Government Ecology and the Indigenous Religion of the Suku Anak Dalam: Intersubjective Relations in Forest Conservation in Jambi, Indonesia
Abstract
Integrating customary-religious values of an indigenous tribe "Suku Anak Dalam” (SAD) and state zoning system in Bukit Duabelas National Park (TNBD), Jambi, Indonesia is a configuration of an intersubjective relationship between government ecology and the religion of indigenous SAD in forest conservation that has not been studied by previous researchers. Hence, this article discusses that intersubjective relationship practice in preserving, maintaining, and protecting sustainable forest by assimilating the SAD's customary-religious values and the state zoning system. Moreover, this article also complements the shortcomings of previous researchers who believe that SAD's cosmology is animistic and proves that the TNBD zoning system's implementation as a cause of the SAD conflict. After conducting the interviews and the observations supported by relevant literature sources, this article shows that the SAD believes that the cosmos is not only inhabited by humans, but there are nonhuman beings such as animals and Badewo who are perceived as a human in which they are believed as social actors in forest conservation. SAD and nonhuman beings live together and contribute to each other and have a mutual relationship to life sustainability in the forest or so-called indigenous religion. Besides, the article also found that the TNBD zoning system is not the primary cause of the SAD conflict, rather the dynamics process in integrating state zoning and indigenous custom-religious spaces between the TNBD offices and the SAD.
References
Adansikou, K., Kokou-Kpolou, K., Mbassa Menick, D., & Moukouta, C. S. (2017). Influence de la religion dans la somatisation dépressive en Afrique. Annales Medico-Psychologiques, 175(6), 536–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2015.10.031
Andaya, L. (2002). Orang asli and Melayu relations: A cross-border perspective. Antropologi Indonesia, 67. https://doi.org/10.7454/ai.v0i67.3428
Andaya, L. Y. (2001). The search for the 'Origins' of Melayu. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 32(3), 315–330. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022463401000169
Anderbeck, K. R. (2003). Malay dialects of the Batanghari River Basin (Jambi, Sumatra). SIL International.
Astor-Aguilera, M. A. (2010). The Maya world of communicating objects: Quadripartite crosses, trees, and stones. New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press.
Astor-Aguilera, M., & Harvey, G. (Eds.). (2018). Rethinking relations and animism. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203709887
Atran, S. (2011). In Gods we trust: The evolutionary landscape of religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178036.001.0001
Bakker, L., & Moniaga, S. (2010). The space between: Land claims and the law in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Social Science, 38(2), 187–203. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853110X490890
[Balai TNBD] Balai Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas. (2019). Zonasi/tata ruang adat pengelolaan Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas Provinsi Jambi. Jambi: Balai Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas.
Benjamin, J. (2013). Shadow of the other intersubjectivity and gender in psychoanalysis. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203948149
Benjamin, J. (2017). Beyond doer and done to recognition theory, intersubjectivity and the third. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315437699
Berta, A. E. V. (2014). People of the jungle: Adat, women and change among Orang Rimba. Oslo: University of Oslo. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10852/40458
Bird-David, N. (2017). Us, relatives: Scaling and plural life in a forager world. California: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520293403.001.0001
Boyne, R. (2014). The future: Six drivers of global change by Al Gore. Theory, Culture & Society, 31(6), 151–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276414536236
Brightman, R. A. (1993). Grateful prey: Rock cree human-animal relationships. California: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/970221
Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Childs, J. R., & Hicks, C. C. (2019). Securing the blue: Political ecologies of the blue economy in Africa. Journal of Political Ecology, 26(1), 323–340. https://doi.org/10.2458/v26i1.23162
Chowdhury, M. S. H. (Ed.). (2014). Forest conservation in protected areas of Bangladesh. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08147-2
Cox, J. L. (2016). From primitive to indigenous: The academic study of indigenous religions. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315583488
Diamond, S. (Ed.). (1960). Culture in history: Essays in honor of Paul Radin. New York: Brandeis University
Eblen, R. A., & Eblen, W. R. (2011). The encyclopedia of the environment. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
[FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization. (2011). Reforming forest tenure: Issues, principles and process: FAO Forestry Paper No. 165.
