Estimation of Total Suspended Solids in the Ujung Pangkah Estuary Using Multi-Temporal Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery Estimasi Total Padatan Tersuspensi di Muara Ujung Pangkah Menggunakan Citra Satelit Sentinel-2 Multitemporal

Abstract

The presence of dissolved materials in seawater, particularly Total Suspended Solids (TSS), significantly affects its optical properties. This phenomenon can be quantitatively observed through remote sensing techniques, which require various algorithms to convert pixel reflectance values into TSS concentrations. This study has two primary objectives: (1) to estimate and map TSS concentrations using multitemporal Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and (2) to compare multiple TSS estimation algorithms by analyzing satellite-derived data against in situ measurements. Sentinel-2 images from 2020 to 2022 were utilized, and TSS concentrations were derived using the Liu, Budiman, and Prasetyo algorithms. The satellite-derived TSS values were validated against field measurements from 25 sampling points. Accuracy was assessed using Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). In situ measurements indicated that TSS concentrations in the study area ranged from 24 to 127 mg/L. The Liu and Budiman algorithms exhibited the highest standard deviation in TSS estimates, while the Prasetyo algorithm demonstrated lower deviations, yielding more reliable results. Statistical validation confirmed that the Prasetyo algorithm provided the most accurate estimation of in situ TSS concentrations (RMSE = 10.75, MAPE = 3.97%, R² = 0.85). These findings highlight the effectiveness of remote sensing for TSS monitoring and underscore the importance of selecting appropriate algorithms for accurate water quality assessment.