Kerentanan Tenaga Kerja dan Determinan Sosioekonomi:Pendekatan Analisis Spasial di Pulau Jawa
Abstract
Workforce equality, rather than merely workforce size, plays a crucial role in supporting sustainable economic development. Within the framework of Sustainable Development Goal 8, reducing the proportion of vulnerable workers is an important indicator of decent work and inclusive economic growth. As Indonesia’s most populous region and largest contributor to the national labor force, Java Island holds a strategic position in efforts to reduce labor vulnerability. This study examines the effects of socioeconomic determinants, namely the percentage of workers in the agricultural sector, the percentage of workers in the industrial sector, the Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR), and the Human Development Index (HDI), on the proportion of vulnerable workers across districts and municipalities in Java Island in 2024. Data were obtained from the 2024 National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) conducted by Statistics Indonesia (BPS). The study employed Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Spatial Error Model (SEM), and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to identify the most appropriate model. The findings indicate significant spatial autocorrelation and spatial dependence in the distribution of vulnerable workers. Among the estimated models, GWR provides the best fit, with an adjusted R² of 0.9156 and an AICc value of 647.16. Globally, agricultural employment and LFPR are positively associated with labor vulnerability, whereas industrial employment and HDI are negatively associated with it. Local estimation further reveals that agricultural employment and HDI significantly affect most regions, while HDI is the only significant determinant in several areas. These findings highlight the need for region-specific policies to reduce labor vulnerability across Java Island.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Hani Annisa Nauli Harahap, Nurina Paramitasari, Munawar Asikin
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