Implementation of The Concept of Conservation Area Buffer Zone in Indonesia
Abstract
Conservation area buffer zones are recognized to provide ecological, social, and economic benefits in supporting conservation areas' integrity. Nevertheless, little is known hitherto about the development dynamics of conservation area buffer zones in Indonesia. Therefore, a study concerning theory, policy, and management of the conservation area buffer zones in Indonesia is necessary to analyze its performance, identify problems in its implementation, and formulate its evidence-based development policy. This study aims to identify and analyze issues in implementing the concept of conservation area buffer zone as well as recommend policy formulation to accelerate the development of conservation area buffer zones in Indonesia. This study is an exploratory research through a literature review with semi-systematic approach. It finds that there are only nine out of 530 (1.7%) conservation areas in Indonesia with a formally established buffer zone. This condition is mainly due to the absence of buffer zone institutions at the regional government levels. Meanwhile, the management of supposedly buffer zones has been conducted through various projects for strengthening the functions of buffer zones by conservation area managers, either in the form of land-based or non-land-based projects. This study results in recommendations for all interested parties to urge the Ministry of Environment and Forestry and the Ministry of Home Affairs to promulgate and renew the regulations concerning the procedures of establishing and managing conservation area buffer zones. Moreover, regarding the institutional aspect, there is a need for a particular structure in both ministries to address community empowerment issues at the site level.
References
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Andriyanningsih, S. (2019). Perubahan sikap dan perilaku masyarakat desa penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai Jawa Barat [undergraduate thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Bagja, B. (2000). Aplikasi sistem informasi geografis dalam penentuan status pemenuhan kebutuhan kayu bakar di daerah penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango (Studi kasus di Desa Galudra dan Sukamulya, Kecamatan Cugenang, Kabupaten Cianjur) [undergraduate thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Basuni, S. (2003). Inovasi institusi untuk meningkatkan kinerja daerah penyangga kawasan konservasi (Studi kasus di Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, Jawa Barat) [dissertation]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Basuni, S. (2016). Buku orasi ilmiah Guru Besar IPB: Landasan filosofis, teori, dan praktik konservasi biodiversitas di Indonesia. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Beaumont, J. (1997). Community participation in the establishment and management of marine protected areas: A review of selected international experience. South African Journal of Marine Science, 7615(18), 333–340. https://doi.org/10.2989/025776197784161009
Bismark, M., & Sawitri, R. (2007). Pengembangan dan pengelolaan daerah penyangga kawasan konservasi. In M. Bismark (Ed.), Prosiding ekspose hasil-hasil penelitian: Konservasi dan rehabilitasi sumberdaya alam (pp. 1–11). Padang: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam, Departemen Kehutanan.
Bismark, M., Sawitri, R., & Eman, E. (2007). Pengelolaan dan zonasi daerah penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai, Kabupaten Kuningan, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam, 4(5), 467–483. https://doi.org/10.20886/jphka.2007.4.5.467-483
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Du, W., Penabaz-Wiley, S. M., Njeru, A. M., & Kinoshita, I. (2015). Models and approaches for integrating protected areas with their surroundings: A review of the literature. Sustainability, 7(7), 8151–8177. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7078151
Ebregt, A., & Greve, P. de. (2000). Buffer zones and their management: Policy and best practices for terrestrial ecosystems in developing countries. Wageningen: National Reference Centre for Nature Management (EC-LNV) and International Agricultural Centre (IAC). Retrieved from http://edepot.wur.nl/118089%0Apapers2://publication/uuid/AE1F55C8-2066-4DCC-B28F-577EB8F78094
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Ervin, J., Mulongoy, K. J., Lawrence, K., Game, E., Sheppard, D., Bridgewater, P., ..., & Bos, P. (2010). Making protected areas relevant: A guide to integrating protected areas into wider landscapes, seascapes and sectoral plans and strategies. CBD Technical Series No. 44. Montréal: Convention on Biological Diversity, 94pp.
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Gunningham, N., Grabosky, P., & Sinclair, D. (1998). Smart regulation: Designing environment policy. Gloucestershire: Clarendon Press.
