Karakteristik dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Rumput Laut Gracilaria sp. Asal Banten Characteristics and Antioxidant Activities of Gracilaria sp. Seaweed from Banten
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Accepted
15 December 2020
Published
2 January 2021
Keywords:
-
antioxidant, bioactive compound, heavy metal, Gracilaria sp., proximate
Abstract
The Gracilaria sp. seaweed is often used as a source of commercial agar, however in recent years the price of this seaweed has dropped dramatically. Red seaweed has many health benefits. This study was aimed to determine proximate contains, heavy metal, total phenol and total flavonoid, and antioxidant activity of the seaweed Gracilaria sp. Extraction using the maceration method with ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane solvents with a ratio of 1:6 had a significant effect (α=0.05) on the antioxidant activity.The highest antioxidant activity was observed fromthe ethanolic extract with IC50 =22.15±1.63 μg/mL (very strong). Qualitative testing of the bioactive components of the ethanol extract of Gracilaria sp. found alkaloids, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, triterpenoids. Tests for total flavonoids and total phenols were carried out using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer obtaining 21.78±0.32 mg QE/g and 124±2.13 mg GAE/g respectively.
References
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[BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. 2006. Penentuan Kadar Logam Berat Merkuri (Hg) pada Produk Perikanan: SNI 01-2354.6-2006. Jakarta: Badan Standardisasi Nasional.
[BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. 2011. Cara uji kimia Bagian 5: Penentuan kadar logam berat timbal (Pb) dan kadmium (Cd) pada produk perikanan: SNI 2354.5-2011. Jakarta: Badan Standardisasi Nasional.
[BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. 2015. Rumput laut kering: SNI 2690:2015. Jakarta: Badan Standarisasi Nasional.
Chakraborty K dan Joseph D. 2016. Antioxidant potential and phenolic compounds of brown seaweeds Turbinaria conoides and Turbinaria ornata (class: phaeophyceae). Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology. 25(8):1249–1265
Coura CO, de Araújo IWF, Vanderlei ESO, Rodrigues JAG, Quinderé ALG, Fontes BP. et al. (2012). Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of sulphated polysaccharides from the red seaweed Gracilaria cornea. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. 110(4): 335–341.
Fauzi, A. 2017. Karakteristik Beras Tiruan Dengan Penambahan Rumput Laut dan Agar-agar [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Hall AC, Fairclough AC, Mahadevan K, Paxman JR. 2012. Ascophyllum nodosum enriched bread reduces subsequent energy intake with no effect on postprandial glucose and cholesterol in healthy, overweight males. Journal Appetite. 58: 379-386.
Harborne JB. 1987. Metode Fitokimia. Bandung : Penerbit ITB.
Hardiningtyas SD, Purwaningsih P, Handharyani E. 2014. Aktivitas antioksidan dan efek hepatoprotektif daun bakau api-api Putih. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia. 17(1): 80-91.
Hasan MR, Rejeki S, Wisnu R. 2015. Pengaruh bobot awal yang berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan Gracilaria sp. yang dibudidayakan dengan metode longline di perairan tambak terabrasi Desa Kaliwlingi Kabupaten Brebes. Journal of Aquaculture Management and Technology. 4(2): 92-99.
Julyasih KSM, Wirawan IGP, Harijani WS, Widajati W. 2009. Aktivitas antioksidan beberapa jenis rumput laut (seaweeds) komersial di Bali. Seminar Nasional Akselerasi Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian dalam Mendukung Revitalisasi Pertanian; 2009 Des 2; Surabaya, Indonesia, Surabaya (ID): Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran. hlm 1-8.
La Barre S, Potin P, Leblanc C, Delage L. 2010. The halogenated metabolism of brown algae (Phaeophyta), its biological importance and its environmental significance. Marine Drugs. 8: 988–1010.
Maharany F, Nurjanah, Suwandi R, Anwar E, Hidayat T. 2017. Kandungan senyawa bioaktif rumput laut Padina australis dan Eucheuma cottonii sebagai bahan baku krim tabir surya. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia. 20(1): 11-18.
Mahardika RG, Roanisca O. 2018. Aktivitas antioksidan dan fitokimia dari ekstrak etil asetat pucuk idat (Cratoxylum glaucum). Indonesian Journal of Chemical Research. 5(2): 69-74.
Malangngi LP, Meiske SS, Jessy JEP. 2012. Penentuan kandungan tanin dan uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak biji buah alpukat (Persea americana Mill.). Jurnal MIPA UNSRAT. 1(1): 5-10.
Matanjun P, Mohamed S, Mustapha NM, Muhammad K, Ming CH. 2008 Antioxidant activities and phenolic content of eight species of seaweed from North Borneo. Journal Applied Phycology. 20: 367–373.
