Optimasi ekstraksi karagenan dari Kappaphycus alvarezii berbantu metode enzim selulase dan gelombang ultrasonik Optimization of carrageenan extraction from Kappaphycus alvarezii using ultrasonic-assisted cellulase extraction (UACE)
Abstract
Carrageenan is a high economic value polysaccharide obtained from red algae as a thickener and stabilizer in various industries. The extraction method of carrageenan commonly used in industry involves a hot alkaline process with a long time, which is inefficient and produces a lot of waste. Consequently, we require an extraction method that enhances efficiency and minimizes environmental effects. The goal of this study is to find the best conditions for extracting kappa-carrageenan from K. alvarezii using the UACE method, considering the quality and percentage of yield. The variables observed in this study were solvent and seaweed ratio (20-100 mL/g), cellulase enzyme concentration (2-10%), and ultrasonication time (20-100 min). The pretreated carrageenan from K. alvarezii was extracted at 80-90ºC for 30 min, characterized, and compared with pure carrageenan according to SNI 8391-1:2017. Increasing the solvent:seaweed ratio, enzyme amount, and ultrasonic time can increase the carrageenan yield up to 62%. However, the carrageenan produced has a darker color than commercial carrageenan. Carrageenan has water content, sulfate, viscosity, heavy metal content according to SNI, while ash content and acid insoluble ash exceed SNI and gel strength of carrageenan is still below SNI. Carrageenan still contains the element N, which indicates the impurity of carrageenan. The results of the FTIR spectrum showed that the carrageenan obtained was of the kappa-carrageenan type. Further research is required to determine the effects of UACE as a pretreatment in the extraction of carrageenan. The objective is to identify methods for producing increased quantities and enhancing the quality of carrageenan.
References
[BSN] Badan Standarisasi Nasional. (2010). SNI 2354.1:2010. Cara uji kimia- Bagian 1: Penentuan kadar abu dan abu tak larut dalam asam pada produk perikanan.
[BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. (2017). SNI 8391-1:2017. Karaginan murni (Refined Carrageenan) -Bagian1: Kappa Karaginan-Syarat mutu dan pengolahan.
[BSN] Badan Standarisasi Nasional. (2018). SNI 2690:2018 tentang Rumput Laut Kering.
Abdul Khalil, H. P. S., Tye, Y. Y., Kok, C. Y., & Saurabh, C. K. (2018). Preparation and characterization of modified and unmodified carrageenan based films. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 368, 012020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/368/1/012020
Alboofetileh, M., Rezaei, M., & Tabarsa, M. (2019). Enzyme-assisted extraction of Nizamuddinia zanardinii for the recovery of sulfated polysaccharides with anticancer and immune-enhancing activities. Journal of Applied Phycology, 31(2), 1391–1402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-018-1651-7
Azevedo, G., Hilliou, L., Bernardo, G., Sousa-Pinto, I., Adams, R. W., Nilsson, M., & Villanueva, R. D. (2013). Tailoring kappa/iota-hybrid carrageenan from Mastocarpus stellatus with desired gel quality through pre-extraction alkali treatment. Food Hydrocolloids, 31(1), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.10.010
Bui, T.N.T.V. (2019). Structure, Rheological Properties and Connectivity of Gels Formed by Carrageenan Extracted from Different Red Algae Species. [Thesis]. Le Mans Université, Le Mans, France.
Bui, V. T. N. T., Nguyen, B. T., Renou, F., & Nicolai, T. (2019). Structure and rheological properties of carrageenans extracted from different red algae species cultivated in Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam. Journal of Applied Phycology, 31(3), 1947–1953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-018-1665-1
Carreira-Casais, A., Otero, P., Garcia-Perez, P., Garcia-Oliveira, P., Pereira, A. G., Carpena, M., Soria-Lopez, A., Simal-Gandara, J., & Prieto, M. A. (2021). Benefits and Drawbacks of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Algae. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9153. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179153
Casas, M. P., Conde, E., Domínguez, H., & Moure, A. (2019). Ecofriendly extraction of bioactive fractions from Sargassum muticum. Process Biochemistry, 79, 166–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2018.12.021
Chemat, F., Rombaut, N., Meullemiestre, A., Turk, M., Perino, S., Fabiano-Tixier, A.-S., & Abert-Vian, M. (2017). Review of Green Food Processing techniques. Preservation, transformation, and extraction. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 41, 357–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2017.04.016
Chen, F., Geng, W., Li, X., Chen, L., Xu, C., Huang, W., & Ming, Y. (2023). Optimization of the ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction of polysaccharides from Dendrobium offcinale Kimura et Migo and bioactivity study. CyTA - Journal of Food, 21(1), 692–700. https://doi.org/10.1080/19476337.2023.2264901
Cui, J., Zhao, C., Feng, L., Han, Y., Du, H., Xiao, H., & Zheng, J. (2021). Pectins from fruits: Relationships between extraction methods, structural characteristics, and functional properties. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 110, 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.077
Dewi, E. N., Darmanto, Y. S., & Ambariyanto. (2012). Charcterization and Quality of Semi Refined Carragenan (SCR) Products from Different Coastal Waters Based on Fourier Transform Infrared Technique. Journal of Coastal Development, 16(1), 25–31.