Flick, U. (2014). The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446282243
Fricke, C., & Føllesdal, D. (Eds.). (2012). Intersubjectivity and objectivity in Adam Smith and Edmund Husserl. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110325942
[FWI] Forest Watch Indonesia. (2017). Silang sengkarut pengelolaan hutan dan lahan di Indonesia. Retrieved from http://fwi.or.id.
Goldstein, L. F. (1962). Culture in history: Essays in honor of Paul Radin. Stanley Diamond. Philosophy of Science, 29(4), 442–443. https://doi.org/10.1086/287903
Harrison, R. M., Hester, R. E., Chipperfield, M., Broomfield, M., Mason, R., Abdallah, M., …, & Taylor, D. (2015). Issues in environmental science and technology 40. In R. E. Hester & R. M. Harrison (Eds.), Still only one Earth: Progress in the 40 years since the first UN Conference on the Environment. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12321
Healy, H. (2019). A political ecology of transdisciplinary research. Journal of Political Ecology, 26(1), 500–528. https://doi.org/10.2458/v26i1.23245
Hoon, M. T. (2010). Green growth policy in the Republic of Korea: Its promise and pitfalls. Korea Observer, 41(3), 379–414.
Hunt, S. (Ed.). (2005). Indigenous religions. London: Chelsea House Publishers. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315252407
Husserl, E. (2019). First philosophy. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1597-1
Japarudin. (2014). Kepercayaan Orang Rimba Jambi terhadap Betetutuh Sang Mesekin. Kontekstualita, 29(1), 15–40.
Jenkins, W. J., Tucker, M. E., & Grim, J. (Eds.). (2016). Routledge handbook of religion and ecology. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315764788
Li, C., Lafortezza, R., & Chen, J. (2012). Landscape ecology in forest management and conservation: Challenges and solutions for global change. Choice Reviews Online, 49(05), 492647. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.49-2647
Maarif, S. (2015). Ammatoan indigenous religion and forest conservation. Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion, 19(2), 144–160. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685357-01902005
Mailinar, & Nurdin, B. (2013). Kehidupan keagamaan Suku Anak Dalam di Dusun Senami III Desa Jebak Kabupaten Batanghari Jambi. Kontekstualita, 28(2), 247–271.
Marcel, G. (1950). The mystery of being. London: The Harvill Press Ltd.
Marcel, G. (2007). Being and having. Glasgow: Marcel Press.
Marcel, G., & Hanley, K. R. (2004). Ghostly mysteries: A mystery of love and the posthumous joke. Milwaukee: Marquette Univ Press.
Masy'ud, B., Felayati, N. R., & Sunarminto, T. (2020). Local wisdom in animal conservation and animal use as medicine of orang rimba in Bukit Duabelas National Park, Jambi. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 26(1), 72–79. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.26.1.72
[MoEF] Minitry of Environment and Forestry. (2018). Statistik lingkungan hidup dan kehutanan Tahun 2018. Retrieved from http://www.menlhk.go.id.
Moeliono, Limberg, M., Minnigh, G., Mulyana, P., Indriatmoko, A., Utomo, Y., …, & Purwanto, R. (2010). Meretas kebuntuan: Konsep dan panduan pengembangan zona khusus bagi taman nasional di Indonesia. Bogor: CIFOR.
Moeliono, M., Thuy, P. T., Bong, I. W., Wong, G. Y., & Brockhaus, M. (2017). Social forestry-why and for whom? A comparison of policies in Vietnam and Indonesia. Forest and Society, 1(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v1i2.2484
Montgomery, E. J. (2019). Religion and faith in Africa: Confessions of an animist by Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orabotor. Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 54(2), 295–297. https://doi.org/10.1353/ecu.2019.0020
Olson, K., Young, R. A., & Schultz, I. Z. (2016). Handbook of qualitative health research for evidence-based practice. New York: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2920-7
Perreault, T., Bridge, G., & McCarthy, J. (Eds.). (2015). The routledge handbook of political ecology. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315759289
Peterson, D. J. (2012). God and the new atheism: A critical response to Dawkins, Harris, and Hitchens by John F. Haught. Dialog, 51(3), 254–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6385.2012.00694.x
Prasetijo, A. (2013). Behind the forest: The ethnic identity of Orang Kubu (Orang Rimba), Jambi-Indonesia. 10th Conference on Hunting and Gathering Societies, 2008, 1–16.