Handasari, I. (2013). Pengelolaan resolusi konflik agraria kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango: Sikap dan strategi bertahan [undergraduate thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Handoyoseputro, K. (2018). Analisis penggunaan lahan dan arahan pengelolaan di Taman Nasional Gunung Maras dan area penyangganya [thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Hervianti, M. R. (2001). Peranan sub sektor produksi tanaman pangan di daerah penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango (Studi kasus di Resort Bodogol, Resort Cimande, Resort Goalpara dan Resort Selabintana) [undergraduate thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Ichsan, A. C. (2017). Kelembagaan model desa konservasi di Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat [dissertation]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Irni, J. (2017). Keanekaragaman jenis kupu-kupu dan desain pemanfaatannya sebagai Taman Kupu-Kupu di kawasan penyangga Tangkahan Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser [thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Khalik, I. (2007). Analisis kelembagaan pengelolaan daerah penyangga Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat (Studi kasus di Eks HPH PT Maju Jaya Raya Timber Kabupaten Bengkulu Utara Provinsi Bengkulu) [thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Kurniawan, I., Barus, B., & Pravitasari, A. E. (2018). Pemodelan spasial perubahan penggunaan lahan di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak dan daerah penyangganya. Journal of Regional and Rural Development Planning, 1(3), 270. https://doi.org/10.29244/jp2wd.2017.1.3.270-286
Kurniawan, W. (2012). Konsep pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam penyelesaian konflik lahan di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak [dissertation]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Mahalia. (2000). Kapasitas sangga sub sektor produksi tanaman keras di daerah penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango Jawa Barat (Studi kasus di Resort Bodogol, Resort Cimande, Resort Goalpara dan Resort Selabintana) [undergraduate thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Mahyudi, I. (2017). Kajian potensi iktiofauna di kawasan penyangga Resort Suo-Suo Taman Nasional Bukit Tigapuluh [thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Martino, D. (2001). Buffer zones around protected areas: A brief literature review. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/02n4v17n
Maysarah, D. (2017). Kesejahteraan ekonomi masyarakat daerah penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango [undergraduate thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Muliana, D. (2001). Kapasitas sangga sub sektor produksi peternakan di daerah penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango Propinsi Jawa Barat (Studi kasus di Resort Bodogol, Resort Cimande, Resort Goalpara, Resort Selabintana, dan Resort Cibodas) [undergraduate thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Mulpiadi, Soetoro, & Hardiyanto, T. (2014). Respon petani terhadap kegiatan model desa konservasi (MDK) di kawasan Taman Buru Masigit Kareumbi (Studi kasus pada kelompok MDK di Desa Sindulang Kecamatan Cimanggung Kabupaten Sumedang). AGRO INFO GALUH, 2(1), 35–40.
Nurmaeti, C., Abidin, Z., & Prianto, A. (2018). Keanekaragaman burung pada zona penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai. Quagga: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Biologi, 10(2), 54. https://doi.org/10.25134/quagga.v10i2.1297
Nurrani, L., Bismark, M., & Tabba, S. (2014). Tipologi penggunaan lahan oleh masyarakat pada zona penyangga Taman Nasional Aketajawe Lolobata di Kabupaten Halmahera Timur. Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan, 11(3), 223–235. https://doi.org/10.20886/jsek.2014.11.3.223-235
Ostrom, E. (2005). Understanding institutional diversity . New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/8012441/_Elinor_Ostrom_Understanding_Institutional_Diversity
Prasetyo, D., & Sugardjito, J. (2010). Status populasi satwa primata di Taman Nasional Gunung Palung dan daerah penyangga, Kalimantan Barat. Jurnal Primatologi Indonesia, 7(2), 60–68.
Pratidina, G. (2014). Penerapan kebijakan model kampung konservasi taman nasional. Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Negara, 12(4), 256–266.