Dianursanti, D., Siregar, A., Maeda, Y., Yoshino, T., & Tanaka, T. (2020). The Effects of Solvents and Solid-to-Solvent Ratios on Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Carotenoids from Chlorella vulgaris. International Journal of Technology, 11(5), 941. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v11i5.4331
Distantina, S., Rochmadi, R., Wiratni, W., Fahrurrozi, M. (2012) The Mechanism of Carrageenan Extraction from Eucheuma cottonii Using Alkaline Solvent. agriTECH, 32, 397–402. https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/agritech/article/view/9583/7158.
Duan, F., Yu, Y., Liu, Z., Tian, L., & Mou, H. (2016). An effective method for the preparation of carrageenan oligosaccharides directly from Eucheuma cottonii using cellulase and recombinant κ-carrageenase. Algal Research, 15, 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.02.006
Firdayanti, L., Yanti, R., Rahayu, E. S., & Hidayat, C. (2023). Carrageenan extraction from red seaweed (Kappaphycopsis cottonii) using the bead mill method. Algal Research, 69, 102906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2022.102906
FMC Corp. (1977). Carrageenan, Marine Colloid Monograph Number One, Marine Colloids Division FMC Corporation, Springfield, New Jersey, USA
Hanifah, I., Izzati, F., Rahmawati, S.I., Hermanianto, J., Giriwono, P.E., Hapsari, Y., Bustanussalam, Rahman, F., Septiana, E., & Simanjuntak, P. (2021). Optimasi Selulase pada Enzyme Assisted Extraction Lemak dari Caulerpa Lentillifera Menggunakan Response Surface Methodology. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 13(1), 19–37. https://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v13i1.32654
Huang, G., Chen, F., Yang, W., & Huang, H. (2021). Preparation, deproteinization and comparison of bioactive polysaccharides. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 109, 564–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.038
Imeson, A.P. Carrageenan and Furcellaran, 2nd ed.; Woodhead Publishing Limited: Sawston, UK, 2009.
Iqbal, A., Schulz, P., & Rizvi, S. S. H. (2021). Valorization of bioactive compounds in fruit pomace from agro-fruit industries: Present Insights and future challenges. Food Bioscience, 44, 101384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101384
Jiang, F., Liu, Y., Xiao, Q., Chen, F., Weng, H., Chen, J., Zhang, Y., & Xiao, A. (2022). Eco-Friendly Extraction, Structure, and Gel Properties of ι-Carrageenan Extracted Using Ca(OH)2. Marine Drugs, 20(7), 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20070419
Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik Indonesia. (2023). Profil Pasar Rumput Laut. Direktorat Jenderal Penguatan Daya Saing Produk Kelautan dan Perikanan, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta.
Kumar, K., Srivastav, S., & Sharanagat, V. S. (2021). Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from fruit and vegetable processing by-products: A review. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 70, 105325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105325
Malvis Romero, A., Picado Morales, J. J., Klose, L., & Liese, A. (2023). Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Ulvan from the Green Macroalgae Ulva fenestrata. Molecules, 28(19), 6781. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196781
Marić, M., Grassino, A. N., Zhu, Z., Barba, F. J., Brnčić, M., & Rimac Brnčić, S. (2018). An overview of the traditional and innovative approaches for pectin extraction from plant food wastes and by-products: Ultrasound-, microwaves-, and enzyme-assisted extraction. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 76, 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.03.022
Mendes, M., Cotas, J., Gutiérrez, I. B., Gonçalves, A. M. M., Critchley, A. T., Hinaloc, L. A. R., Roleda, M. Y., & Pereira, L. (2024). Advanced Extraction Techniques and Physicochemical Properties of Carrageenan from a Novel Kappaphycus alvarezii Cultivar. Marine Drugs, 22(11), 491. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22110491
Mishra, P.C., Jayasankar, R., Seema, C. (2006) Yield and Quality of Carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii Subjected to Different Physical and Chemical Treatments. Seaweed Res. Utiln, 28, 113–117.