Prasetijo, A. (2015). Orang Rimba, true custodian of the forest: Alternative strategies and actions in social movement against hegemony. Indonesia Center for Sustainable Development & Komunitas Konservasi Indonesia.
Prasetijo, A. (2017a). Livelihood transformations of the Orang Rimba as tacit resistance in the context of deforestation. Endogami: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Antropologi, 1(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.14710/endogami.1.1.1-13
Prasetijo, A. (2017b). Living without the forest: Adaptive strategy of Orang Rimba. Senri Ethnological Studies, 95, 255–278. https://doi.org/10.15021/00008586
Purnomo, E. P., Nurmandi, A., Sulaksono, T., Hidayati, M., Ramdani, R., & Agustiyara. (2016). Ekologi pemerintahan tata kelola dan kelembaman birokrasi dalam menangani kebakaran hutan, pengelolaan sawit, serta peranan elit lokal. Yogyakarta: LP3M UMY.
Rahmah, R., Kartawinata, K., Nisyawati, N., Wardhana, W., & Nurdin, E. (2016). Tree species diversity in the lowland forest of the core zone of the Bukit Duabelas National Park, Jambi, Indonesia. REINWARDTIA, 15(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.14203/reinwardtia.v15i1.2440
Rossano, M. J. (2010). Supernatural selection: How religion evolved. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385816.001.0001
Rud, A. G. (2011). Albert Schweitzer's legacy for education: Reverence for life. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230116238
Sager, S. (2008). The sky is our roof, the earth our floor: Orang rimba customs and religion in the Bukit Duabelas region of Jambi, Sumatra [disstertation]. Cannbera: The Australian National University.
Sager, S. (2017). The stalk that supports the flower: Orang rimba kinship, marriage and gender in Jambi Sumatra. Oceania, 87(1), 78–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/ocea.5149
Saldaña, J. (2012). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. London and New York: SAGE Publications.
Shoko, T. (2016). Karanga indigenous religion in Zimbabwe: Health and well-being. In Karanga Indigenous Religion in Zimbabwe: Health and Well-Being. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315590905
Singh, M., Kaptchuk, T. J., & Henrich, J. (2020). Small gods, rituals, and cooperation: The Mentawai water spirit Sikameinan. Evolution and Human Behavior (in press). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.07.008
Siry, J. P., McGinley, K., Cubbage, F. W., & Bettinger, P. (2015). Forest tenure and sustainable forest management. Open Journal of Forestry, 05(05), 526–545. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2015.55046
Smith, B., & Sparkes, A. C. (Eds.). (2016). Routledge handbook of qualitative research in sport and exercise. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315762012
Springate-Baginski, O., & Blaikie, P. (Eds.). (2013). Forests people and power: The political ecology of reform in South Asia. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849771399
Takiddin. (2014). Nilai-nilai kearifan budaya lokal Orang Rimba (Studi pada Suku Minoritas Rimba di Kecamatan Air Hitam Provinsi Jambi). Sosio Didaktika: Social Science Education Journal, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.15408/sd.v1i2.1258
Taylor, P. W. (2011). Respect for nature: A theory of environmental ethics (25th anniversary edition). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Tremlett, P. F., Harvey, G., & Sutherland, L. T. (2017). Edward Burnett Tylor, religion and culture. London: Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350003446
Tylor, E. B. (2016). Primitive culture. New York: Dover Publications.
Tymieniecka, A.-T. (2014). Phenomenology of space and time: The forces of the cosmos and the ontopoietic genesis of life. Book One. New York: Springer International Publishing.