Reiter, B. (2017). Theory and methodology of exploratory social science research. Ijsrm. Human, 5(54), 129–150. Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1134&context=gia_facpub
Ristianasari. (2013). Efektifitas pemberdayaan masyarakat di Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan (TNBBS): Kasus model desa konservasi (MDK) di Pekon Sukaraja dan Pekon Kubu Perahu, Lampung [thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Salafsky, N. (1993). Mammalian use of a buffer zone agroforestry system bordering Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Conservation Biology, 7(4), 929–933.
Savioli, M., & Patuelli, R. (2016). Social capital, institutions and policymaking. Quaderni-Working Paper DSE N°1070. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2792161
Sayer, J. (1991). Rainforest buffer zones: Guidelines for protected area managers. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved from https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/FR-001.pdf
Silori, C. S. (2015). Ecosystem services and sustainable development. In M. Sundriyal & V. K. Dhaundiyal (Eds.), Ecosystem services and its mainstreaming in development planning process (pp. 22–32). Dehradun: Uttarakhand Science Education and Research Centre (USERC) & Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63951-2_423-1
Suciyanto, N. (2008). Evaluasi desa model di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon (Studi kasus Desa Tamanjaya) [undergraduate thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Suprapto. (2000). Gangguan satwaliar mamalia besar dan nilai kerugiannya di daerah penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango Jawa Barat [undergraduate thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Suyadi. (2018). Kepemimpinan tokoh informal dalam peningkatan kapasitas petani agroforestri di lingkungan Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai [dissertation]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Suyanto, A., & Semiadi, G. (2004). Keragaman mamalia di sekitar daerah penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun, Kecamatan Cipanas, Kabupaten Lebak. Berita Biologi, 7(1), 87–94.
Tobing, I. (2008). Manajemen kawasan dalam upaya konservasi sumberdaya alam hayati. VIS VITALIS, 1(2), 63–70.
Tucker, C. M. (2010). Learning on governance in forest ecosystems: Lessons from recent research. International Journal of the Commons, 4(2), 687. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.224
[UNESCO] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (1996). Biosphere reserves: The seville strategy and the statutory framework of the world network. Paris: UNESCO.
Wong, G., Greenhalgh, T., Westhorp, G., Buckingham, J., & Pawson, R. (2013). RAMESES publication standards: Meta-narrative reviews. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(5), 987–1004. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12092
Alkaf, M. (2014). Analisis perubahan penggunaan lahan dan arahan pemanfaatan lahan di Taman Nasional Gunung Merbabu serta daerah penyangganya [thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Andriyanningsih, S. (2019). Perubahan sikap dan perilaku masyarakat desa penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai Jawa Barat [undergraduate thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Bagja, B. (2000). Aplikasi sistem informasi geografis dalam penentuan status pemenuhan kebutuhan kayu bakar di daerah penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango (Studi kasus di Desa Galudra dan Sukamulya, Kecamatan Cugenang, Kabupaten Cianjur) [undergraduate thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Basuni, S. (2003). Inovasi institusi untuk meningkatkan kinerja daerah penyangga kawasan konservasi (Studi kasus di Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, Jawa Barat) [dissertation]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Basuni, S. (2016). Buku orasi ilmiah Guru Besar IPB: Landasan filosofis, teori, dan praktik konservasi biodiversitas di Indonesia. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Beaumont, J. (1997). Community participation in the establishment and management of marine protected areas: A review of selected international experience. South African Journal of Marine Science, 7615(18), 333–340. https://doi.org/10.2989/025776197784161009
Bismark, M., & Sawitri, R. (2007). Pengembangan dan pengelolaan daerah penyangga kawasan konservasi. In M. Bismark (Ed.), Prosiding ekspose hasil-hasil penelitian: Konservasi dan rehabilitasi sumberdaya alam (pp. 1–11). Padang: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam, Departemen Kehutanan.