Munoz, O., Sepulveda, M., & Schwartz, M. (2004). Effects of enzymatic treatment on anthocyanic pigments from grapes skin from chilean wine. Food Chemistry, 87(4), 487–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.12.024
Nadar, S. S., & Rathod, V. K. (2017). Ultrasound assisted intensification of enzyme activity and its properties: a mini-review. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 33(9), 170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-017-2322-6
Ohno, M., Nang, H. Q., & Hirase, S. (1996). Cultivation and carrageenan yield and quality ofKappaphycus alvarezii in the waters of Vietnam. Journal of Applied Phycology, 8(4–5), 431–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02178588
Prado-Fernández, J., Rodrı́guez-Vázquez, J. A., Tojo, E., & Andrade, J. M. (2003). Quantitation of κ-, ι- and λ-carrageenans by mid-infrared spectroscopy and PLS regression. Analytica Chimica Acta, 480(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(02)01592-1
Qian, Z.-G. (2014). Cellulase-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Cucurbita moschata and their antibacterial activity. Carbohydrate Polymers, 101, 432–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.071
Rafiquzzaman, S.M., Rahman, Md.A., Kong, I.S. (2017). Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Carrageenan in Seaweed Polysaccharides: Isolation, Biological and Biomedical Applications. (Eds). Venkatesan, J., Anil, S., Kim, S.K. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Pp.75-81.
Ramadhan, W., Uju, U., Hardiningtyas, S. D., Pari, R. F., Nurhayati, N., & Sevica, D. (2022). Ekstraksi Polisakarida Ulvan dari Rumput Laut Ulva lactuca Berbantu Gelombang Ultrasonik pada Suhu Rendah. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 25(1), 132–142. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v25i1.40407
Ren, X., Ma, H., Mao, S., & Zhou, H. (2014). Effects of sweeping frequency ultrasound treatment on enzymatic preparations of ACE-inhibitory peptides from zein. European Food Research and Technology, 238(3), 435–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-013-2118-3
Rhein-Knudsen, N., Ale, M., & Meyer, A. (2015). Seaweed Hydrocolloid Production: An Update on Enzyme Assisted Extraction and Modification Technologies. Marine Drugs, 13(6), 3340–3359. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13063340
Rosarina, D., Narawangsa, D. R., Chandra, N. S. R., Sari, E., & Hermansyah, H. (2022). Optimization of Ultrasonic—Assisted Extraction (UAE) Method Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) to Increase Curcuminoid Yield from Curcuma longa L., Curcuma xanthorrhiza, and Curcuma mangga Val. Molecules, 27(18), 6080. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186080
Rudke, A. R., da Silva, M., Andrade, C. J. de, Vitali, L., & Ferreira, S. R. S. (2022). Green extraction of phenolic compounds and carrageenan from the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii. Algal Research, 67, 102866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2022.102866
Siregar, R.F., Santoso, J. & Uju. (2016). Karakteristik Fisiko Kimia Kappa Karaginan Hasil Degradasi Menggunakan Hidrogen Peroksida. JPHPI, 19(3), 256-266. DOI: 10.17844/jphpi.2016.19.3.256.
Stambuk, P., Tomaskovic, D., Ivana, T., Luna, M., Domagoj, S. Kontic, K.J. (2016). Application of pectinases for recovery of grape seeds phenolics. Biotech, 6(2) : 224. DOI 10.1007/s13205-016-0537-0.
Subaryono, Utomo, B. S. B., & Basmal, J. (2021). Quality of carrageenan extracted from Eucheuma cottonii cultivated at three different locations in Lampung. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 919(1), 012047. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/919/1/012047
Subhedar, P. B., & Gogate, P. R. (2014). Enhancing the activity of cellulase enzyme using ultrasonic irradiations. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 101, 108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.01.002
Tarman, K., Sadi, U., Santoso, J. & Hardjito, L. 2020. Carrageenan and its Enzymatic Extraction in Encyclopedia of Marine Biotechnology: Five Volume Set, First Edition. Edited by Se-Kwon Kim. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., USA, pp. 147 – 159.
