Guild Composition and Niche Overlap of Insectivorous Birds in Evergreen Rainforest
Abstract
A guild is a group of species that have similar requirements of resource and foraging behavior. The knowledge of insectivorous guild could explain foraging patterns, niche exploitation, and competition in a tropical forest. This information could help to monitor the forest by understanding the guild composition and their response to the habitat condition. In order to describe the guild composition and niche overlap of insectivorous birds, we observed all of the individual birds found foraging in the evergreen forest, Baluran National Park. Bray-Curtis similarity index and Pianka niche overlap index were used to analyze the data and grouping the birds into a guild. The cluster analysis consists of 27 bird species revealed 4 guilds: ground gleaner, foliage gleaner, aerial sallier, and bark prober. Based on species richness, foliage gleaner dominates the other groups while bark prober had the least species richness in the evergreen forest. The scarcities of feeding substrate affect guild existence and proved that the diversity of habitat substrate could affect the diversity of guild in an area. Ten congeneric species were found in this habitat and most of them are grouped into foliage gleaner. The junglefowl has the highest niche overlap than any other congeneric species. It seemed that the more specific the foraging substrate niche, the higher the competition among sympatric species. The level of congeneric/sympatric species competition could become the indicator to monitor a specific habitat or forest by understanding their niche partitioning, especially if the species is protected by the law.
References
Arshad, M.I., Zakaria, M., Sajap, A.S., Ismail, A. (2000). Food and feeding habit of red junglefowl. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(6), 1024–1026.
Casas, G., Darski, B., Ferreira, P. M. A., Kindel, A., & Müller, S. C. (2016). Habitat structure influences the diversity, richness and composition of bird assemblages in successional Atlantic rain forest. Tropical Conservation Science, 9(1), 503–524.
Cueto, V. R., & de Casenave, J. L. (2002). Foraging behavior and microhabitat use of birds inhabiting coastal woodlands in Eastcentral Argentina. The Wilson Bulletin, 114(3), 342–348.
Gray, M.A., Baldauf, S. L., Mayhew, P. J., & Hill, J. K. (2007). The response of avian feeding guilds to tropical forest disturbance. Conservation Biology, 21(1), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00557.x
Hammer, O., Harper, D. A. T., & Ryan, P. D. (2001). PAST: Paleontological Statistics software package for education.
Holmes, R. T., & Robinson, S. K. (1981). Tree species preferences of foraging insectivorous birds in a northern hardwoods forest. Oecologia, 48, 31–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00346985
Holmes, R. T., & Recher, H. F. (1986). Determinants of guild structure in forest bird communities: An intercontinental comparison. Condor, 88, 427–439. https://doi.org/10.2307/1368268
Huston, M. (1979). A general hypothesis of species diversity. The American Naturalist, 113(1), 81–101. https://doi. org/10.1086/283366
Imanuddin. (2009). Komunitas burung di bawah tajuk pada hutan primer dan hutan sekunder di Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan [thesis]. Bogor: IPB University.
Kornan, M. (2000). Interspecific foraging substrate preferences among flycatchers in a primeval mixed forest (Šrámkova National Nature Reserve). Oecologia Montana, 9, 36–43.
Lathifah, S. S., Rahmaniah, R., Yuliani, R., Rosari, R. N., & Fathurrahman, A. (2015). Keanekaragaman tumbuhan di hutan evergreen Taman Nasional Baluran, Situbondo, Jawa Timur. In: Prosiding Semirata 2015 bidang MIPA BKS-PTN Barat, Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak. Pp 123134.
MacKinnon, J., Philipps, K., & van Balen, B. (2000). Burung-burung di Sumatera, Jawa, Bali, dan Kalimantan. Bogor: LIPI and BirdLife IP.
Mansor, M. S., & Sah, S. A. M. (2012). Foraging patterns reveal niche separation in tropical insectivorous birds. Acta Ornithologica, 47(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.3161/000164512X653890
McLean, I. G. (1984). Feeding association between fantail and saddlebacks: Who benefits? New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 7, 165–168.
Mikusinski, G. (2006). Woodpeckers: Distribution, conservation, and research in a global perspective. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 43, 86–95.
[MoF] Ministry of Forestry. (1997). Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor: 279/Kpts-VI/1997 tentang Taman Nasional Baluran. Jakarta: Kementerian Kehutanan.
Norazlimi, N. A., & Ramli, R. (2015). The relationship between morphological characteristic and foraging behavior in four selected species of shorebirds and water birds utilizing tropical mudflats. The Scientific World Journal, 2015, 7 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/105296
Pianka, E. R. (1973). The structure of lizard communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 53–74. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000413
Rabenold, K. N. (1978). Foraging strategies, diversity, and seasonality in bird communities of Appalachian spruce-fir forests. Ecological Monographs, 48(4), 397–424. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937240
Ramachandran, V., & Ganesh, T. (2012). Habitat structure and its effect on bird assemblages in the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR), India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 109, 87–95.
Remsen, J. V., & Robinson, S. K. (1990). A classification scheme for foraging behavior of birds in terrestrial habitats. Studies in Avian Biology, 13, 144–160.
Root, R. B. (1967). The niche exploitation pattern of the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Ecological Monographs, 37, 317–350.
Sastranegara, H. (2018). Pemilahan guild burung diurnal di empat tipe habitat Taman Nasional Baluran [thesis]. Bogor: IPB University.
Shirkhorshidi, A. S., Aghabozorgi, S., & Wah, T. Y. (2015). A comparison study on similarity and dissimilarity measures in clustering continuous data. PLoS ONE, 10(12), e0144059. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0144059
Simberloff, D., & Dayan, T. (1991). The guild concept and the structure of ecological communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 22, 115–143. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.000555
Sinclair, A. R. E., Fryxell, J. M., Caughley, G. (2006). Wildlife ecology, conservation, and management (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Sekercioglu, C. H. (2012). Bird functional diversity and ecosystem services in tropical forests, agroforests, and agricultural areas. Journal of Ornithology, 153(1), 153–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-012-0869-4
Sukmantoro, W., Irham, M., Novarino, W., Hasudungan, F., Kemp, N., & Muchtar, M. (2007). Daftar burung Indonesia No. 2. Bogor: Indonesian Ornithologists' Union.
Tscharntke, T., Sekercioglu, C. H., Dietsch, T. V., Sodhi, N. S., Hoehn, P., & Tylianakis, J. M. (2008). Landscape constraints on functional diversity of birds and insects in tropical agroecosystems. Ecology, 89(4), 944–951.
Verner, J. (1984). The guild concept applied to management of bird populations. Environmental Management, 8(1), 114. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01867868
Wong, M. (1986). Trophic organization of understory birds in a Malaysian dipterocarp forest. The Auk, 103, 100–116.
Yong, D. L., Qie, L., Sodhi, N. S., Koh, L. P., Peh, K. S. H., Lee, T. M., …, & Lim, S. L. H. (2001). Do insectivorous bird communities decline on land-bridge forest islands in Peninsular Malaysia? Journal of Tropical Ecology, 27(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467410000520.
Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika is an open access journal which means that all contents is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition of open access.Article Details
