardo LE, Roque F de O, Campbell MJ, Younes N, Edwards W, Laurance WF. 2018. Identifying critical limits in oil palm cover for the conservation of terrestrial mammals in Colombia. Biol Conserv. 227(August):65–73. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.026.
Payán E, Boron V. 2019. The Future of Wild Mammals in Oil Palm Landscapes in the Neotropics. Front For Glob Chang. 2(October):1–5. doi:10.3389/ffgc.2019.00061.
Pratiwi RAD. 2014. Peran Mamalia Besar sebagai Pemencar Biji Acacia nilotica di Taman Nasional Baluran. Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Rahman DA. 2021. Dasar-dasar Ekologi Kuantitatif: Teori dan Aplikasi. Mardiastuti A, editor. Bogor: IPB Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=HzYzEAAAQBAJ.
Rovero F, Martin E, Rosa M, Ahumada JA, Spitale D. 2014. Estimating species richness and modelling habitat preferences of tropical forest mammals from camera trap data. PLoS One. 9(7). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103300.
Rubidge EM, Monahan WB, Parra JL, Cameron SE, Brashares JS. 2011. The role of climate, habitat, and species co-occurrence as drivers of change in small mammal distributions over the past century. Glob Chang Biol. 17(2):696–708. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02297.x.
Ruppert N, Mansor A, Anuar S. 2015. Diversity and biomass of terrestrial small mammals at a Malaysian primary rainforest reserve (Segari Melintang Forest Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia). J Trop Life Sci. 5(1):35–44. doi:10.11594/jtls.05.01.07.
Santosa Y, Ramadha EP, Rahman DA. 2008. Studi keanekaragaman mamalia pada beberapa tipe habitat di Stasiun Penelitian Pondok Ambung Taman Nasional Tanjung Puting Kalimantan Tengah. MEDIA Konserv. 13(3):1–7. doi:10.29244/medkon.13.3.%p.
Santosa Y, Rejeki SSS. 2019. Impact of oil palm plantation on mammal and herpetofauna species diversity. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 336.
Setiawan EN, Maryudi A, Purwanto RH, Lele G. 2016. Opposing interests in the legalization of non-procedural forest conversion to oil palm in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Land use policy. 58:472–481. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.08.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.08.003.
Sun IF, Chen YY, Hubbell SP, Wright SJ, Noor NSM. 2007. Seed predation during general flowering events of varying magnitude in a Malaysian rain forest. J Ecol. 95(4):818–827. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01235.x.
Suyanto A, Sinaga MH, Saim A. 2009. Biodiversitas Mamalia di Tesso Nilo, Propinsi Riau, Indonesia. Zoo Indones. 18(2):79–88.
Tuomisto H. 2010. A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity? Yes, it does exist. Oecologia. 164(4):853–860. doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1812-0.
Utami R, Kumala Putri EI, Ekayani M. 2017. Dampak ekonomi dan lingkungan ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit (Studi kasus: Desa Penyabungan, Kecamatan Merlung, Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi). J Ilmu Pertan Indones. 22(2):115–126. doi:10.18343/jipi.22.2.115.
Yudea C, Santosa Y. 2020. How land fire impacts mammal diversity after several years: A study in Waimusi Agroindah Oil Palm Plantation, South Sumatra. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 504. p. 1–8.
Zhang J, Hull V, Ouyang Z, He L, Connor T, Yang H, Huang J, Zhou S, Zhang Z, Zhou C, et al. 2017. Modeling activity patterns of wildlife using time-series analysis. Ecol Evol. 7(8):2575–2584. doi:10.1002/ece3.2873.
Abraham AJ, Webster AB, Prys-Jones TO, le Roux E, Smith D, McFayden D, de Jager PC, Clauss M, Doughty CE. 2021. Large predators can mitigate nutrient losses associated with off-site removal of animals from a wildlife reserve. J Appl Ecol. 58(7):1360–1369. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13878.