Toumi, S., Yahoum, M. M., Lefnaoui, S., Hadjsadok, A., Sid, A. N. E. H., Hassein-Bey, A. H., Amrane, A., Zhang, J., Assadi, A. A., & Mouni, L. (2023). Development of New Alkylated Carrageenan Derivatives: Physicochemical, Rheological, and Emulsification Properties Assessment. Sustainability, 15(8), 6473. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086473
Uddin, A. H., Khalid, R. S., Alaama, M., Abdualkader, A. M., Kasmuri, A., & Abbas, S. A. (2016). Comparative study of three digestion methods for elemental analysis in traditional medicine products using atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology, 7(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-016-0085-6
Uju, Prasetyaningsih, E., Santoso, J., Kamiya, N., & Oshima’, T. (2019). Preparation and characterization of semi-refined carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed bleached by Peracetic Acid. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 278(1), 012077. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/278/1/012077
Uju, U., Santoso, J., Ramadhan, W., & Abrory, M. F. (2018). Extraction of native agar from Gracillaria sp with ultrasonic acceleration at low temperature. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 21(3), 414. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v21i3.24711
Ummat, V., Tiwari, B. K., Jaiswal, A. K., Condon, K., Garcia-Vaquero, M., O’Doherty, J., O’Donnell, C., & Rajauria, G. (2020). Optimisation of Ultrasound Frequency, Extraction Time and Solvent for the Recovery of Polyphenols, Phlorotannins and Associated Antioxidant Activity from Brown Seaweeds. Marine Drugs, 18(5), 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18050250
van Sittert, D., Lufu, R., Mapholi, Z., & Goosen, N. J. (2024). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of alginate from Ecklonia maxima with and without the addition of alkaline cellulase – factorial and kinetic analysis. Journal of Applied Phycology, 36(5), 2781–2793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-024-03276-0
Varadarajan, S., Ramli, N., Ariff, A., Saaid, M. & Yasir, S.M. (2009). Development of high yielding carrageenan extraction method from Eucheuma Cotonii using cellulase and Aspergillus niger. Prosiding Seminar Kimia Bersama UKM-ITB ed A Isak and J salimon (Selangor: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) pp. 462-469.
Viana, A., Noseda, M., Duarte, M., & Cerezo, A. (2004). Alkali modification of carrageenans. Part V. The iota-nu hybrid carrageenan from and its cyclization to iota-carrageenan. Carbohydrate Polymers, 58(4), 455–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.08.006
Villanueva, R. D., Hilliou, L., & Sousa-Pinto, I. (2009). Postharvest culture in the dark: An eco-friendly alternative to alkali treatment for enhancing the gel quality of κ/ι-hybrid carrageenan from Chondrus crispus (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Bioresource Technology, 100(9), 2633–2638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.053
Vo, T. P., Nguyen, N. T. U., Le, V. H., Phan, T. H., Nguyen, T. H. Y., & Nguyen, D. Q. (2023). Optimizing Ultrasonic-Assisted and Microwave-Assisted Extraction Processes to Recover Phenolics and Flavonoids from Passion Fruit Peels. ACS Omega, 8(37), 33870–33882. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c04550
Wang, F., Zhang, Y., Xu, L., & Ma, H. (2020). An efficient ultrasound-assisted extraction method of pea protein and its effect on protein functional properties and biological activities. LWT, 127, 109348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109348
Wang, W., Gao, Y.-T., Wei, J.-W., Chen, Y.-F., Liu, Q.-L., & Liu, H.-M. (2021). Optimization of Ultrasonic Cellulase-Assisted Extraction and Antioxidant Activity of Natural Polyphenols from Passion Fruit. Molecules, 26(9), 2494. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092494
Wang, X., Su, Y., Su, J., Xue, J., Zhang, R., Li, X., Li, Y., Ding, Y., & Chu, X. (2023). Optimization of Enzyme−Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Polysaccharide from Acanthopanax senticosus and Comparison of Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivities of Polysaccharides with Different Molecular Weights. Molecules, 28(18), 6585. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186585
Wenno, M. R., Thenu, J. L., & Cristina Lopulalan, C. G. (2012). Karakteristik Kappa Karaginan dari Kappaphycus alvarezii Pada Berbagai Umur Panen. Jurnal Pascapanen Dan Bioteknologi Kelautan Dan Perikanan, 7(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.15578/jpbkp.v7i1.69
Yin, H., Zhang, Y., Hu, T., Li, W., Deng, Y., Wang, X., Tang, H., Zhao, L., & Yan, G. (2023). Optimization of Cellulase-Assisted Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Equisetum via Response Surface Methodology Based on Antioxidant Activity. Processes, 11(7), 1978. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11071978
Youssouf, L., Lallemand, L., Giraud, P., Soulé, F., Bhaw-Luximon, A., Meilhac, O., D’Hellencourt, C. L., Jhurry, D., & Couprie, J. (2017). Ultrasound-assisted extraction and structural characterization by NMR of alginates and carrageenans from seaweeds. Carbohydrate Polymers, 166, 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.041
Zhang, J., Langford, Z. & Waldron, S. (2024). The global carrageenan industry in Globalization and Livelihood Transformations in the Indonesian Seaweed Industry, Langford, Z. (Ed.) Earthscan Food and Agriculture, ISBN 978-1-003-82343-8, Routledge, London, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003183860.