Wasistiono, S. (2013). Pengantar ekologi pemerintahan. Bandung: IPDN Press.
West, P. (2016). Dispossession and the environment: Rhetoric and inequality in Papua New Guinea. New York: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/west17878
Wicks, D. (2017). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 12(2), 169–170. https://doi.org/10.1108/qrom-08-2016-1408
Wright, R. M. (2012). Fixed forms and fluid powers: Intersubjective cosmos and personhood. Anthropology and Humanism, 37(2), 156–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1409.2012.01126.x
Yusuf, M., & Syafrial. (2019). A big battle: The state vs. indigenous people (Case study in Jambi Province). Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.37568
Andaya, L. (2002). Orang asli and Melayu relations: A cross-border perspective. Antropologi Indonesia, 67. https://doi.org/10.7454/ai.v0i67.3428
Andaya, L. Y. (2001). The search for the 'Origins' of Melayu. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 32(3), 315–330. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022463401000169
Anderbeck, K. R. (2003). Malay dialects of the Batanghari River Basin (Jambi, Sumatra). SIL International.
Astor-Aguilera, M. A. (2010). The Maya world of communicating objects: Quadripartite crosses, trees, and stones. New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press.
Astor-Aguilera, M., & Harvey, G. (Eds.). (2018). Rethinking relations and animism. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203709887
Atran, S. (2011). In Gods we trust: The evolutionary landscape of religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178036.001.0001
Bakker, L., & Moniaga, S. (2010). The space between: Land claims and the law in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Social Science, 38(2), 187–203. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853110X490890
[Balai TNBD] Balai Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas. (2019). Zonasi/tata ruang adat pengelolaan Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas Provinsi Jambi. Jambi: Balai Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas.
Benjamin, J. (2013). Shadow of the other intersubjectivity and gender in psychoanalysis. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203948149
Benjamin, J. (2017). Beyond doer and done to recognition theory, intersubjectivity and the third. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315437699
Berta, A. E. V. (2014). People of the jungle: Adat, women and change among Orang Rimba. Oslo: University of Oslo. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10852/40458
Bird-David, N. (2017). Us, relatives: Scaling and plural life in a forager world. California: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520293403.001.0001
Boyne, R. (2014). The future: Six drivers of global change by Al Gore. Theory, Culture & Society, 31(6), 151–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276414536236
Brightman, R. A. (1993). Grateful prey: Rock cree human-animal relationships. California: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/970221
Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Childs, J. R., & Hicks, C. C. (2019). Securing the blue: Political ecologies of the blue economy in Africa. Journal of Political Ecology, 26(1), 323–340. https://doi.org/10.2458/v26i1.23162
Chowdhury, M. S. H. (Ed.). (2014). Forest conservation in protected areas of Bangladesh. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08147-2
Cox, J. L. (2016). From primitive to indigenous: The academic study of indigenous religions. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315583488
Diamond, S. (Ed.). (1960). Culture in history: Essays in honor of Paul Radin. New York: Brandeis University
Eblen, R. A., & Eblen, W. R. (2011). The encyclopedia of the environment. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
[FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization. (2011). Reforming forest tenure: Issues, principles and process: FAO Forestry Paper No. 165.
Flick, U. (2014). The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446282243
Fricke, C., & Føllesdal, D. (Eds.). (2012). Intersubjectivity and objectivity in Adam Smith and Edmund Husserl. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110325942
[FWI] Forest Watch Indonesia. (2017). Silang sengkarut pengelolaan hutan dan lahan di Indonesia. Retrieved from http://fwi.or.id.
Goldstein, L. F. (1962). Culture in history: Essays in honor of Paul Radin. Stanley Diamond. Philosophy of Science, 29(4), 442–443. https://doi.org/10.1086/287903
Harrison, R. M., Hester, R. E., Chipperfield, M., Broomfield, M., Mason, R., Abdallah, M., …, & Taylor, D. (2015). Issues in environmental science and technology 40. In R. E. Hester & R. M. Harrison (Eds.), Still only one Earth: Progress in the 40 years since the first UN Conference on the Environment. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12321
Healy, H. (2019). A political ecology of transdisciplinary research. Journal of Political Ecology, 26(1), 500–528. https://doi.org/10.2458/v26i1.23245
Hoon, M. T. (2010). Green growth policy in the Republic of Korea: Its promise and pitfalls. Korea Observer, 41(3), 379–414.