Mattjik AA, Sumertajaya M. 2013. Perancangan Percobaan dengan Aplikasi SAS dan Minitab. Bogor (ID): IPB Press.
Meenakshi SDM, Gnanambigai ST, Mozhi M, Arumugam T, Balasubramanian. 2009. Total flavonoid and in vitro antioxidant activity of two seaweed of rameshwaram coast. Global Journal of Pharmacology. 3(2): 59–62.
Molyneux P. 2004. The use of the stable free radikal diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Journal Science of Technology. 26(2): 211-219.
Munandar A, Surilayani D, Haryati S, Sumantri MH, Aditia RP, Pratama G. 2019. Characterization flour of two seaweeds (Gracilaria spp. and Kappaphycus alvarezii) for reducing consumption of wheat flour in Indonesia. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science . 383 (2019) 012009.
Nurjanah, Nurilmala N, Anwar E, Luthfiyana N, Hidayat T. 2017. Identification of bioactive compounds of seaweed Sargassum sp. and Eucheuma cottonii Doty as a raw sunscreen cream. Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences. 54(4): 311-318.
Pereira DC, Trigueiro TG, Colepicolo P, Marinho-soriano E. 2012. Seasonal changes in the pigment composition of natural population of Gracilaria dumingensis (Graciliares. Rhodophyta). Brazillians Journal of Pharmacognosy. 22:874-880.
Purwaningsih S, Santoso J, Handharyani E, Setiawati NP, Deskawati E. 2020. Artificial rice from Gracilaria sp. as functional food to prevent diabetes. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 414 (2020) 012017.
Rajauria G, Foley B, Abu–Ghannam N. 2016. Identification and characterization ophenolic antioxidant compounds from brown irish seaweed Himanthalia elongata using LC–DAD–ESI–MS/MS. Journal Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies. 37:261–268.
Redha A. 2010. Flavonoid: Struktur, sifat antioksidan dan peranannya dalam system biologis. Jurnal Berlian. 9 (2): 196-202.
Sanger G. 2010. Kandungan fosfor minuman sari rumput laut (Eucheuma cottonii). Pacific Journal. 1(5): 792–795.
Septiana AT, Asnani A. 2012. Kajian sifat fisikokimia ekstrak rumput laut coklat Sargassum duplicatum menggunakan berbagai pelarut dan metode ekstraksi, Agrointek. 6 (1: 22-28.
Son YR, Choi EH, Kim GT, Park TS, Shim SM. 2015. Bioefficacy of graviola leaf extracts in scavenging free radicals and upregulating antioxidant genes. Journal Food and Fungtion Royal Society of Chemistry. 7(2): 61–71.
Sudir S, Tumaruk Y, Taebe B, Naid T. 2017. Analisis kandungan logam berat As, Cd dan Pb pada Eucheuma cottonii dari Perairan Takalar serta analisis maximum tolerable intake pada manusia. Majalah Farmasi Dan Farmakologi. 21(3): 63-66.
Suryaningrum TD, Wikanta T, Kristiana H. 2006. Uji aktivitas senyawa antioksidan dari rumput laut Halymenia harveyana dan Eucheuma cottonii. Jurnal Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan. 1(1): 51-63.
Topcu G, Ertas A, Kolak U, Ozturk M, Ulubelen A. (2007). Antioxidant activity tests on novel triterpenoids from Salvia macrochlamys. Archive for Organic Chemistry. 7: 195-208.
Wan–Ibrahim WI, Sidik K, Kuppusamy UR. 2010. A high antioxidant level in edible plants is associated with genotoxic properties. Food Chemistry. 122: 1139–1144.
Xiong Y, Yuan C, Chen R, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. 2010. Preparation and biological activity saponin Ophiogon japonicas. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 6 (2): 1964-1970.
Yanuarti R. 2017. Karakteristik bubur rumput laut Turbinaria conoides dan Eucheuma cottonii sebagai bahan baku krim tabir surya [tesis]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Yudiati E, Ridho A, Nugroho AA, Sedjati S, Maslukah L. 2020. Analisis kandungan agar, pigmen dan proksimat rumput laut Gracilaria sp. pada reservoir dan biofilter tambak udang Litopenaeus vannamei. Buletin Oseanografi Marina. 9(2): 133-140.
Zhang ZS, Li D, Wang LJ, Ozkan N, Chen XD, Mao ZH, Yang HZ. 2007. Optimisation of ethanol-water extraction of lignans from flaxseed. Journal of Separation and Purification Technology. 57: 17-24
Zhu, Yan Q, Huang Y, Chen ZY. 2000. Insteractions between falvonoids and α-tocopherol in human low density lipoprotein. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 11 (1): 14-21.