Zhao, L., Ouyang, D., Cheng, X., Zhou, X., Lin, L., Wang, J., Wu, Q., & Jia, J. (2023). Multi-frequency ultrasound-assisted cellulase extraction of protein from mulberry leaf: Kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural properties. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 99, 106554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106554
[BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. (2017). SNI 8391-1:2017. Karaginan murni (Refined Carrageenan) -Bagian1: Kappa Karaginan-Syarat mutu dan pengolahan.
[BSN] Badan Standarisasi Nasional. (2018). SNI 2690:2018 tentang Rumput Laut Kering.
Abdul Khalil, H. P. S., Tye, Y. Y., Kok, C. Y., & Saurabh, C. K. (2018). Preparation and characterization of modified and unmodified carrageenan based films. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 368, 012020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/368/1/012020
Alboofetileh, M., Rezaei, M., & Tabarsa, M. (2019). Enzyme-assisted extraction of Nizamuddinia zanardinii for the recovery of sulfated polysaccharides with anticancer and immune-enhancing activities. Journal of Applied Phycology, 31(2), 1391–1402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-018-1651-7
Azevedo, G., Hilliou, L., Bernardo, G., Sousa-Pinto, I., Adams, R. W., Nilsson, M., & Villanueva, R. D. (2013). Tailoring kappa/iota-hybrid carrageenan from Mastocarpus stellatus with desired gel quality through pre-extraction alkali treatment. Food Hydrocolloids, 31(1), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.10.010
Bui, T.N.T.V. (2019). Structure, Rheological Properties and Connectivity of Gels Formed by Carrageenan Extracted from Different Red Algae Species. [Thesis]. Le Mans Université, Le Mans, France.
Bui, V. T. N. T., Nguyen, B. T., Renou, F., & Nicolai, T. (2019). Structure and rheological properties of carrageenans extracted from different red algae species cultivated in Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam. Journal of Applied Phycology, 31(3), 1947–1953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-018-1665-1
Carreira-Casais, A., Otero, P., Garcia-Perez, P., Garcia-Oliveira, P., Pereira, A. G., Carpena, M., Soria-Lopez, A., Simal-Gandara, J., & Prieto, M. A. (2021). Benefits and Drawbacks of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Algae. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9153. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179153
Casas, M. P., Conde, E., Domínguez, H., & Moure, A. (2019). Ecofriendly extraction of bioactive fractions from Sargassum muticum. Process Biochemistry, 79, 166–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2018.12.021
Chemat, F., Rombaut, N., Meullemiestre, A., Turk, M., Perino, S., Fabiano-Tixier, A.-S., & Abert-Vian, M. (2017). Review of Green Food Processing techniques. Preservation, transformation, and extraction. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 41, 357–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2017.04.016
Chen, F., Geng, W., Li, X., Chen, L., Xu, C., Huang, W., & Ming, Y. (2023). Optimization of the ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction of polysaccharides from Dendrobium offcinale Kimura et Migo and bioactivity study. CyTA - Journal of Food, 21(1), 692–700. https://doi.org/10.1080/19476337.2023.2264901
Cui, J., Zhao, C., Feng, L., Han, Y., Du, H., Xiao, H., & Zheng, J. (2021). Pectins from fruits: Relationships between extraction methods, structural characteristics, and functional properties. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 110, 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.077
Dewi, E. N., Darmanto, Y. S., & Ambariyanto. (2012). Charcterization and Quality of Semi Refined Carragenan (SCR) Products from Different Coastal Waters Based on Fourier Transform Infrared Technique. Journal of Coastal Development, 16(1), 25–31.
Dianursanti, D., Siregar, A., Maeda, Y., Yoshino, T., & Tanaka, T. (2020). The Effects of Solvents and Solid-to-Solvent Ratios on Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Carotenoids from Chlorella vulgaris. International Journal of Technology, 11(5), 941. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v11i5.4331
Distantina, S., Rochmadi, R., Wiratni, W., Fahrurrozi, M. (2012) The Mechanism of Carrageenan Extraction from Eucheuma cottonii Using Alkaline Solvent. agriTECH, 32, 397–402. https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/agritech/article/view/9583/7158.