Hunt, S. (Ed.). (2005). Indigenous religions. London: Chelsea House Publishers. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315252407
Husserl, E. (2019). First philosophy. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1597-1
Japarudin. (2014). Kepercayaan Orang Rimba Jambi terhadap Betetutuh Sang Mesekin. Kontekstualita, 29(1), 15–40.
Jenkins, W. J., Tucker, M. E., & Grim, J. (Eds.). (2016). Routledge handbook of religion and ecology. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315764788
Li, C., Lafortezza, R., & Chen, J. (2012). Landscape ecology in forest management and conservation: Challenges and solutions for global change. Choice Reviews Online, 49(05), 492647. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.49-2647
Maarif, S. (2015). Ammatoan indigenous religion and forest conservation. Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion, 19(2), 144–160. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685357-01902005
Mailinar, & Nurdin, B. (2013). Kehidupan keagamaan Suku Anak Dalam di Dusun Senami III Desa Jebak Kabupaten Batanghari Jambi. Kontekstualita, 28(2), 247–271.
Marcel, G. (1950). The mystery of being. London: The Harvill Press Ltd.
Marcel, G. (2007). Being and having. Glasgow: Marcel Press.
Marcel, G., & Hanley, K. R. (2004). Ghostly mysteries: A mystery of love and the posthumous joke. Milwaukee: Marquette Univ Press.
Masy'ud, B., Felayati, N. R., & Sunarminto, T. (2020). Local wisdom in animal conservation and animal use as medicine of orang rimba in Bukit Duabelas National Park, Jambi. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 26(1), 72–79. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.26.1.72
[MoEF] Minitry of Environment and Forestry. (2018). Statistik lingkungan hidup dan kehutanan Tahun 2018. Retrieved from http://www.menlhk.go.id.
Moeliono, Limberg, M., Minnigh, G., Mulyana, P., Indriatmoko, A., Utomo, Y., …, & Purwanto, R. (2010). Meretas kebuntuan: Konsep dan panduan pengembangan zona khusus bagi taman nasional di Indonesia. Bogor: CIFOR.
Moeliono, M., Thuy, P. T., Bong, I. W., Wong, G. Y., & Brockhaus, M. (2017). Social forestry-why and for whom? A comparison of policies in Vietnam and Indonesia. Forest and Society, 1(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v1i2.2484
Montgomery, E. J. (2019). Religion and faith in Africa: Confessions of an animist by Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orabotor. Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 54(2), 295–297. https://doi.org/10.1353/ecu.2019.0020
Olson, K., Young, R. A., & Schultz, I. Z. (2016). Handbook of qualitative health research for evidence-based practice. New York: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2920-7
Perreault, T., Bridge, G., & McCarthy, J. (Eds.). (2015). The routledge handbook of political ecology. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315759289
Peterson, D. J. (2012). God and the new atheism: A critical response to Dawkins, Harris, and Hitchens by John F. Haught. Dialog, 51(3), 254–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6385.2012.00694.x
Prasetijo, A. (2013). Behind the forest: The ethnic identity of Orang Kubu (Orang Rimba), Jambi-Indonesia. 10th Conference on Hunting and Gathering Societies, 2008, 1–16.
Prasetijo, A. (2015). Orang Rimba, true custodian of the forest: Alternative strategies and actions in social movement against hegemony. Indonesia Center for Sustainable Development & Komunitas Konservasi Indonesia.