Bismark, M., Sawitri, R., & Eman, E. (2007). Pengelolaan dan zonasi daerah penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai, Kabupaten Kuningan, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam, 4(5), 467–483. https://doi.org/10.20886/jphka.2007.4.5.467-483
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Du, W., Penabaz-Wiley, S. M., Njeru, A. M., & Kinoshita, I. (2015). Models and approaches for integrating protected areas with their surroundings: A review of the literature. Sustainability, 7(7), 8151–8177. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7078151
Ebregt, A., & Greve, P. de. (2000). Buffer zones and their management: Policy and best practices for terrestrial ecosystems in developing countries. Wageningen: National Reference Centre for Nature Management (EC-LNV) and International Agricultural Centre (IAC). Retrieved from http://edepot.wur.nl/118089%0Apapers2://publication/uuid/AE1F55C8-2066-4DCC-B28F-577EB8F78094
Effendi, A. D., Barkey, R. A., & Jamil, M. H. (2014). Strategi pengembangan program pemberdayaan masyarakat pada model desa konservasi di Taman Nasional Taka Bonerate. Jurnal Sains & Teknologi, 14(2), 151–161.
Ervin, J., Mulongoy, K. J., Lawrence, K., Game, E., Sheppard, D., Bridgewater, P., ..., & Bos, P. (2010). Making protected areas relevant: A guide to integrating protected areas into wider landscapes, seascapes and sectoral plans and strategies. CBD Technical Series No. 44. Montréal: Convention on Biological Diversity, 94pp.
Fadillah, F. (2019). Implementasi program model desa konservasi (MDK) di Taman Wisata Alam (TWA) Lejja. Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Pertanian, 5(2), 27–34.
Gunawan, H., Allo, M., Putri, I., Qiptiyah, M., & Rakhman, M. (2005). Model zona penyangga Taman Nasional Rawa Aopa Watumohai di Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam, 2(5).
Gunawan, H., Bismark, M., & Krisnawati, H. (2013). Kajian sosial ekonomi masyarakat sekitar sebagai dasar penetapan tipe penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Merbabu, Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam, 10(2), 103–119.
Gunningham, N., Grabosky, P., & Sinclair, D. (1998). Smart regulation: Designing environment policy. Gloucestershire: Clarendon Press.
Handasari, I. (2013). Pengelolaan resolusi konflik agraria kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango: Sikap dan strategi bertahan [undergraduate thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Handoyoseputro, K. (2018). Analisis penggunaan lahan dan arahan pengelolaan di Taman Nasional Gunung Maras dan area penyangganya [thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Hervianti, M. R. (2001). Peranan sub sektor produksi tanaman pangan di daerah penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango (Studi kasus di Resort Bodogol, Resort Cimande, Resort Goalpara dan Resort Selabintana) [undergraduate thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Ichsan, A. C. (2017). Kelembagaan model desa konservasi di Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat [dissertation]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Irni, J. (2017). Keanekaragaman jenis kupu-kupu dan desain pemanfaatannya sebagai Taman Kupu-Kupu di kawasan penyangga Tangkahan Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser [thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Khalik, I. (2007). Analisis kelembagaan pengelolaan daerah penyangga Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat (Studi kasus di Eks HPH PT Maju Jaya Raya Timber Kabupaten Bengkulu Utara Provinsi Bengkulu) [thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Kurniawan, I., Barus, B., & Pravitasari, A. E. (2018). Pemodelan spasial perubahan penggunaan lahan di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak dan daerah penyangganya. Journal of Regional and Rural Development Planning, 1(3), 270. https://doi.org/10.29244/jp2wd.2017.1.3.270-286
Kurniawan, W. (2012). Konsep pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam penyelesaian konflik lahan di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak [dissertation]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Mahalia. (2000). Kapasitas sangga sub sektor produksi tanaman keras di daerah penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango Jawa Barat (Studi kasus di Resort Bodogol, Resort Cimande, Resort Goalpara dan Resort Selabintana) [undergraduate thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Mahyudi, I. (2017). Kajian potensi iktiofauna di kawasan penyangga Resort Suo-Suo Taman Nasional Bukit Tigapuluh [thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Martino, D. (2001). Buffer zones around protected areas: A brief literature review. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/02n4v17n
Maysarah, D. (2017). Kesejahteraan ekonomi masyarakat daerah penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango [undergraduate thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Muliana, D. (2001). Kapasitas sangga sub sektor produksi peternakan di daerah penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango Propinsi Jawa Barat (Studi kasus di Resort Bodogol, Resort Cimande, Resort Goalpara, Resort Selabintana, dan Resort Cibodas) [undergraduate thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Mulpiadi, Soetoro, & Hardiyanto, T. (2014). Respon petani terhadap kegiatan model desa konservasi (MDK) di kawasan Taman Buru Masigit Kareumbi (Studi kasus pada kelompok MDK di Desa Sindulang Kecamatan Cimanggung Kabupaten Sumedang). AGRO INFO GALUH, 2(1), 35–40.