Duan, F., Yu, Y., Liu, Z., Tian, L., & Mou, H. (2016). An effective method for the preparation of carrageenan oligosaccharides directly from Eucheuma cottonii using cellulase and recombinant κ-carrageenase. Algal Research, 15, 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.02.006
Firdayanti, L., Yanti, R., Rahayu, E. S., & Hidayat, C. (2023). Carrageenan extraction from red seaweed (Kappaphycopsis cottonii) using the bead mill method. Algal Research, 69, 102906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2022.102906
FMC Corp. (1977). Carrageenan, Marine Colloid Monograph Number One, Marine Colloids Division FMC Corporation, Springfield, New Jersey, USA
Hanifah, I., Izzati, F., Rahmawati, S.I., Hermanianto, J., Giriwono, P.E., Hapsari, Y., Bustanussalam, Rahman, F., Septiana, E., & Simanjuntak, P. (2021). Optimasi Selulase pada Enzyme Assisted Extraction Lemak dari Caulerpa Lentillifera Menggunakan Response Surface Methodology. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 13(1), 19–37. https://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v13i1.32654
Huang, G., Chen, F., Yang, W., & Huang, H. (2021). Preparation, deproteinization and comparison of bioactive polysaccharides. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 109, 564–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.038
Imeson, A.P. Carrageenan and Furcellaran, 2nd ed.; Woodhead Publishing Limited: Sawston, UK, 2009.
Iqbal, A., Schulz, P., & Rizvi, S. S. H. (2021). Valorization of bioactive compounds in fruit pomace from agro-fruit industries: Present Insights and future challenges. Food Bioscience, 44, 101384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101384
Jiang, F., Liu, Y., Xiao, Q., Chen, F., Weng, H., Chen, J., Zhang, Y., & Xiao, A. (2022). Eco-Friendly Extraction, Structure, and Gel Properties of ι-Carrageenan Extracted Using Ca(OH)2. Marine Drugs, 20(7), 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20070419
Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik Indonesia. (2023). Profil Pasar Rumput Laut. Direktorat Jenderal Penguatan Daya Saing Produk Kelautan dan Perikanan, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta.
Kumar, K., Srivastav, S., & Sharanagat, V. S. (2021). Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from fruit and vegetable processing by-products: A review. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 70, 105325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105325
Malvis Romero, A., Picado Morales, J. J., Klose, L., & Liese, A. (2023). Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Ulvan from the Green Macroalgae Ulva fenestrata. Molecules, 28(19), 6781. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196781
Marić, M., Grassino, A. N., Zhu, Z., Barba, F. J., Brnčić, M., & Rimac Brnčić, S. (2018). An overview of the traditional and innovative approaches for pectin extraction from plant food wastes and by-products: Ultrasound-, microwaves-, and enzyme-assisted extraction. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 76, 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.03.022
Mendes, M., Cotas, J., Gutiérrez, I. B., Gonçalves, A. M. M., Critchley, A. T., Hinaloc, L. A. R., Roleda, M. Y., & Pereira, L. (2024). Advanced Extraction Techniques and Physicochemical Properties of Carrageenan from a Novel Kappaphycus alvarezii Cultivar. Marine Drugs, 22(11), 491. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22110491
Mishra, P.C., Jayasankar, R., Seema, C. (2006) Yield and Quality of Carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii Subjected to Different Physical and Chemical Treatments. Seaweed Res. Utiln, 28, 113–117.
Munoz, O., Sepulveda, M., & Schwartz, M. (2004). Effects of enzymatic treatment on anthocyanic pigments from grapes skin from chilean wine. Food Chemistry, 87(4), 487–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.12.024
Nadar, S. S., & Rathod, V. K. (2017). Ultrasound assisted intensification of enzyme activity and its properties: a mini-review. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 33(9), 170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-017-2322-6
Ohno, M., Nang, H. Q., & Hirase, S. (1996). Cultivation and carrageenan yield and quality ofKappaphycus alvarezii in the waters of Vietnam. Journal of Applied Phycology, 8(4–5), 431–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02178588
Prado-Fernández, J., Rodrı́guez-Vázquez, J. A., Tojo, E., & Andrade, J. M. (2003). Quantitation of κ-, ι- and λ-carrageenans by mid-infrared spectroscopy and PLS regression. Analytica Chimica Acta, 480(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(02)01592-1
Qian, Z.-G. (2014). Cellulase-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Cucurbita moschata and their antibacterial activity. Carbohydrate Polymers, 101, 432–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.071
Rafiquzzaman, S.M., Rahman, Md.A., Kong, I.S. (2017). Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Carrageenan in Seaweed Polysaccharides: Isolation, Biological and Biomedical Applications. (Eds). Venkatesan, J., Anil, S., Kim, S.K. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Pp.75-81.
