Pengaruh Komposisi Susu Cair terhadap Sifat Reologi dan Potensi Risikonya pada Kecukupan Proses Termal

  • Ashari Widhiasmoro Program Magister Teknologi Pangan, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, IPB University, Bogor
  • Purwiyatno Hariyadi Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, IPB University, Bogor
  • Eko Hari Purnomo Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, IPB University, Bogor
Keywords: density, milk, rheology, thermal process, viscosity

Abstract

The viscosity and density of liquid milk are influenced by temperature and composition. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of differences in liquid milk composition on rheological properties and assess its potential risk to the adequacy of the thermal process. The liquid milk used in this research included fresh milk from three different regions, full-fat recombinant milk (fat content >3%), partially skimmed recombinant milk (fat content >0.5%), and recombinant milk with cocoa solids (fat content >2%). The results showed that in 2022, fresh milk samples from West Java, Central Java, and East Java had total solids of 11.7±0.14%, 11.5±0.14%, and 12.1±0.19%, respectively; fat content of 3.6±0.15%, 4.0±0.13%, and 4.0±0.13%; and protein content of 2.9±0.04%, 2.9±0.06%, and 3.0±0.06%. All samples exhibited Newtonian fluid behavior, with density and viscosity decreasing as temperature increased. Differences in the density and viscosity of liquid milk affected the maximum flow speed in the holding tube but did not significantly impact the F₀ value. In sterilization practices with F₀ values ranging from 5.2 to 10.9 minutes, variations in maximum flow rates among fresh milk from different regions and different types of recombinant milk did not pose a risk to food safety, as the adequacy of the thermal process was still achieved (F₀>3.0 minutes).

Downloads

References

Alatas MS, Citil OB, Kahraman O, Ozbilgin A. 2015. Causes of milk fat depression in dairy cows. Anim Sci. 58: 80–85.

Arzuaga MR, Aalaei K, da Silva DF, Barjon S, Añón MC, Abraham AG, Ahrné L. 2021. Infant milk formulae processing: effect of wet-mix total solids and heat treatment temperature on rheological, emulsifying and nutritional properties. J Food Eng. 290: 110194. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110194

Bista A, Tobin JT, O’Donnel CP, O’Shea N. 2020. Monitoring viscosity and total solids content of milk protein concentrate using an inline acoustic flowmeter at laboratory scale. Foods. 9(9): 1310. doi:10.3390/foods9091310

Božiková M, Hlaváč P. 2013. Temperature and storing time influence on selected physical properties of milk and acidophilus milk. Acta Univ Agric Fac Agron. 61 (6): 1589–1595. doi:10.11118/actaun201361061589

[BPOM] Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan. 2023. Peraturan Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Nomor 13 Tahun 2023 tentang Kategori Pangan. Jakarta: Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan.

[BPOM] Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan. 2019. Peraturan Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Nomor 19 Tahun 2019 Tentang Pedoman Cara Produksi yang Baik untuk Pangan Steril Komersial yang Diolah dan Dikemas secara Aseptik. Jakarta: Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan.

[BPOM] Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan. 2016. 2021. Peraturan Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia Nomor 27 Tahun 2021 Tentang Persyaratan Pangan Olahan Ber-asam Rendah Dikemas Hermetis. Jakarta: Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan.

[BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. 2011. SNI 3141. 1:2-11. Susu Segar–Bagian 1: Sapi. Jakarta: Badan Standardisasi Nasional.

Buggy AK, McManus JJ, Brodkorb A, Mc Carthy N, Fenelon MA. 2017. Stabilising effect of α-lactal-bumin on concentrated infant milk formula emulsions heat treated pre- or post-homogenisation. Dairy Sci Technol. 96: 845–859. doi:10.1007/s13594-016-0306-1

Chen B, Lewis MJ, Grandison AS. 2014. Effect of seasonal variation on the composition and properties of raw milk destined for processing in the UK. Food Chem. 158: 216–223. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem. 2014.02.118

Cheng N, Barbano DM, Drake MA. 2022. Effect of pasteurization and fat, protein, casein to serum protein ratio, and milk temperature on milk beverage color and viscosity. J Dairy Sci. 102 (3): 2022–2043. doi:10.3168/jds.2018-15739

