Mapping Multi Stakeholder Roles on Fire Management in Conservation Areas of Kuningan Regency
Abstract
Forest fire was a persistent concern management in conservation areas of Mount Ciremai National Park (MCNP) and Kuningan Botanical Garden (KBG). Many of the forest fire was sparked by anthropogenic ignitions like careless fire use for extracting forest honey. This study aims to map multi stakeholder roles on fire management in conservation areas. Twenty-seven actors were interviewed to learn who are the fire actors and network. These multi stakeholders included government officials, local businessmen, non-governmental organizations and community members. Study site and data collection were carried out in seven villages around conservation areas from July to September 2019. The relationships between the actors were analyzed with the software Node XL Basic and Gephi 9.0.2 using the Social Network Analysis. Our results identify close relationships and strong connections to all actors of more than half (63.2%) but social or personal approach between all actors were still required. Head of MCNP, Head of KBG and Head of AKAR (Aktivitas Anak Rimba) acted as the important actors. To prevent the area from further fire occurrences, management authorities should establish mutual confidence and make other actors believe that heads of conservation areas are a solid team to prevent conservation areas from burning.
References
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Giurca, A., & Metz, T. (2018). A social network analysis of Germany’s wood-based bioeconomy: Social capital and shared beliefs. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 26, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.09.001
Górriz-Mifsud, E., Burns, M., & Marini Govigli, V. (2019). Civil society engaged in wildfires: Mediterranean forest fire volunteer groupings. Forest Policy and Economics, 102, 119–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.03.007
Hadiana, A. I., & Witanti, W. (2017). Analisis jejaring sosial menggunakan Social Network Analysis untuk membantu social CRM bagi UMKM di Cimahi. Saintiks FTIK UNIKOM, VI.29-VI.36.
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Huang, M., Wang, Z., & Chen, T. (2019). Analysis on the theory and practice of industrial symbiosis based on bibliometrics and social network analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 213, 956–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.131
[KRK] Kebun Raya Kuningan. (2019). Laporan Tahunan. Kuningan: Kebun Raya Kuningan
Lestari, K. G., Putra, E. I., & Matangaran, J. R. (2019). Identifying forest fires causes in Kawah Kamojang Nature Reserve (Mount Guntur), Garut, West Java. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 394(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/394/1/012042
Lovric, M., Da Re, R., Vidale, E., Pettenella, D., & Mavsar, R. (2018). Forest policy and economics social network analysis as a tool for the analysis of international trade of wood and non-wood forest products. Forest Policy and Economics, 86, 45–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.10.006
Manik, Y. M., Sutanta, H., & Diyono, D. (2018). Analisis pemangku kepentingan dan peranannya dalam pemanfaatan informasi geospasial di pemerintah daerah menggunakan metode social network analysis Geomatika National Seminar: Inovasi Teknologi Penyediaan Informasi Geospasial untuk Pembangunan Berkelanjutan, 409–418. https://doi.org/10.24895/SNG.2017.2-0.436
Martínez-torres, H. L., Pérez-salicrup, D. R., Castillo, A., & Ramirez, M. I. (2018). Fire management in a natural protected area: What do key local actors say? Human Ecology, 46, 515–528.
Milovanović, S., Bogdanović, Z., Labus, A., Barać, D., & Despotović-zrakić, M. (2019). An approach to identify user preferences based on social network analysis. Future Generation Computer Systems, 93, 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.10.028
Narwoko, J. D., & Suyanto, B. (2015). Sosiologi. Teks pengantar dan terapan (4th ed.). Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group.
Nugroho, B. (2013). Stakeholders analysis of policy-making process: The case of timber legality policy on private. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 19(2), 156–162. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.19.2.156
Panjaitan, R. B., Sumartono, S., Sarwono, S., & Saleh, C. (2019). The role of central government and local government and the moderating effect of good governance on forest fire policy in Indonesia. Benchmarking, 26(1), 147–159. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-12-2017-0336
Pinto, C., Viegas, D., Almeida, M., & Raposo, J. (2017). Fire whirls in forest fi res: An experimental analysis. Fire Safety Journal, 87, 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2016.11.004
Pryke, S. D. (2004). Analysing construction project coalitions: exploring the application of social network analysis. Construction Mangement and Economics, 22, 787–797. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144619042000206533
Purnomo, H., Okarda, B., Ayu, A., Ali, M., Achdiawan, R., Kartodihardjo, H., Pacheco, P., & Juniwaty, K. S. (2018). Reducing forest and land fires through good palm oil value chain. Forest Policy and Economics, 91, 94–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.12.014
Purnomo, H., Shantiko, B., Sitorus, S., Gunawan, H., Achdiawan, R., Kartodihardjo, H., & Dewayani, A. A. (2017). Fire economy and actor network of forest and land fires in Indonesia. Forest Policy and Economics, 78, 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.01.001
Rosales-Rueda, M., & Triyana, M. (2018). The persistent effects of early-life exposure to air pollution: Evidence from the Indonesian forest fires. Journal of Human Resources, 54(4), 0117-8497R1. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.54.4.0117.8497r1
Scott, J. (2017). Social network analysis (M. Steele (Ed.)(4th ed.). California: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529716597
Singgalen, Y., Sasongko, G., & Wiloso, P. G. (2019). Ritual capital for rural livelihood and sustainable tourism development in Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 25(2), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.25.2.115
Sloan, S., Locatelli, B., Wooster, M. J., & Gaveau, D. L. A. (2017). Fire activity in Borneo driven by industrial land conversion and drought during El Niño periods, 1982 – 2010. Global Environmental Change, 47, 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.10.001
Sunar, S. (2019). HUT ke-29 LSM AKAR, Bupati Kuningan berpesan jangan tinggalkan sampah di gunung. Nuansa Post. Retrieved from https://www.nuansapost.com/2019/12/hut-ke-29-lsm-akar-bupati-kuningan.html
[TNGC] Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai. (2018). Data statistik Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai Tahun 2017 (Issue 1).