Prasetijo, A. (2017a). Livelihood transformations of the Orang Rimba as tacit resistance in the context of deforestation. Endogami: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Antropologi, 1(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.14710/endogami.1.1.1-13
Prasetijo, A. (2017b). Living without the forest: Adaptive strategy of Orang Rimba. Senri Ethnological Studies, 95, 255–278. https://doi.org/10.15021/00008586
Purnomo, E. P., Nurmandi, A., Sulaksono, T., Hidayati, M., Ramdani, R., & Agustiyara. (2016). Ekologi pemerintahan tata kelola dan kelembaman birokrasi dalam menangani kebakaran hutan, pengelolaan sawit, serta peranan elit lokal. Yogyakarta: LP3M UMY.
Rahmah, R., Kartawinata, K., Nisyawati, N., Wardhana, W., & Nurdin, E. (2016). Tree species diversity in the lowland forest of the core zone of the Bukit Duabelas National Park, Jambi, Indonesia. REINWARDTIA, 15(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.14203/reinwardtia.v15i1.2440
Rossano, M. J. (2010). Supernatural selection: How religion evolved. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385816.001.0001
Rud, A. G. (2011). Albert Schweitzer's legacy for education: Reverence for life. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230116238
Sager, S. (2008). The sky is our roof, the earth our floor: Orang rimba customs and religion in the Bukit Duabelas region of Jambi, Sumatra [disstertation]. Cannbera: The Australian National University.
Sager, S. (2017). The stalk that supports the flower: Orang rimba kinship, marriage and gender in Jambi Sumatra. Oceania, 87(1), 78–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/ocea.5149
Saldaña, J. (2012). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. London and New York: SAGE Publications.
Shoko, T. (2016). Karanga indigenous religion in Zimbabwe: Health and well-being. In Karanga Indigenous Religion in Zimbabwe: Health and Well-Being. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315590905
Singh, M., Kaptchuk, T. J., & Henrich, J. (2020). Small gods, rituals, and cooperation: The Mentawai water spirit Sikameinan. Evolution and Human Behavior (in press). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.07.008
Siry, J. P., McGinley, K., Cubbage, F. W., & Bettinger, P. (2015). Forest tenure and sustainable forest management. Open Journal of Forestry, 05(05), 526–545. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2015.55046
Smith, B., & Sparkes, A. C. (Eds.). (2016). Routledge handbook of qualitative research in sport and exercise. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315762012
Springate-Baginski, O., & Blaikie, P. (Eds.). (2013). Forests people and power: The political ecology of reform in South Asia. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849771399
Takiddin. (2014). Nilai-nilai kearifan budaya lokal Orang Rimba (Studi pada Suku Minoritas Rimba di Kecamatan Air Hitam Provinsi Jambi). Sosio Didaktika: Social Science Education Journal, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.15408/sd.v1i2.1258
Taylor, P. W. (2011). Respect for nature: A theory of environmental ethics (25th anniversary edition). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Tremlett, P. F., Harvey, G., & Sutherland, L. T. (2017). Edward Burnett Tylor, religion and culture. London: Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350003446
Tylor, E. B. (2016). Primitive culture. New York: Dover Publications.
Tymieniecka, A.-T. (2014). Phenomenology of space and time: The forces of the cosmos and the ontopoietic genesis of life. Book One. New York: Springer International Publishing.
Wasistiono, S. (2013). Pengantar ekologi pemerintahan. Bandung: IPDN Press.
West, P. (2016). Dispossession and the environment: Rhetoric and inequality in Papua New Guinea. New York: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/west17878
Wicks, D. (2017). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 12(2), 169–170. https://doi.org/10.1108/qrom-08-2016-1408
Wright, R. M. (2012). Fixed forms and fluid powers: Intersubjective cosmos and personhood. Anthropology and Humanism, 37(2), 156–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1409.2012.01126.x
Yusuf, M., & Syafrial. (2019). A big battle: The state vs. indigenous people (Case study in Jambi Province). Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.37568
Authors
NajibK. (2020). Government Ecology and the Indigenous Religion of the Suku Anak Dalam: Intersubjective Relations in Forest Conservation in Jambi, Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 26(3), 303. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.26.3.303
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika is an open access journal which means that all contents is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition of open access.Article Details