Amaranggana L, Wathoni N. 2017. Manfaat alga merah (Rhodopyta) sebagai sumber obat dari bahan alam. Majalah Farmasetika. 2(1): 16-19.
Bangol E, Momuat LI, Abidjulu J. 2014. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol dan n-heksan dari daun rumput santa maria (Artemisia vulgaris L.) pada minyak ikan. Jurnal Ilmiah Sains. 14(2): 129-135..
[AOAC] Association of Official Analytical Chemyst. 2005. Official Method of Analysis (18 Edn). Arlington, Virginia, USA : Published by The Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Inc.
[BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. 1998. Cara uji cemaran arsen dalam makanan: SNI 01- 4866-1998. Jakarta: Badan Standardisasi Nasional.
[BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. 2006. Penentuan Kadar Logam Berat Merkuri (Hg) pada Produk Perikanan: SNI 01-2354.6-2006. Jakarta: Badan Standardisasi Nasional.
[BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. 2011. Cara uji kimia Bagian 5: Penentuan kadar logam berat timbal (Pb) dan kadmium (Cd) pada produk perikanan: SNI 2354.5-2011. Jakarta: Badan Standardisasi Nasional.
[BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. 2015. Rumput laut kering: SNI 2690:2015. Jakarta: Badan Standarisasi Nasional.
Chakraborty K dan Joseph D. 2016. Antioxidant potential and phenolic compounds of brown seaweeds Turbinaria conoides and Turbinaria ornata (class: phaeophyceae). Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology. 25(8):1249–1265
Coura CO, de Araújo IWF, Vanderlei ESO, Rodrigues JAG, Quinderé ALG, Fontes BP. et al. (2012). Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of sulphated polysaccharides from the red seaweed Gracilaria cornea. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. 110(4): 335–341.
Fauzi, A. 2017. Karakteristik Beras Tiruan Dengan Penambahan Rumput Laut dan Agar-agar [skripsi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Hall AC, Fairclough AC, Mahadevan K, Paxman JR. 2012. Ascophyllum nodosum enriched bread reduces subsequent energy intake with no effect on postprandial glucose and cholesterol in healthy, overweight males. Journal Appetite. 58: 379-386.
Harborne JB. 1987. Metode Fitokimia. Bandung : Penerbit ITB.
Hardiningtyas SD, Purwaningsih P, Handharyani E. 2014. Aktivitas antioksidan dan efek hepatoprotektif daun bakau api-api Putih. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia. 17(1): 80-91.
Hasan MR, Rejeki S, Wisnu R. 2015. Pengaruh bobot awal yang berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan Gracilaria sp. yang dibudidayakan dengan metode longline di perairan tambak terabrasi Desa Kaliwlingi Kabupaten Brebes. Journal of Aquaculture Management and Technology. 4(2): 92-99.
Julyasih KSM, Wirawan IGP, Harijani WS, Widajati W. 2009. Aktivitas antioksidan beberapa jenis rumput laut (seaweeds) komersial di Bali. Seminar Nasional Akselerasi Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian dalam Mendukung Revitalisasi Pertanian; 2009 Des 2; Surabaya, Indonesia, Surabaya (ID): Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran. hlm 1-8.
La Barre S, Potin P, Leblanc C, Delage L. 2010. The halogenated metabolism of brown algae (Phaeophyta), its biological importance and its environmental significance. Marine Drugs. 8: 988–1010.
Maharany F, Nurjanah, Suwandi R, Anwar E, Hidayat T. 2017. Kandungan senyawa bioaktif rumput laut Padina australis dan Eucheuma cottonii sebagai bahan baku krim tabir surya. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia. 20(1): 11-18.
Mahardika RG, Roanisca O. 2018. Aktivitas antioksidan dan fitokimia dari ekstrak etil asetat pucuk idat (Cratoxylum glaucum). Indonesian Journal of Chemical Research. 5(2): 69-74.
Malangngi LP, Meiske SS, Jessy JEP. 2012. Penentuan kandungan tanin dan uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak biji buah alpukat (Persea americana Mill.). Jurnal MIPA UNSRAT. 1(1): 5-10.
Matanjun P, Mohamed S, Mustapha NM, Muhammad K, Ming CH. 2008 Antioxidant activities and phenolic content of eight species of seaweed from North Borneo. Journal Applied Phycology. 20: 367–373.
Mattjik AA, Sumertajaya M. 2013. Perancangan Percobaan dengan Aplikasi SAS dan Minitab. Bogor (ID): IPB Press.