Tian, X., Zhao, F., Shu, L., & Wang, M. (2013). Distribution characteristics and the influence factors of forest fires in China. Forest Ecology and Management, 310, 460–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.08.025
Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications (Vol 1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815478
Whitmore, T. (1988). Tropical rain forest of the far east (2nd ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Yeung, J. (2020, January 14). Australia’s deadly wildfires are showing no signs of stopping. Here’s what you need to know. CNN. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/01/australia/australia-fires-explainer-intl-hnk-scli/index.html
Zeb, A., Hamann, A., Armstrong, G. W., & Acuna-Castellanos, D. (2019). Identifying local actors of deforestation and forest degradation in the Kalasha valleys of Pakistan. Forest Policy and Economics, 104, 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.005
Aldashev, G., & Vallino, E. (2019). The dilemma of NGOs and participatory conservation. World Development, 123, 104615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104615
Brass, J. (1984). Being in the right place: A structural analysis of individual influence in an organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(4), 518–539. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392937
Cattau, M. E., Harrison, M. E., Shinyo, I., Tungau, S., Uriarte, M., & DeFries, R. (2016). Sources of anthropogenic fire ignitions on the peat-swamp landscape in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Global Environmental Change, 39, 205–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.005
Eckerberg, K., & Buizer, M. (2017). Promises and dilemmas in forest fire management decision-making: Exploring conditions for community engagement in Australia and Sweden. Forest Policy and Economics, 80, 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.03.020
Edwards, R. B., Naylor, R. L., Higgins, M. M., & Falcon, W. P. (2020). Causes of Indonesia’s forest fires. World Development, 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104717
Febriandhika, A. I., Rahman, C. T., Ramdani, F., & Saputra, M. C. (2018). Tangible landscape: Simulation of estimation of wildfire spread in Arjuno Mountain Tahura R. Soerjo Region. 4th International Symposium on Geoinformatics, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISYG.2018.8611830
Fischer, A. P., Korejwa, A., Koch, J., Spies, T., Olsen, C., White, E., & Jacobs, D. (2013). Using the forest, people, fire agent-based social network model to investigate interactions in social-ecological systems. Society for Applied Anthropology, 35(1), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.17730/praa.35.1.w7348256k283t131
Freeman, L. (1977). A set of measures of centrality based on betweenness. Sociometry, 40(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2494.1993.tb00590.x
Giurca, A., & Metz, T. (2018). A social network analysis of Germany’s wood-based bioeconomy: Social capital and shared beliefs. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 26, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.09.001
Górriz-Mifsud, E., Burns, M., & Marini Govigli, V. (2019). Civil society engaged in wildfires: Mediterranean forest fire volunteer groupings. Forest Policy and Economics, 102, 119–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.03.007
Hadiana, A. I., & Witanti, W. (2017). Analisis jejaring sosial menggunakan Social Network Analysis untuk membantu social CRM bagi UMKM di Cimahi. Saintiks FTIK UNIKOM, VI.29-VI.36.
Hadiprasetya, Y. (2009). Identifikasi faktor penyebab kebakaran hutan dan upaya penanggulangannya di Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai, Jawa Barat. Bogor: Bogor Agricultural University.