Nurmaeti, C., Abidin, Z., & Prianto, A. (2018). Keanekaragaman burung pada zona penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai. Quagga: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Biologi, 10(2), 54. https://doi.org/10.25134/quagga.v10i2.1297
Nurrani, L., Bismark, M., & Tabba, S. (2014). Tipologi penggunaan lahan oleh masyarakat pada zona penyangga Taman Nasional Aketajawe Lolobata di Kabupaten Halmahera Timur. Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan, 11(3), 223–235. https://doi.org/10.20886/jsek.2014.11.3.223-235
Ostrom, E. (2005). Understanding institutional diversity . New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/8012441/_Elinor_Ostrom_Understanding_Institutional_Diversity
Prasetyo, D., & Sugardjito, J. (2010). Status populasi satwa primata di Taman Nasional Gunung Palung dan daerah penyangga, Kalimantan Barat. Jurnal Primatologi Indonesia, 7(2), 60–68.
Pratidina, G. (2014). Penerapan kebijakan model kampung konservasi taman nasional. Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Negara, 12(4), 256–266.
Reiter, B. (2017). Theory and methodology of exploratory social science research. Ijsrm. Human, 5(54), 129–150. Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1134&context=gia_facpub
Ristianasari. (2013). Efektifitas pemberdayaan masyarakat di Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan (TNBBS): Kasus model desa konservasi (MDK) di Pekon Sukaraja dan Pekon Kubu Perahu, Lampung [thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Salafsky, N. (1993). Mammalian use of a buffer zone agroforestry system bordering Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Conservation Biology, 7(4), 929–933.
Savioli, M., & Patuelli, R. (2016). Social capital, institutions and policymaking. Quaderni-Working Paper DSE N°1070. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2792161
Sayer, J. (1991). Rainforest buffer zones: Guidelines for protected area managers. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved from https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/FR-001.pdf
Silori, C. S. (2015). Ecosystem services and sustainable development. In M. Sundriyal & V. K. Dhaundiyal (Eds.), Ecosystem services and its mainstreaming in development planning process (pp. 22–32). Dehradun: Uttarakhand Science Education and Research Centre (USERC) & Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63951-2_423-1
Suciyanto, N. (2008). Evaluasi desa model di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon (Studi kasus Desa Tamanjaya) [undergraduate thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Suprapto. (2000). Gangguan satwaliar mamalia besar dan nilai kerugiannya di daerah penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango Jawa Barat [undergraduate thesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Suyadi. (2018). Kepemimpinan tokoh informal dalam peningkatan kapasitas petani agroforestri di lingkungan Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai [dissertation]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Suyanto, A., & Semiadi, G. (2004). Keragaman mamalia di sekitar daerah penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun, Kecamatan Cipanas, Kabupaten Lebak. Berita Biologi, 7(1), 87–94.
Tobing, I. (2008). Manajemen kawasan dalam upaya konservasi sumberdaya alam hayati. VIS VITALIS, 1(2), 63–70.
Tucker, C. M. (2010). Learning on governance in forest ecosystems: Lessons from recent research. International Journal of the Commons, 4(2), 687. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.224
[UNESCO] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (1996). Biosphere reserves: The seville strategy and the statutory framework of the world network. Paris: UNESCO.
Wong, G., Greenhalgh, T., Westhorp, G., Buckingham, J., & Pawson, R. (2013). RAMESES publication standards: Meta-narrative reviews. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(5), 987–1004. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12092
Authors
NadhiraS., & BasuniS. (2021). Implementation of The Concept of Conservation Area Buffer Zone in Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 27(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.27.1.32
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