Andeska F, Novarino W, Nurdin J, Aadrean A. 2021. Relationship Between Temporal Environment Factors and Diet Composition of Small-Clawed Otter (Aonyx Cinereus) in Heterogeneous Paddy Fields Landscape in Sumatra, Indonesia. IUCN Otter Spec Gr Bull. 38(2):106–116.
Anggrita A, Nasihin I, Hendrayana Y. 2017. Keanekaragaman jenis dan karakteristik habitat mamalia besar. Wanaraksa. 11(1):21–29. http://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/wanaraksa/article/view/1066.
Ashby KR. 1972. Patterns of daily activity in mammals. Mamm Rev. 1(7–8):171–185. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1972.tb00088.x.
Barrios-Garcia MN, Ballari SA. 2012. Impact of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in its introduced and native range: A review. Biol Invasions. 14(11):2283–2300. doi:10.1007/s10530-012-0229-6.
Barthel M, Jennings S, Schreiber W, Sheane R, Royston S, Fry J, Khor YL, McGill J. 2018. Study on The Environmental Impact of Palm Oil Consumption and on Existing Sustainability Standards. Brussels. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/forests/pdf/palm_oil_study_kh0218208enn_new.pdf.
Colchester M, Chao S, Dallinger J, Sokhannaro H, Dan VT, Villanueva J. 2011. Ekspansi Kelapa Sawit di Asia Tenggara: Kecenderungan dan Implikasi bagi Masyarakat Lokal dan Masyarakat Adat. Bogor: Perkumpulan Sawit Watch.
Corlett RT, Primack RB. 2011. Tropical Rain Forests: An Ecological and Biogeographical Comparison. New Jersey: A John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Enquist BJ, Haskell JP, Tiffney BH. 2002. General patterns of taxonomic and biomass partitioning in extant and fossil plant communities. Nature. 419(6907):610–613. doi:10.1038/nature01069.
Fujinuma J, Harrison RD. 2012. Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) mediate large-scale edge effects in a lowland tropical rainforest in Peninsular Malaysia. PLoS One. 7(5):1–7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037321.
[GAPKI] Gabungan Pengusaha Kelapa Sawit Indonesia. 2021. Infografis: Refleksi Industri Sawit 2020 & Prospek 2021 | Gabungan Pengusaha Kelapa Sawit Indonesia (GAPKI). [accessed 2021 Mar 2]. https://gapki.id/news/18813/infografis-refleksi-industri-sawit-2020-prospek-2021.
Gentle M, Speed J, Marshall D. 2015. Consumption of crops by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in a fragmented agricultural landscape. Aust Mammal. 37(2):194–200. doi:10.1071/AM15003.
Gray SS, Simpson TR, Baccus JT, Manning RW, Schwertner TW. 2007. Seasonal diet and foraging preference of greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros in the Llano Uplift of Texas. Wildlife Biol. 13(1):75–83. doi:10.2981/0909-6396(2007)13[75:SDAFPO]2.0.CO;2.
Gray TNE, Phan C. 2011. Habitat preferences and activity patterns of the larger mammal community in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia. Raffles Bull Zool. 59(2):311–318.
Hayward MW, Slotow R. 2009. Temporal partitioning of activity in large african carnivores: Tests of multiple hypotheses. African J Wildl Res. 39(2):109–125. doi:10.3957/056.039.0207.
Hisano M, Newman C. 2020. Adaptations to prey base in the hypercarnivorous leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis. Ethol Ecol Evol. 32(4):324–335. doi:10.1080/03949370.2020.1711816. https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2020.1711816.
Hon N, Phearoom N, Vengsong K, Vichet C. 2010. Food And Habitat Of Asian Small-Clawed Otters In Northeastern Cambodia.
Hood ASC, Aryawan AAK, Advento AD, Purnomo D, Wahyuningsih R, Luke SH, Ps S, Snaddon JL, Foster WA, Caliman JP, et al. 2019. Understory Vegetation in Oil Palm Plantations Promotes Leopard Cat Activity, but Does Not Affect Rats or Rat Damage. Front For Glob Chang. 2(September):1–12. doi:10.3389/ffgc.2019.00051.