Huang, M., Wang, Z., & Chen, T. (2019). Analysis on the theory and practice of industrial symbiosis based on bibliometrics and social network analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 213, 956–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.131
[KRK] Kebun Raya Kuningan. (2019). Laporan Tahunan. Kuningan: Kebun Raya Kuningan
Lestari, K. G., Putra, E. I., & Matangaran, J. R. (2019). Identifying forest fires causes in Kawah Kamojang Nature Reserve (Mount Guntur), Garut, West Java. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 394(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/394/1/012042
Lovric, M., Da Re, R., Vidale, E., Pettenella, D., & Mavsar, R. (2018). Forest policy and economics social network analysis as a tool for the analysis of international trade of wood and non-wood forest products. Forest Policy and Economics, 86, 45–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.10.006
Manik, Y. M., Sutanta, H., & Diyono, D. (2018). Analisis pemangku kepentingan dan peranannya dalam pemanfaatan informasi geospasial di pemerintah daerah menggunakan metode social network analysis Geomatika National Seminar: Inovasi Teknologi Penyediaan Informasi Geospasial untuk Pembangunan Berkelanjutan, 409–418. https://doi.org/10.24895/SNG.2017.2-0.436
Martínez-torres, H. L., Pérez-salicrup, D. R., Castillo, A., & Ramirez, M. I. (2018). Fire management in a natural protected area: What do key local actors say? Human Ecology, 46, 515–528.
Milovanović, S., Bogdanović, Z., Labus, A., Barać, D., & Despotović-zrakić, M. (2019). An approach to identify user preferences based on social network analysis. Future Generation Computer Systems, 93, 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.10.028
Narwoko, J. D., & Suyanto, B. (2015). Sosiologi. Teks pengantar dan terapan (4th ed.). Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group.
Nugroho, B. (2013). Stakeholders analysis of policy-making process: The case of timber legality policy on private. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 19(2), 156–162. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.19.2.156
Panjaitan, R. B., Sumartono, S., Sarwono, S., & Saleh, C. (2019). The role of central government and local government and the moderating effect of good governance on forest fire policy in Indonesia. Benchmarking, 26(1), 147–159. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-12-2017-0336
Pinto, C., Viegas, D., Almeida, M., & Raposo, J. (2017). Fire whirls in forest fi res: An experimental analysis. Fire Safety Journal, 87, 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2016.11.004
Pryke, S. D. (2004). Analysing construction project coalitions: exploring the application of social network analysis. Construction Mangement and Economics, 22, 787–797. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144619042000206533
Purnomo, H., Okarda, B., Ayu, A., Ali, M., Achdiawan, R., Kartodihardjo, H., Pacheco, P., & Juniwaty, K. S. (2018). Reducing forest and land fires through good palm oil value chain. Forest Policy and Economics, 91, 94–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.12.014
Purnomo, H., Shantiko, B., Sitorus, S., Gunawan, H., Achdiawan, R., Kartodihardjo, H., & Dewayani, A. A. (2017). Fire economy and actor network of forest and land fires in Indonesia. Forest Policy and Economics, 78, 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.01.001
Rosales-Rueda, M., & Triyana, M. (2018). The persistent effects of early-life exposure to air pollution: Evidence from the Indonesian forest fires. Journal of Human Resources, 54(4), 0117-8497R1. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.54.4.0117.8497r1
Scott, J. (2017). Social network analysis (M. Steele (Ed.)(4th ed.). California: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529716597
Singgalen, Y., Sasongko, G., & Wiloso, P. G. (2019). Ritual capital for rural livelihood and sustainable tourism development in Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 25(2), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.25.2.115
Sloan, S., Locatelli, B., Wooster, M. J., & Gaveau, D. L. A. (2017). Fire activity in Borneo driven by industrial land conversion and drought during El Niño periods, 1982 – 2010. Global Environmental Change, 47, 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.10.001
Sunar, S. (2019). HUT ke-29 LSM AKAR, Bupati Kuningan berpesan jangan tinggalkan sampah di gunung. Nuansa Post. Retrieved from https://www.nuansapost.com/2019/12/hut-ke-29-lsm-akar-bupati-kuningan.html
[TNGC] Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai. (2018). Data statistik Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai Tahun 2017 (Issue 1).
Tian, X., Zhao, F., Shu, L., & Wang, M. (2013). Distribution characteristics and the influence factors of forest fires in China. Forest Ecology and Management, 310, 460–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.08.025
Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications (Vol 1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815478
Whitmore, T. (1988). Tropical rain forest of the far east (2nd ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Yeung, J. (2020, January 14). Australia’s deadly wildfires are showing no signs of stopping. Here’s what you need to know. CNN. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/01/australia/australia-fires-explainer-intl-hnk-scli/index.html
Zeb, A., Hamann, A., Armstrong, G. W., & Acuna-Castellanos, D. (2019). Identifying local actors of deforestation and forest degradation in the Kalasha valleys of Pakistan. Forest Policy and Economics, 104, 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.005
Authors
EkasariI., SadonoR., MarsonoD., & WitonoJ. R. (2020). Mapping Multi Stakeholder Roles on Fire Management in Conservation Areas of Kuningan Regency. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 26(3), 254. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.26.2.254
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