Ramadhan, W., Uju, U., Hardiningtyas, S. D., Pari, R. F., Nurhayati, N., & Sevica, D. (2022). Ekstraksi Polisakarida Ulvan dari Rumput Laut Ulva lactuca Berbantu Gelombang Ultrasonik pada Suhu Rendah. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 25(1), 132–142. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v25i1.40407
Ren, X., Ma, H., Mao, S., & Zhou, H. (2014). Effects of sweeping frequency ultrasound treatment on enzymatic preparations of ACE-inhibitory peptides from zein. European Food Research and Technology, 238(3), 435–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-013-2118-3
Rhein-Knudsen, N., Ale, M., & Meyer, A. (2015). Seaweed Hydrocolloid Production: An Update on Enzyme Assisted Extraction and Modification Technologies. Marine Drugs, 13(6), 3340–3359. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13063340
Rosarina, D., Narawangsa, D. R., Chandra, N. S. R., Sari, E., & Hermansyah, H. (2022). Optimization of Ultrasonic—Assisted Extraction (UAE) Method Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) to Increase Curcuminoid Yield from Curcuma longa L., Curcuma xanthorrhiza, and Curcuma mangga Val. Molecules, 27(18), 6080. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186080
Rudke, A. R., da Silva, M., Andrade, C. J. de, Vitali, L., & Ferreira, S. R. S. (2022). Green extraction of phenolic compounds and carrageenan from the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii. Algal Research, 67, 102866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2022.102866
Siregar, R.F., Santoso, J. & Uju. (2016). Karakteristik Fisiko Kimia Kappa Karaginan Hasil Degradasi Menggunakan Hidrogen Peroksida. JPHPI, 19(3), 256-266. DOI: 10.17844/jphpi.2016.19.3.256.
Stambuk, P., Tomaskovic, D., Ivana, T., Luna, M., Domagoj, S. Kontic, K.J. (2016). Application of pectinases for recovery of grape seeds phenolics. Biotech, 6(2) : 224. DOI 10.1007/s13205-016-0537-0.
Subaryono, Utomo, B. S. B., & Basmal, J. (2021). Quality of carrageenan extracted from Eucheuma cottonii cultivated at three different locations in Lampung. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 919(1), 012047. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/919/1/012047
Subhedar, P. B., & Gogate, P. R. (2014). Enhancing the activity of cellulase enzyme using ultrasonic irradiations. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 101, 108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.01.002
Tarman, K., Sadi, U., Santoso, J. & Hardjito, L. 2020. Carrageenan and its Enzymatic Extraction in Encyclopedia of Marine Biotechnology: Five Volume Set, First Edition. Edited by Se-Kwon Kim. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., USA, pp. 147 – 159.
Toumi, S., Yahoum, M. M., Lefnaoui, S., Hadjsadok, A., Sid, A. N. E. H., Hassein-Bey, A. H., Amrane, A., Zhang, J., Assadi, A. A., & Mouni, L. (2023). Development of New Alkylated Carrageenan Derivatives: Physicochemical, Rheological, and Emulsification Properties Assessment. Sustainability, 15(8), 6473. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086473
Uddin, A. H., Khalid, R. S., Alaama, M., Abdualkader, A. M., Kasmuri, A., & Abbas, S. A. (2016). Comparative study of three digestion methods for elemental analysis in traditional medicine products using atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology, 7(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-016-0085-6
Uju, Prasetyaningsih, E., Santoso, J., Kamiya, N., & Oshima’, T. (2019). Preparation and characterization of semi-refined carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed bleached by Peracetic Acid. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 278(1), 012077. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/278/1/012077
Uju, U., Santoso, J., Ramadhan, W., & Abrory, M. F. (2018). Extraction of native agar from Gracillaria sp with ultrasonic acceleration at low temperature. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 21(3), 414. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v21i3.24711
Ummat, V., Tiwari, B. K., Jaiswal, A. K., Condon, K., Garcia-Vaquero, M., O’Doherty, J., O’Donnell, C., & Rajauria, G. (2020). Optimisation of Ultrasound Frequency, Extraction Time and Solvent for the Recovery of Polyphenols, Phlorotannins and Associated Antioxidant Activity from Brown Seaweeds. Marine Drugs, 18(5), 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18050250
van Sittert, D., Lufu, R., Mapholi, Z., & Goosen, N. J. (2024). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of alginate from Ecklonia maxima with and without the addition of alkaline cellulase – factorial and kinetic analysis. Journal of Applied Phycology, 36(5), 2781–2793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-024-03276-0
Varadarajan, S., Ramli, N., Ariff, A., Saaid, M. & Yasir, S.M. (2009). Development of high yielding carrageenan extraction method from Eucheuma Cotonii using cellulase and Aspergillus niger. Prosiding Seminar Kimia Bersama UKM-ITB ed A Isak and J salimon (Selangor: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) pp. 462-469.