Ikhsan M, Priyambodo S, Nurmansyah A, Hendarjanti H, Sahari B. 2020. Species diversity, abundance and damaged caused by rats in oil palm plantation in west and central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 21(12):5632–5639. doi:10.13057/biodiv/d211208.
Jennings AP, Naim M, Advento AD, Aryawan AAK, Ps S, Caliman JP, Verwilghen A, Veron G. 2015. Diversity and occupancy of small carnivores within oil palm plantations in central Sumatra, Indonesia. Mammal Res. 60(2):181–188. doi:10.1007/s13364-015-0217-1.
Knowlton JL, Mata Zayas EE, Ripley AJ, Valenzuela-Cordova B, Collado-Torres R. 2019. Mammal Diversity in Oil Palm Plantations and Forest Fragments in a Highly Modified Landscape in Southern Mexico. Front For Glob Chang. 2(November). doi:10.3389/ffgc.2019.00067.
Krebs CJ. 1989. Ecological Methodology. New York: Harper & R0w Publishers. [accessed 2020 Nov 20]. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2043033M/Ecological_methodology.
Kwatrina RT, Santosa Y, Bismark M, Santoso N. 2018. The impacts of oil palm plantation establishment on the habitat type, species diversity, and feeding guild of mammals and herpetofauna. Biodiversitas. 19(4):1213–1219. doi:10.13057/biodiv/d190405.
Kwatrina RT, Santosa Y, Maulana P. 2019. KEANEKARAGAMAN SPESIES HERPETOFAUNA PADA BERBAGAI TIPE TUTUPAN LAHAN DI LANSEKAP PERKEBUNAN SAWIT: Studi Kasus di PT. BLP Central Borneo. J Pengelolaan Sumberd Alam dan Lingkung (Journal Nat Resour Environ Manag. 9(2):304–313. doi:10.29244/jpsl.9.2.304-313.
Magurran AE. 1988. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. London: Chapman and Hall.
Marler PN, Jose ED, Castro LSG, Gonzalez JB. 2018. Mammals of Cleopatra’s Needle Critical Habitat: Outcomes of a rapid assessment. Palawan Sci. 10(2017):84–103. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jeric_Gonzalez/publication/326913396_Mammals_of_Cleopatra’s_Needle_Critical_Habitat_Outcomes_of_a_rapid_assessment/links/5b6bddca299bf14c6d96b396/Mammals-of-Cleopatras-Needle-Critical-Habitat-Outcomes-of-a-rapid-assess.
Marshall AR, Lovett JC, White PCL. 2008. Selection of line-transect methods for estimating the density of group-living animals: Lessons from the primates. Am J Primatol. 70(5):452–462. doi:10.1002/ajp.20516.
Mohd-Azlan J, Kaicheen SS, Lok L, Lawes MJ. 2019. The role of forest fragments in small mammal conservation in an oil palm plantation in northern Sarawak, Borneo. J Oil Palm Res. 31(3):422–436. doi:10.21894/jopr.2019.0034.
Morueta-Holme N, Flöjgaard C, Svenning JC. 2010. Climate change risks and conservation implications for a threatened small-range mammal species. PLoS One. 5(4):1–12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010360.
Muin A. 2013. Pengusahaan Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Berwawasan Konservasi. Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Noor NAM, A. Rahim NA, Ahmad NII, Abdullah MT. 2019. Taxonomic Composition of Non-volant Small Mammal Assemblages in Tasik Kenyir, Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu BT - Greater Kenyir Landscapes: Social Development and Environmental Sustainability: From Ridge to Reef. In: Abdullah MT, Mohammad A, Nor Zalipah M, Safiih Lola M, editors. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92264-5_17.
Nugroho SS, Santosa Y. 2018. The Estimation Loss and Gain of Mammal Species Diversity due to Oil Palm Plantations: A Case Study of BPME Estate, Riau, Indonesia. In: E3S Web of Conferences. Vol. 52.