Christi RF, Rohayati T. 2017. Kadar protein, laktosa, dan bahan kering tanpa lemak susu kambing per-anakan ettawa yang diberi konsentrat terfermentasi. JANHUS: J Ilmu Peternakan (J Anim Hus-bandry Sci). 1 (2): 19–27. doi:10.52434/janhus.v1i2.243

Craig A-L, Gordon AW, Hamill G, Ferris CP. 2022. Milk composition and production efficiency within feed-to-yield systems on commercial dairy farms in Northern Ireland. Animals. 12 (14): 1771. doi:10.3390/ani12141771

da Silva KP, dos Santos EC, Gonçalves RFS, Beirão ATM, Carvalho FIM, da Rocha HO, da Silva Barbosa SB, Pamplona VMS, Rodrigues AE, da Silva Lobato F. 2021. Development of a low-cost prototype: Pitot tube designed to measure the mass and the volumetric flow rates of fluids. Int J Innov Educ Res. 9 (8): 328–337.

doi:10.31686/ijier. vol9.iss8.3302

Dash KK, Fayaz U, Dar AH, Shams R, Manzoor S, Sundarsingh A, Deka P, Khan SA. 2022. A comprehensive review on heat treatments and related impact on the quality and microbial safety of milk and milk-based products. Food Chem Advances. 1: 100041. doi:10.1016/j.focha.2022.100041

Dewanckele L, Toral PG, Vlaeminck V, Fievez V. 2020. Invited review: Role of rumen biohydrogenation intermediates and rumen microbes in diet-induced milk fat depression: An update. J Dairy Sci. 103 (9): 7655–7681. doi:10.3168/jds.2019-17662

Fernández-Martín F. 1972. Influence of temperature and composition on some physical properties of milk and milk concentrates. J Dairy Res. 39 (1): 75–82. doi:10.1017/S0022029900013868

Gastélum-Barrios A, Soto-Zarazúa GM, Escamilla-García A, Toledano-Ayala M, Macías-Bobadilla G, Jauregui-Vazquez D. 2020. Optical methods based on ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared spectra to estimate fat and protein in raw milk: a review. Sensors. 20 (12): 33–56. doi:10.3390/s20123356

Gonçalves BJ, Pereira CG, Lago AMT, Gonçalves CS, Giarola TMO, Abreu LR, Resende JV. 2017. Thermal conductivity as influenced by the temperature and apparent viscosity of dairy products. J Dairy Sci. 100 (5): 3513–3525. doi:10.3168/jds.2016-12051

Ho QT, Murphy KM, Drapala KP, O'Callaghan TF, Fenelon MA, O'Mahony JA, McCarthy NA. 2018. Effect of pH and heat treatment on viscosity and heat coagulation properties of milk protein concentrate. Int Dairy J. 85: 219–224. doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.05.012

Islam MA, Roy S, Nabi A, Solaiman S, Rahman, M, Huq M, Siddiquee NA, Ahmed N. 2018. Micro-biological quality assessment of milk at different stages of the dairy value chain in a developing country setting. Int J Food Microbiol. 278: 11–19. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.028

Kelleher CM, O’Mahony JA, Kelly AL, O’Callaghan DJ, McCarthy NA. 2018. Evaluation of models for temperature-dependent viscosity changes in dairy protein beverage formulations during thermal processing. J Food Sci. 83 (4): 937–945. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.14097

Khetra Y, Kisan BS, Ganguly S, Hussain, SA. 2018. Rheology of Dairy Products. Compendium of Lectures. Center of Advanced Faculty Training on Nano-Technological and Biochemical Techniques for Assessing the Quality and Safety of Milk and Milk Products. Gandhi K, Seth, R, Sharma R, editors. Dairy Chemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institut, Haryana, India. India: hlm 99.