Viana, A., Noseda, M., Duarte, M., & Cerezo, A. (2004). Alkali modification of carrageenans. Part V. The iota-nu hybrid carrageenan from and its cyclization to iota-carrageenan. Carbohydrate Polymers, 58(4), 455–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.08.006
Villanueva, R. D., Hilliou, L., & Sousa-Pinto, I. (2009). Postharvest culture in the dark: An eco-friendly alternative to alkali treatment for enhancing the gel quality of κ/ι-hybrid carrageenan from Chondrus crispus (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Bioresource Technology, 100(9), 2633–2638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.053
Vo, T. P., Nguyen, N. T. U., Le, V. H., Phan, T. H., Nguyen, T. H. Y., & Nguyen, D. Q. (2023). Optimizing Ultrasonic-Assisted and Microwave-Assisted Extraction Processes to Recover Phenolics and Flavonoids from Passion Fruit Peels. ACS Omega, 8(37), 33870–33882. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c04550
Wang, F., Zhang, Y., Xu, L., & Ma, H. (2020). An efficient ultrasound-assisted extraction method of pea protein and its effect on protein functional properties and biological activities. LWT, 127, 109348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109348
Wang, W., Gao, Y.-T., Wei, J.-W., Chen, Y.-F., Liu, Q.-L., & Liu, H.-M. (2021). Optimization of Ultrasonic Cellulase-Assisted Extraction and Antioxidant Activity of Natural Polyphenols from Passion Fruit. Molecules, 26(9), 2494. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092494
Wang, X., Su, Y., Su, J., Xue, J., Zhang, R., Li, X., Li, Y., Ding, Y., & Chu, X. (2023). Optimization of Enzyme−Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Polysaccharide from Acanthopanax senticosus and Comparison of Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivities of Polysaccharides with Different Molecular Weights. Molecules, 28(18), 6585. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186585
Wenno, M. R., Thenu, J. L., & Cristina Lopulalan, C. G. (2012). Karakteristik Kappa Karaginan dari Kappaphycus alvarezii Pada Berbagai Umur Panen. Jurnal Pascapanen Dan Bioteknologi Kelautan Dan Perikanan, 7(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.15578/jpbkp.v7i1.69
Yin, H., Zhang, Y., Hu, T., Li, W., Deng, Y., Wang, X., Tang, H., Zhao, L., & Yan, G. (2023). Optimization of Cellulase-Assisted Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Equisetum via Response Surface Methodology Based on Antioxidant Activity. Processes, 11(7), 1978. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11071978
Youssouf, L., Lallemand, L., Giraud, P., Soulé, F., Bhaw-Luximon, A., Meilhac, O., D’Hellencourt, C. L., Jhurry, D., & Couprie, J. (2017). Ultrasound-assisted extraction and structural characterization by NMR of alginates and carrageenans from seaweeds. Carbohydrate Polymers, 166, 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.041
Zhang, J., Langford, Z. & Waldron, S. (2024). The global carrageenan industry in Globalization and Livelihood Transformations in the Indonesian Seaweed Industry, Langford, Z. (Ed.) Earthscan Food and Agriculture, ISBN 978-1-003-82343-8, Routledge, London, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003183860.
Zhao, L., Ouyang, D., Cheng, X., Zhou, X., Lin, L., Wang, J., Wu, Q., & Jia, J. (2023). Multi-frequency ultrasound-assisted cellulase extraction of protein from mulberry leaf: Kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural properties. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 99, 106554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106554
Authors
Kumalaningrum A. N., Poeloengasih C. D., Azhary M. F., Sholihah N., Syafitri T. A., Sabillah H., Nusantara B. G., & Christyandari D. A. (2025). Optimasi ekstraksi karagenan dari Kappaphycus alvarezii berbantu metode enzim selulase dan gelombang ultrasonik : Optimization of carrageenan extraction from Kappaphycus alvarezii using ultrasonic-assisted cellulase extraction (UACE) . Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 28(2), 187-209. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v28i2.61454
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Article Details