Meenakshi SDM, Gnanambigai ST, Mozhi M, Arumugam T, Balasubramanian. 2009. Total flavonoid and in vitro antioxidant activity of two seaweed of rameshwaram coast. Global Journal of Pharmacology. 3(2): 59–62.
Molyneux P. 2004. The use of the stable free radikal diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Journal Science of Technology. 26(2): 211-219.
Munandar A, Surilayani D, Haryati S, Sumantri MH, Aditia RP, Pratama G. 2019. Characterization flour of two seaweeds (Gracilaria spp. and Kappaphycus alvarezii) for reducing consumption of wheat flour in Indonesia. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science . 383 (2019) 012009.
Nurjanah, Nurilmala N, Anwar E, Luthfiyana N, Hidayat T. 2017. Identification of bioactive compounds of seaweed Sargassum sp. and Eucheuma cottonii Doty as a raw sunscreen cream. Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences. 54(4): 311-318.
Pereira DC, Trigueiro TG, Colepicolo P, Marinho-soriano E. 2012. Seasonal changes in the pigment composition of natural population of Gracilaria dumingensis (Graciliares. Rhodophyta). Brazillians Journal of Pharmacognosy. 22:874-880.
Purwaningsih S, Santoso J, Handharyani E, Setiawati NP, Deskawati E. 2020. Artificial rice from Gracilaria sp. as functional food to prevent diabetes. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 414 (2020) 012017.
Rajauria G, Foley B, Abu–Ghannam N. 2016. Identification and characterization ophenolic antioxidant compounds from brown irish seaweed Himanthalia elongata using LC–DAD–ESI–MS/MS. Journal Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies. 37:261–268.
Redha A. 2010. Flavonoid: Struktur, sifat antioksidan dan peranannya dalam system biologis. Jurnal Berlian. 9 (2): 196-202.
Sanger G. 2010. Kandungan fosfor minuman sari rumput laut (Eucheuma cottonii). Pacific Journal. 1(5): 792–795.
Septiana AT, Asnani A. 2012. Kajian sifat fisikokimia ekstrak rumput laut coklat Sargassum duplicatum menggunakan berbagai pelarut dan metode ekstraksi, Agrointek. 6 (1: 22-28.
Son YR, Choi EH, Kim GT, Park TS, Shim SM. 2015. Bioefficacy of graviola leaf extracts in scavenging free radicals and upregulating antioxidant genes. Journal Food and Fungtion Royal Society of Chemistry. 7(2): 61–71.
Sudir S, Tumaruk Y, Taebe B, Naid T. 2017. Analisis kandungan logam berat As, Cd dan Pb pada Eucheuma cottonii dari Perairan Takalar serta analisis maximum tolerable intake pada manusia. Majalah Farmasi Dan Farmakologi. 21(3): 63-66.
Suryaningrum TD, Wikanta T, Kristiana H. 2006. Uji aktivitas senyawa antioksidan dari rumput laut Halymenia harveyana dan Eucheuma cottonii. Jurnal Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan. 1(1): 51-63.
Topcu G, Ertas A, Kolak U, Ozturk M, Ulubelen A. (2007). Antioxidant activity tests on novel triterpenoids from Salvia macrochlamys. Archive for Organic Chemistry. 7: 195-208.
Wan–Ibrahim WI, Sidik K, Kuppusamy UR. 2010. A high antioxidant level in edible plants is associated with genotoxic properties. Food Chemistry. 122: 1139–1144.
Xiong Y, Yuan C, Chen R, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. 2010. Preparation and biological activity saponin Ophiogon japonicas. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 6 (2): 1964-1970.
Yanuarti R. 2017. Karakteristik bubur rumput laut Turbinaria conoides dan Eucheuma cottonii sebagai bahan baku krim tabir surya [tesis]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Yudiati E, Ridho A, Nugroho AA, Sedjati S, Maslukah L. 2020. Analisis kandungan agar, pigmen dan proksimat rumput laut Gracilaria sp. pada reservoir dan biofilter tambak udang Litopenaeus vannamei. Buletin Oseanografi Marina. 9(2): 133-140.
Zhang ZS, Li D, Wang LJ, Ozkan N, Chen XD, Mao ZH, Yang HZ. 2007. Optimisation of ethanol-water extraction of lignans from flaxseed. Journal of Separation and Purification Technology. 57: 17-24
Zhu, Yan Q, Huang Y, Chen ZY. 2000. Insteractions between falvonoids and α-tocopherol in human low density lipoprotein. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 11 (1): 14-21.
Authors
PurwaningsihS., & DeskawatiE. (2021). Karakteristik dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Rumput Laut Gracilaria sp. Asal Banten: Characteristics and Antioxidant Activities of Gracilaria sp. Seaweed from Banten. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 23(3), 503-512. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v23i3.32808
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