Pardo LE, Campbell MJ, Edwards W, Clements GR, Laurance WF. 2018. Terrestrial mammal responses to oil palm dominated landscapes in Colombia. PLoS One. 13(5):1–22. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197539.
Pardo LE, Roque F de O, Campbell MJ, Younes N, Edwards W, Laurance WF. 2018. Identifying critical limits in oil palm cover for the conservation of terrestrial mammals in Colombia. Biol Conserv. 227(August):65–73. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.026.
Payán E, Boron V. 2019. The Future of Wild Mammals in Oil Palm Landscapes in the Neotropics. Front For Glob Chang. 2(October):1–5. doi:10.3389/ffgc.2019.00061.
Pratiwi RAD. 2014. Peran Mamalia Besar sebagai Pemencar Biji Acacia nilotica di Taman Nasional Baluran. Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Rahman DA. 2021. Dasar-dasar Ekologi Kuantitatif: Teori dan Aplikasi. Mardiastuti A, editor. Bogor: IPB Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=HzYzEAAAQBAJ.
Rovero F, Martin E, Rosa M, Ahumada JA, Spitale D. 2014. Estimating species richness and modelling habitat preferences of tropical forest mammals from camera trap data. PLoS One. 9(7). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103300.
Rubidge EM, Monahan WB, Parra JL, Cameron SE, Brashares JS. 2011. The role of climate, habitat, and species co-occurrence as drivers of change in small mammal distributions over the past century. Glob Chang Biol. 17(2):696–708. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02297.x.
Ruppert N, Mansor A, Anuar S. 2015. Diversity and biomass of terrestrial small mammals at a Malaysian primary rainforest reserve (Segari Melintang Forest Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia). J Trop Life Sci. 5(1):35–44. doi:10.11594/jtls.05.01.07.
Santosa Y, Ramadha EP, Rahman DA. 2008. Studi keanekaragaman mamalia pada beberapa tipe habitat di Stasiun Penelitian Pondok Ambung Taman Nasional Tanjung Puting Kalimantan Tengah. MEDIA Konserv. 13(3):1–7. doi:10.29244/medkon.13.3.%p.
Santosa Y, Rejeki SSS. 2019. Impact of oil palm plantation on mammal and herpetofauna species diversity. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 336.
Setiawan EN, Maryudi A, Purwanto RH, Lele G. 2016. Opposing interests in the legalization of non-procedural forest conversion to oil palm in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Land use policy. 58:472–481. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.08.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.08.003.
Sun IF, Chen YY, Hubbell SP, Wright SJ, Noor NSM. 2007. Seed predation during general flowering events of varying magnitude in a Malaysian rain forest. J Ecol. 95(4):818–827. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01235.x.
Suyanto A, Sinaga MH, Saim A. 2009. Biodiversitas Mamalia di Tesso Nilo, Propinsi Riau, Indonesia. Zoo Indones. 18(2):79–88.
Tuomisto H. 2010. A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity? Yes, it does exist. Oecologia. 164(4):853–860. doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1812-0.
Utami R, Kumala Putri EI, Ekayani M. 2017. Dampak ekonomi dan lingkungan ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit (Studi kasus: Desa Penyabungan, Kecamatan Merlung, Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi). J Ilmu Pertan Indones. 22(2):115–126. doi:10.18343/jipi.22.2.115.
Yudea C, Santosa Y. 2020. How land fire impacts mammal diversity after several years: A study in Waimusi Agroindah Oil Palm Plantation, South Sumatra. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 504. p. 1–8.
Zhang J, Hull V, Ouyang Z, He L, Connor T, Yang H, Huang J, Zhou S, Zhang Z, Zhou C, et al. 2017. Modeling activity patterns of wildlife using time-series analysis. Ecol Evol. 7(8):2575–2584. doi:10.1002/ece3.2873.
Authors
Al-FaritsiM. F., SantosaY. and RahmanD. A. (2022) “The estimation of mammal species loss and gain from shrubs to oil palm plantations in South Sumatera”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management). Bogor, ID, 12(2), pp. 290-300. doi: 10.29244/jpsl.12.2.290-300.
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