Kumbar V, Nedomova S. 2015. Viscosity and ana-lytical differences between raw milk and UHT milk of Czech cows. Sci Agric Biochem. 46 (2): 78–83. doi:10.1515/sab-2015-0020

Li X, Huo G, Wang Y, Sun H, Kong Q. 2016. Research on rapid detection method of protein and fat in raw milk based on mid-infrared spectrum. Int J Multimed Ubiquitous. 11 (10): 131–142. doi:10.14257/ijmue. 2016.11.10.12

Magan JB, O’Çalaghan TF, Kelly AL, McCharty NA. 2021. Compositional and functional properties of milk and dairy products derived from cows fed pasture or concentrate-based diets. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 20 (3): 2769–2800. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12751

Messaâdi A, Dhouibi N, Hamda H, Belgacem FBN, Adbelkader YH, Ouerfelli N, Hamzaoui AH. 2015. A new equation relating the viscosity arrhenius temperature and the activation energy for some newtonian classical solvents. J Chem. 2015 (1): 163262. doi:10.1155/2015/163262

Mezger T. 2018. The Rheology Handbook 4th Edition, hal 31. Graz: Anton Paar GmbH.

Miarsono S, Putri WR, Pratama JWA. 2021. Perban-dingan kadar lemak, protein dan bahan kering tanpa lemak (BKTL) pada susu sapi segar di Kota Kediri dan Kabupaten Kediri. J Ilmiah Fillia Cendekia. 6 (1): 31–35. doi:10.32503/fillia.v6i1.1401

Morison KR, Phelan JP, Bloore CG. 2013. Viscosity and non-newtonian behaviour of concentrated milk and cream. Int J Food Prop. 16 (4): 882–894. doi:10.1080/10942912.2011.573113

Munir MT, Zhang Y, Yu W, Wilson DI, Young BR. 2016. Virtual milk for modelling and simulation of dairy processes. J Dairy Sci. 99 (5): 3380–3395. doi:10.3168/jds.2015-10449

Parmar P, Lopez-Villalobos N, Tobin JT, Murphy E, Buckley F, Crowley SV, Kelly AL, Shalloo L. 2021. Effect of temperature on raw whole milk density and its potential impact on milk payment in the dairy industry. Int J Food Sci Technol. 56 (5): 2415–2422. doi:10.1111/ijfs.14869

Ranvir S, Sharma R, Gandhi K, Nikam P, Mann B. 2021. Physico-chemical changes during processing and storage of UHT milk. Indian J Dairy Sci. 74 (1): 39–47. doi:10.33785/IJDS.2021.v74i01.005

Suhendra D, Nugraha WT, Nugraheni YLRE, Hartati L. 2020. Korelasi kadar lemak dan laktosa dengan berat jenis susu sapi friesian holstein di Kecamatan Ngablak Kabupaten Magelang. Agrinimal. 8 (2): 88–91. doi:10.30598/ajitt.2020.8.2.88-91

Sutariya SG, Huppertz T, Patel HA. 2017. Influence of milk pre-heating conditions on casein–whey protein interactions and skim milk concentrate vis-cosity. Int Dairy J. 69: 19–22. doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2017.01.007

Tančin V, Mikláš S, Čobirka B, Uhrinča M, Mačuhová L. 2020. Factors affecting raw milk quality of dairy cows under practical conditions. Potravinarstvo Slovak J Food Sci. 14: 744–749. doi:10.5219/1336

Tsermoula P, Drapala KP, Joyce AM, Hoare K, Crowley SV, O’Mahony JA. 2021. The impact of protein standardisation with liquid or powdered milk permeate on the rheological properties of skim milk concentrate. Int Dairy J. 119: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.104982

Wells-Bennik MHJ, Janssen PWM, Klaus V, Yang C, Zwietering MH, Den Besten HMW. 2019. Heat resistance of spores of 18 strains of Geobacillus stearothermophilus and impact of culturing conditions. Int J Food Microbiol. 291: 161–172. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.11.005

Published
2025-04-08
How to Cite
WidhiasmoroA., HariyadiP., & PurnomoE. H. (2025). Pengaruh Komposisi Susu Cair terhadap Sifat Reologi dan Potensi Risikonya pada Kecukupan Proses Termal. Jurnal Mutu Pangan : Indonesian Journal of Food Quality, 12(1), 26-36. https://doi.org/10.29244/jmpi.2025.12.1.26
Section
Research Paper